Antibacterial activity of GUAVA, Psidium guajava Linnaeus, leaf extracts on diarrhea-causing enteric bacteria isolated from Seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller)

Guava leaf tea of Psidium guajava Linnaeus is commonly used as a medicine against gastroenteritis and child diarrhea by those who cannot afford or do not have access to antibiotics. This study screened the antimicrobial effect of essential oils and methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate extracts from guava leaves. The extracts were tested against diarrhea-causing bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. Strains that were screened included isolates from seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller) and laboratory-type strains. Of the bacteria tested, Staphylococcus aureus strains were most inhibited by the extracts. The methanol extract showed greatest bacterial inhibition. No statistically significant differences were observed between the tested extract concentrations and their effect. The essential oil extract showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus and Salmonella spp. The strains isolated from the shrimp showed some resistance to commercially available antibiotics. These data support the use of guava leaf-made medicines in diarrhea cases where access to commercial antibiotics is restricted. In conclusion, guava leaf extracts and essential oil are very active against S. aureus, thus making up important potential sources of new antimicrobial compounds.

Antibacterial effect (in vitro) of Moringa oleifera and Annona muricata against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria

Antibacterial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of seeds of moringa (Moringa oleifera) and pods of soursop (Annona muricata) in the concentration of 1:5 and 1:10 in volumes 50, 100, 150 and 200 µL were examined against Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli (isolated from the organism and the aquatic environment) and Salmonella Enteritidis. Antibacterial activity (inhibition halo > 13 mm) against S. aureus, V. cholerae and E. coli isolated from the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannmaei, was detected in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of moringa. E. coli isolated from tilapiafish, Oreochromis niloticus, was sensitive to the ethanolic extract of moringa. The aqueous extracts of soursop showed an antibacterial effect against S. aureus and V. cholerae, but the antibacterial activity by the ethanol extracts of this plant was not demonstrated.

ABORTIFACIENT EFFECTS OF Ananas ananassoides BAK. (Ananai) IN RATS

The tea made from the infrutescense (corresponding to the edible part plus its cover) of ananai (Ananas ananassoidesBAK.) was administered to pregnant rats, during the period of embryos implantation (5th - 6th day through pregnancy). The animals were slaughtered on the 14th - 15th day through the pregnancy and average rates of implantation and resorption were stimated.

Bioactive dihydroxyfuranonaphthoquinones from the bark of Tabebuia incana A.H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae) and HPLC analysis of commercial pau d'arco and certified T.incana bark infusions

Tabebuia incana A.H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae) is a tree from the Brazilian Amazon having medicinal uses and is one several Tabebuia spp. known as pau d'arco or palo de arco in this region. Fractionation of the bark ethanolic extract afforded a mixture of 5 and 8-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-diones (1 and 2, respectively) identified on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) and mass (MS) spectra, whose in vitro antimalarial and antitumor activity have been shown previously. This is the first study on T. incana bark, and 2 are described in this species for the first time. Also, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of T. incana bark tea revealed the presence of the 1 + 2 mixture peak corresponding to a concentration in the range 10-6-10-5 M. The chromatograms of teas prepared from commercial pau d' arco and T. incana bark were also studied and the presence of the 1 + 2 peak has potential for quality control of commercial plant materials.

Ethnoveterinary knowledge of the inhabitants of Marajó Island, Eastern Amazonia, Brazil

There have been ethnoveterinary reports from around the world investigating plant usage in therapeutic protocols; however, there is no information regarding the ethnoveterinary practices in Brazilian Amazonia. The objective of this work was to register and document the ethnoveterinary knowledge of the inhabitants of the Island of Marajó, eastern Amazonia, Brazil. In the study, interviews were conducted with 50 individuals, with the application of semi-structured questionnaires that were quantitatively analyzed using descriptive statistic methods of frequency distribution. Use-value was calculated to determine the most important species. Samples of plants that were reported to have medicinal value were collected and identified by botanical classification. Fifty plants, distributed among 48 genera and 34 families, were indicated for 21 different medicinal uses. The family Asteraceae had the largest number of reported species; Carapa guianensis Aubl., Copaifera martii Hayne, Crescentia cujete L., Caesalpinia ferrea Mart., Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Jatropha curcas L. and Momordica charantia L. were species with highest use- value. The plant parts that were more commonly utilized for the preparation of ethnoveterinary medicines were the leaves (56%), bark (18%), roots (14%), seeds (14%) and fruit (8%). With regard to usage, tea was reported as a usage method by 56% of the informants; most preparations (90.9%) utilized only a single plant. In addition to medicinal plants, informants reported using products of animal and mineral origin. The present study contributed to the construction of an inventory of Marajó Island's ethnoveterinary plants, which might be the basis for future scientific validation studies.

Triterpenes of leaves from Piranhea trifoliata (Picrodendraceae)

ABSTRACT The Amazon forest is rich in plant species diversity, among them,Piranhea trifoliata stands out, which is popularly known as piranheira, because their fruits are eaten by fish. Their barks are used as bath composition on uterus inflammation and as tea in malaria treatment. This study aimed to fractionate the dichloromethane and dichloromethane phase from methanolic extract of leaves of Piranhea trifoliata. The leaves were dried, grounded and extracted with dichloromethane, methanol and water. The methanol extract was partitioned with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The chromatographic fractionation yielded six pentacyclic triterpenoids: friedelan-3-one, 28-hydroxy-friedelan-3-one, 30-hydroxy-friedelan-3-one, lupeol, α- and β-amyrin mixture, besides the mixture of the steroids: β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The substances structures were identified by 1H- and13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis and literature data comparison. This is the first report describing the chemical study of P. trifoliata leaves.

Propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Responsividade Social-2 para Transtornos do Espectro Autista

Objetivo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão em português da Escala de Responsividade Social-2 (ERS-2) para crianças e adolescentes com transtorno do espectro autista (TEA). Métodos A ERS-2 foi respondida pelos pais de 90 pacientes com TEA e 25 controles saudáveis. Análises quanto à validade discriminante, índices de confiabilidade e separação, de adequação e calibração dos itens pelo modelo Rasch foram realizadas. Resultados A ERS-2 demonstrou boa consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach = 0,952), um ponto de corte de 41, sensibilidade de 96,8%, especificidade de 100% e valor preditivo negativo de 99,9% para a identificação de TEA. As subescalas apresentaram, de forma geral, adequação ao modelo. No entanto, alguns itens se apresentaram pouco consistentes do ponto de vista estatístico (correlação item-total negativas e misfitting). O mapa de itens mostrou má cobertura da variável latente, especialmente no espectro mais leve do TEA. Conclusão Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a versão em português da ERS-2 pode ser utilizada como ferramenta de triagem para o reconhecimento de TEA em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros. A escala pode ter versões futuras aprimoradas com a substituição dos itens com pior desempenho.

Eficiência relativa de fontes de zinco para o milho (Zea mays L.)

Em um solo LEa fase cerrado com 0,3 ppm de Zn disponível (Mehlich) foi avaliada a eficiência relativa do sulfato de zinco, óxido de zinco e frita FTE Br-12 como fontes do elemento para o milho, em condições de casa de vegetação. Foram usados os seguintes níveis, além de uma testemunha sem o micronutriente: sulfato - 0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 ppm de Zn; óxido e frita - 1,0 ppm Zn. Verificou-se que o milho respondeu diferentemente às fontes: o sulfato em dose maior que 1,0 ppm Zn, mostrou-se tóxico; além de eficientes no fornecimento de Zn, o óxido e a frita não mostraram tendência para toxidez; houve correlação altamente significativa entre Zn aplicado e absorvido. O teor de Zn residual foi determinado usando-se DTPA e o extrator de Mehlich; houve correlação positiva entre osteores extraídos pelas duas soluções; a solução de duplo ácico forneceu valores maiores; as duas fontes insolúveis deixaram no solo níveis de Zn equivalentes aproximadamente aos encontrados com a dose menor de sulfato. Os níveis de Zn no solo depois da colheita associados à maior produção de matéria seca foram 1,5 e 1,3 ppm, respectivamente para o extrator duplo ácido e para o DTPA-TEA.

Estudos sobrea determinação da vitamina B¹ (aneurina, tiamina) na herva mate

The infusion used as a beverage and known as tea of Paraguay or male (Ilex paraguarensis, St. Hil.) contains vitamin B (aneurin). 2) Aneurin determinations were made on the infusion commonly used (water extract) and on the complete water and alcohol extracts. The presence of aneurin was detected in both extracts. For quantitative study aneurin was adsorbed from the extracts (pH 3.8-4.0) by means of fuller's earth and kaolin. 3) Animal tests with pigeons and mice (curative, preventive and maintenance of body weight) give positive but inconstant results. No exact quantitative values could be obtained with the animal test. 4) Schopfer-Jung test based on the development of the mould « Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Bgf » showed constant results. Regular growth curves were obtained with the adsorbate of kaolin and fuller's earth. 5) The thiochrome fluorescence test introduced by Jansen was applied to the detection of aneurin in the adsorbate and good results were found which check closely with those encountered by the Schopfer-Jung test. 6) The determinations of aneurin by means of the Phycomyces and thiochrome tests gave values varying from 60 to 280 y per 100 gr. 7) Green leaves are more rich in aneurin than dry ones.

Toxicological and toxicogenetic effects of plants used in popular medicine and in cattle food

Toxicological and toxicogenetic effects of aqueous (tea) and hexanica fruit extract of Indigofera suffruticosa Mill, and hydroalcoholic root extract od Solanum agrarium Stendt. Were evaluated in Balb C male mice intraperitoneally exposed. A hepatotoxic effect was observed just for animals treated with aqueous fruit extract of I. suffruticosa. In relation to the toxicogenetic effect, just the group trreated with 12.5% of toxic dose of aqueous fruit extract of I. suffruticosa showed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations (cytogenetic effect), although a slight increase was also observed for the highest dose (25% of LF50_ of hydroalcoholic root extract of S. agrarium. The results obtanied show that before S. agrarium is used as medicine and before the wide use of I. suffruticosa in cattle food, careful evaluation must be done.

Pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of Alpinia speciosa

Alpinia speciosa Schum or A. nutans is a plant of the Zingiberanceae family, Known popularly as "colony" (colônia) and used as a diuretic and to control hypertensión. We have determinated the concentration of Na+ and K+ found in the alcoholic extract and in the tea concoction. They contained 51.0mEq Na+, and 132 mEq K+ in the extract, and 0,0 mEq of Na+ and 26 mEq K+ in the tea. Phytochemical analysis of the leaves demonstrated the presence of catecquic tanins, phenols and alkaloids, and also some essential oils. When injected intra-peritoneally the hydroalcoholic extract, in range of 100 a 1400 mg/Kg, (or 2500-18000 mg/Kg orally) produced in mice: writhing, psychomorot excitation, hypokinesis and pruritus. The LD50 by ip was 0.760 + or - 0.126 g/Kg and 10.0 + or - 2.5 g/Kg by oral administration for the hydroalcoholic extract. Subacute toxicity made injecting daily for 30 days the LD10 in rats caused an increase in transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase, whereas other parameters such as nlood glucose, urea and creatinine were normal. A histopathological analysis of liver, spleen, gut, lung and heart showed no alterations. The drug also produced a prolongation of the sleeping time. The hydroalcoholic extract induced int he rat and in the dog a dose-dependent fall in blood pressure in doses of 10 to 30 mg/Kg. In isolated atria the extract induced a reduction of the frequnecy and in the inotropic responses. Neither the extract nor the tea had an effect on the diuresis of the rat.

The effectiveness of tipi in the treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: a preliminary report

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common painful inflammatory condition occurring mainly in the later half of life. Hipe and knee are the joints mostly affected. Petiveria alliacea (tipi) popularly known as an anti-rheumatic medicine, has been used by OA patients to relief pain. This one-week cross-over double-blind trial has preliminary evaluated the analgesic effect of tipi tea in 14 patients with hip and knee OA. Imperata exaltata (sape) was used as the Placebo tea. The pain assessments that were made at baseline and before the start of the second treatment period by treatment groups were comparable. While taking tipi or placebo tea patients experienced a statistically significant improvement in pain on motion and pain at night. The comparison between the improvements reported while on tipi and placebo tea, however, did not disclose any statistically significant difference. At the conclusion of the study 7 patients preferred tipi tea and 6 preferred placebo tea (NS). Two patients reported insomnia, one durign placebo treatment and the other during tipi treatment. In this preliminary report both teas succeeded in the aim of relieving pain.

Influence of different tropical fruits on biological and behavioral aspects of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Influence of different tropical fruits on biological and behavioral aspects of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Tephritidae). Studies on Ceratitis capitata, a world fruit pest, can aid the implementation of control programs by determining the plants with higher vulnerability to attacks and plants able to sustain their population in areas of fly distribution. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of eight tropical fruits on the following biological and behavioral parameters of C. capitata: emergence percentage, life cycle duration, adult size, egg production, longevity, fecundity, egg viability, and oviposition acceptance. The fruits tested were: acerola (Malpighia glabra L.), cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.), guava (Psidium guajava L.), soursop (Annona muricata L.), yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.), Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense L.), and umbu (Spondias tuberosa L.). The biological parameters were obtained by rearing the recently hatched larvae on each of the fruit kinds. Acceptance of fruits for oviposition experiment was assessed using no-choice tests, as couples were exposed to two pieces of the same fruit. The best performances were obtained with guava, soursop, and star fruit. Larvae reared on cashew and acerola fruits had regular performances. No adults emerged from yellow mombin, Malay apple, or umbu. Fruit species did not affect adult longevity, female fecundity, or egg viability. Guava, soursop, and acerola were preferred for oviposition, followed by star fruit, Malay apple, cashew, and yellow mombin. Oviposition did not occur on umbu. In general, fruits with better larval development were also more accepted for oviposition.

Relação entre o zinco "disponível", por diferentes extratores, e as frações de zinco em amostras de solos

Para determinar o zinco "disponível" do solo para plantas, vários procedimentos de extração têm sido desenvolvidos. Uma alternativa utilizada no estudo de extratores do Zn "disponível" refere-se ao fracionamento do Zn total do solo, com vistas em entender suas reações no solo e o comportamento dos extratores. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a dependência existente entre o teor de Zn disponível, por diferentes extratores, e as frações deste elemento no solo e características dos solos. Para isto, amostras de doze solos da camada de 0-20 cm de profundidade, correspondendo aos grandes grupos de Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro (LE), Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LV), Latossolo Amarelo (LA), Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo (PV) e Areia Quartzosa (AQ), receberam as doses de 0 e 20 mg dm-3 de Zn e foram incubadas por 30 dias. O Zn extraível por DTPA-TEA-CaCL2, HCl (0,1 mol L-1), Mehlich-1 (M-1) e Mehlich-3 (M-3) foi determinado. Essas amostras dos solos foram também submetidas ao fracionamento de Zn, determinando-se Zn trocável (Zntr), ligado à matéria orgânica (Znmo), ligado a óxido de manganês (ZnMn), ligado a óxido de ferro amorfo (ZnFea) e ligado a óxido de ferro cristalino (ZnFec). Concluiu-se que os extratores DTPA e M-3 revelaram maior sensibilidade às características do solo relacionadas com o fator capacidade (poder tampão). Os extratores M-1 e HCl apresentaram menor sensibilidade e menor correlação com estas características, considerando seu maior poder de extração e conseqüente menor desgaste. A relação Zn recuperado pelo extrator/Zn aplicado ao solo demonstrou ser a característica que melhor se correlacionou com características do solo relacionadas com o fator capacidade de Zn. A fração de Zn trocável foi a maior responsável pela quantidade de Zn obtido pelos extratores testados. As frações de Zntr, Znmo, ZnMn, ZnFea e ZnFec não foram suficientes para explicar, em todos os casos, o zinco recuperado pelos extratores.

Potencial de suprimento de micronutrientes de calcário oriundo da mineração de folhelho pirobetuminoso da formação Irati-PR

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito de doses crescentes do calcário Irati sobre os teores de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn tanto no solo como na planta do milho. O calcário Irati é um rejeito de mineração produzido pela Petrobrás-SIX, durante o processo de exploração do folhelho pirobetuminoso. Este material apresenta elevados teores de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, 32; 22.068; 1.045 e 55 mg kg-1 respectivamente. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da UFPR, em vasos, utilizando-se como substrato o horizonte A de um Cambissolo Tb, textura arenosa. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em ensaio fatorial 2 x 5, sendo dois os materiais corretivos: calcário comercial e calcário Irati e cinco as doses crescentes desses materiais corretivos em equivalentes de CaCO3 : 0,00; 0,75; 1,50; 3,00 e 6,00 t ha-1. O solo corrigido com calcário Irati apresentou teores de Fe e Mn, extraídos com DTPA-TEA, 10 e 9%, respectivamente, maiores do que aquele que recebeu calcário comercial, sem, no entanto, a diferença entre os dois materiais influenciar o conteúdo desses elementos na planta. O aumento das doses de calcário, desconsiderando o tipo de material utilizado, provocou decréscimos nos teores de Mn e Fe disponíveis do solo e não teve efeito sobre os teores de Cu. Na planta, o acréscimo das doses de calcário provocou aumentos de concentração de Fe e Cu e diminuição dos teores de Mn. Não se observou influência significativa dos materiais corretivos nem de doses crescentes destes sobre os teores de Zn no solo. Por outro lado, na mais alta dose de calcário (6 t ha-1), as plantas cultivadas com calcário Irati apresentaram teores de Zn significativamente superiores aos das plantas cultivadas com calcário comercial na mesma dose. O incremento deste último corretivo provocou uma diminuição da concentração do elemento na planta, enquanto doses crescentes do calcário Irati mantiveram os teores de Zn constantes.