The impact of CO2 on collection of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say by BG-Sentinel(r) traps in Manaus, Brazil

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important component for activating and attracting host-seeking mosquitoes. The BG-Sentinel(r) trap is a well-established monitoring tool for capturing Culicidae, but CO2 role for the trap effectiveness has not been evaluated in highly urbanised areas. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of BG-Sentinel traps baited with and without CO2 for capturing urban mosquitoes. Fifteen areas were selected within the city of Manaus, Brazil, where four BG-Sentinels were operated for 24 h, two of them with CO2 and two without CO2. Captured Aedes aegypti females were dissected for the determination of their parity status. A significantly higher proportion of traps (from 32-79%) were positive for female Ae. aegypti when using the BG-Sentinel with CO2 (χ2 = 11.0271, p ≤ 0.001). Catches of female Culex spp were six times higher in CO2 traps (Mann-Whitney U test = 190.5; p = 0.001). Parity rates were similar for both traps. This study showed that CO2 has primarily an enhancing effect on the efficacy of BG-Sentinel for capturing Culex spp in Manaus. For Ae. aegypti, the positivity rate of the trap was increased, when CO2 was added.

Temporal abundance of Aedes aegypti in Manaus, Brazil, measured by two trap types for adult mosquitoes

A longitudinal study was conducted in Manaus, Brazil, to monitor changes of adult Aedes aegypti (L.) abundance. The objectives were to compare mosquito collections of two trap types, to characterise temporal changes of the mosquito population, to investigate the influence of meteorological variables on mosquito collections and to analyse the association between mosquito collections and dengue incidence. Mosquito monitoring was performed fortnightly using MosquiTRAPs (MQT) and BG-Sentinel (BGS) traps between December 2008-June 2010. The two traps revealed opposing temporal infestation patterns, with highest mosquito collections of MQTs during the dry season and highest collections of BGS during the rainy seasons. Several meteorological variables were significant predictors of mosquito collections in the BGS. The best predictor was the relative humidity, lagged two weeks (in a positive relationship). For MQT, only the number of rainy days in the previous week was significant (in a negative relationship). The correlation between monthly dengue incidence and mosquito abundance in BGS and MQT was moderately positive and negative, respectively. Catches of BGS traps reflected better the dynamic of dengue incidence. The findings help to understand the effects of meteorological variables on mosquito infestation indices of two different traps for adult dengue vectors in Manaus.

Evaluation of parasitological and molecular techniques for the diagnosis and assessment of cure of schistosomiasis mansoni in a low transmission area

This study evaluated parasitological and molecular techniques for the diagnosis and assessment of cure of schistosomiasis mansoni. A population-based study was performed in 201 inhabitants from a low transmission locality named Pedra Preta, municipality of Montes Claros, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Four stool samples were analysed using two techniques, the Kato-Katz® (KK) technique (18 slides) and the TF-Test®, to establish the infection rate. The positivity rate of 18 KK slides of four stool samples was 28.9% (58/201) and the combined parasitological techniques (KK+TF-Test®) produced a 35.8% positivity rate (72/201). Furthermore, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-ELISA assay produced a positivity rate of 23.4% (47/201) using the first sample. All 72 patients with positive parasitological exams were treated with a single dose of Praziquantel® and these patients were followed-up 30, 90 and 180 days after treatment to establish the cure rate. Cure rates obtained by the analysis of 12 KK slides were 100%, 100% and 98.4% at 30, 90 and 180 days after treatment, respectively. PCR-ELISA revealed cure rates of 98.5%, 95.5% and 96.5%, respectively. The diagnostic and assessment of cure for schistosomiasis may require an increased number of KK slides or a test with higher sensitivity, such as PCR-ELISA, in situations of very low parasite load, such as after therapeutic interventions.

Mass trapping with MosquiTRAPs does not reduce Aedes aegypti abundance

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Aedes aegyptimass trapping using the sticky trap MosquiTRAP (MQT) by performing a cluster randomised controlled trial in Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil. After an initial questionnaire and baseline monitoring of adultAe. aegyptiabundance with BG-Sentinel (BGS) traps in six clusters, three clusters were randomly assigned to the intervention arm where each participating household received three MQTs for mass trapping during 17 months. The remaining three clusters (control arm) did not receive traps. The effect of mass trapping on adult Ae. aegyptiabundance was monitored fortnightly with BGS traps. During the last two months of the study, a serological survey was conducted. After the study, a second questionnaire was applied in the intervention arm. Entomological monitoring indicated that MQT mass trapping did not reduce adult Ae. aegyptiabundance. The serological survey indicated that recent dengue infections were equally frequent in the intervention and the control arm. Most participants responded positively to questions concerning user satisfaction. According to the results, there is no evidence that mass trapping with MQTs can be used as a part of dengue control programs. The use of this sticky trap is only recommendable for dengue vector monitoring.

Variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos de solo usada na identificação de classes pedológicas de microbacias na Amazônia meridional

A região noroeste do Estado de Mato Grosso compreende paisagens de grande complexidade para amostragem de solo. Isso ocorre devido à contínua atividade geomorfológica, que contribuiu para a existência de diferentes classes pedológicas em pequenas distâncias. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em Juruena (MT), com o objetivo de identificar as classes pedológicas em microbacias sob floresta não-perturbada, por meio do estudo da variabilidade espacial da textura (relação textural) e cor (índice de avermelhamento) do solo, considerando-se ainda a altitude da paisagem. A variabilidade espacial da textura e da cor do solo foi determinada em amostras de 185 pontos georreferenciados em malha sistemática regular com espaçamento de 20 x 20 m, abrangendo quatro microbacias. Usando profundidades de 0-20 e 40-60 cm, foi possível distinguir e mapear as principais classes de solo ocorrentes na área de estudo até o segundo nível categórico do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos, associadas ao fator relevo da paisagem. Também foi estabelecida uma correspondência bastante satisfatória entre os intervalos do índice de avermelhamento do horizonte diagnóstico e as cores das classes de solo. As microbacias apresentaram as classes Plintossolos e Argissolos (com caráter plíntico) em altitudes inferiores a 280 m e Latossolos nas cotas superiores. Dessa forma, ficou evidenciada a possibilidade do uso da geoestatística para separar classes homogêneas de solo, além de estimar a precisão de mapeamento. Contudo, são indispensáveis o conhecimento pedológico e o trabalho posterior de campo para a aplicação e o ajuste dessa modelagem.

Comparação entre solos sob uso agroflorestal e em florestas remanescentes adjacentes, no norte de Rondônia

A importância e a eficácia dos sistemas agroflorestais na conservação dos solos tropicais necessitam de comprovações demonstrativas localizadas. Atributos físicos e químicos dos solos de sete parcelas com cinco anos e meio de uso agroflorestal, avaliados na camada de 0-0,2 m, foram comparados aos respectivos solos de florestas remanescentes adjacentes no norte do Estado de Rondônia. Não foram constatadas diferenças na composição granulométrica entre os solos na camada avaliada, sugerindo que os dois sistemas localizam-se sob o mesmo tipo de solo numa mesma propriedade rural. Nos solos sob sistemas agroflorestais, os valores de pH, Ca e Mg foram sempre maiores do que os dos solos das florestas remanescentes adjacentes, o que é atribuído ao aporte de nutrientes que restaram da queima anterior da floresta, ocorrida entre um e oito anos antes da instalação do sistema agroflorestal. Os teores de matéria orgânica, P e K do solo nos sistemas agroflorestais mantiveram-se com valores semelhantes aos da floresta, cinco anos e meio depois de sua instalação, indicando que esses sistemas preservaram algumas propriedades químicas do solo durante o período considerado.