Climate governance in an international system under conservative hegemony: the role of major powers

In the last five years, climate change has been established as a central civilizational driver of our time. As a result of this development, the most diversified social processes - as well as the fields of science which study them - have had their dynamics altered. In International Relations, this double challenge could be explained as follows: 1) in empirical terms, climate change imposes a deepening of cooperation levels on the international community, considering the global common character of the atmosphere; and 2) to International Relations as a discipline, climate change demands from the scientific community a conceptual review of the categories designed to approach the development of global climate governance. The goal of this article is to discuss in both conceptual and empirical terms the structure of global climate change governance, through an exploratory research, aiming at identifying the key elements that allow understanding its dynamics. To do so, we rely on the concept of climate powers. This discussion is grounded in the following framework: we now live in an international system under conservative hegemony that is unable to properly respond to the problems of interdependence, among which - and mainly -, the climate issue.

Contribuição das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias na morbi-mortalidade de Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil)

Apresentam-se os resultados da mortalidade e morbidade cansadas por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (Grupo I da Classificação Internacional de Doenças). Os dados de mortalidade basearam-se em informações da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo; os de morbidade, em estatísticas de egressos hospitalares produzidos pelo Centro de Processamento de Dados Hospitalares, do Departamento de Medicina Social da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto e nos resultados de um levantamento de morbidade por entrevistas domiciliárias. Enquanto as estatísticas de mortalidade exibiram, no ano de 1974, uma proporção de 15,2% de doenças desse Grupo, em 1975 as estatísticas hospitalares mostraram 3,3% e as entrevistas domiciliárias 5,2%.

Reação de Wassermann em gestantes atendidas em hospital de Ribeirão Preto (Brasil) no período de 1976-1981

Foi realizado levantamento da incidência de reação de Wassermann positiva (método de Wadsworth, Maltaner e Maltaner) em gestantes e parturientes do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (Brasil), no período de 1976 a 1981, com o objetivo de verificar sua incidência e distribuição anual e relacionar os resultados com idade, cor, procedência e evolução das parturientes com sorologia positiva. Neste período foram atendidas 16.290 gestantes, das quais 710 (4,4%) eram W+. Destas, 39 abortaram e 671 se tornaram parturientes, tendo 497 delas dado à luz no hospital pesquisado. Cerca de 70% das gestantes eram brancas e 30% não-brancas, com incidência de W+ de 3,5% nas primeiras e 6,3% nas não-brancas. A maioria delas procedeu de Ribeirão Preto-SP e apresentaram incidência ligeiramente maior que as de outros municípios. A faixa etária de 26-30 anos foi a mais atingida (5,1%). Quanto à incidência anual, verificou-se aumento de casos no 29 triênio (1979-1981) em relação ao triênio anterior. Das 497 parturientes W+ que deram à luz neste hospital 70% delas fizeram pré-natal, mas apenas 40% foram tratadas durante a gestação. Entre as tratadas, a ocorrência de casos de lues congênita confirmados ou suspeitos foi de 20%, enquanto nas não-tratadas foi de 61%, não se evidenciando menor acometimento dos conceptos das multigestas em relação às primigestas ou secundigestas. Apesar de ter-se verificado que o maior percentual de gestantes W+ correspondia às não-brancas na faixa etária de 26-30 anos, os percentuais dos demais grupos não foram desprezíveis. Assim sendo, não se conseguiu obter o perfil preponderante das mães com lues neste Serviço, recomendando-se a investigação sistemática desta infecção em todas as gestantes e parturientes, visto que sua incidência aumentou nos últimos anos deste período de estudo.

Pesquisa de anticorpos para sífilis e toxoplasmose em recém-nascidos em hospital de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil

Foram aplicados testes para pesquisa dos níveis de IgM (por imunodifusão radial simples) e de anticorpos para sífilis (FTA- ABS-IgG e IgM, VDRL e Wassermann (W) e toxoplasmose (imunofluorescência IgG (IFI-IgG) e IgM (IFI-IgM) em 408 casos de recém-nascidos (RN) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (Brasil), escolhidos casualmente no período de 01/07 a 09/10/198 1. O fator reumatóide (FR) foi pesquisado para excluir resultados falso-positivos para anticorpos classe IgM. Os soros IFI-IgG positivos, e eventualmente falso-negativos à IFI-IgM para toxoplasmose, foram tratados por cromatografía em gel. Um soro positivo para FR foi tratado com gamaglobulina humana agregada pelo calor antes da pesquisa de anticorpos IgM. Confrontou-se os soros reagentes para sífilis com dados de prontuários dos respectivos RN e mães. Foram reagentes a pelo menos um dos testes para sífilis 7,0% dos RN; o FTA-ABS-IgG foi positivo em 89,3%, o VDRL em 67,8% e o W em 60,7%. Um soro foi FTA-ABS-IgM reagente. A co-positividade entre FTA-ABS-IgG e VDRL foi 60,7%; entre FTA-ABS-IgG e W 53,6% e entre VDRL e W 60%. A confrontação mostrou que em 53,5% dos RN a sorologia foi positiva ao nascimento, em 3,6% negativa e em 42,9% não havia dados. O seguimento clínico-sorológico revelou que 2 RN evoluíram com sinais de lues congênita e outros 2 a suspeita clínica foi descartada pela sorologia de controle; em 21 não havia dados. Foram reagentes à IFI-IgG para toxoplasmose 71,3% dos RN e 100% não reagentes à IFI-IgM antes e após a cromatografia. No período estudado não houve diagnóstico clínico de toxoplasmose congênita. Três RN apresentaram valores de IgM aumentados, mas não houve diagnóstico clínico ou laboratorial de lues ou toxoplasmose congênitas nos mesmos. Sugere-se a nível local introdução do FTA-ABS-IgG para triagem mais abrangente da sífilis congênita.

Ecologia de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) em criadouros naturais e artificiais de área rural do Norte do Estado do Paraná, Brasil: l - Coletas ao longo do leito de ribeirão

Objetivando-se conhecer as espécies de Culicidae aptas a colonizarem ambiente de um ribeirão com mata ciliar reduzida e localizado na região Sul do Brasil, foram realizadas capturas com auxílio de rede para coleta de insetos aquáticos. Foram apanhadas as seguintes espécies: Aedes crinifer, Aedomya squamipennis, Anopheles fluminensis, An. intermedius, An. albitarsis, An. argyritarsis, An. evansae, An. galvaoi, An. oswaldoi, An. strodei, An. triannulatus, Chagasia fajardi, Culex bidens, Cx. grupo coronator, Cx. eduardoi, Cx. mollis, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. coppenamensis, Cx. vaxus, Cx. grupo inhibitator, Cx. intrincatus, Cx. (Melanoconion) sp., Psorophora saeva (?) e Uranotaenia pulcherrima. Para as espécies em que foi capturada uma amostra tida como representativa, foram estudadas a distribuição ao longo da área pesquisada, a flutuação populacional e a correlação com fatores físicos do ambiente. Conclui-se da análise que massas de água orladas por mata ciliar reduzida podem funcionar como refúgio para alguns Culicidae e esta condição pode contribuir decisivamente para o processo de domiciliação de espécies deste grupo.

Edentulism and shortened dental arch in Brazilian elderly from the National Survey of Oral Health 2003

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of edentulism and estimate the prevalence of functional dentition and shortened dental arch among elderly population. METHODS: A population-based epidemiological study was carried out with a sample of 5,349 respondents aged 65 to 74 years obtained from the 2002 and 2003 Brazilian Ministry of Health/Division of Oral Health survey database. The following variables were studied: gender; macroregion of residence; missing teeth; percentage that met the World Health Organization goal for oral health in the age group 65 to 74 years (50% having at least 20 natural teeth); presence of shortened dental arch; number of posterior occluding pairs of teeth. The Chi-square test assessed the association between categorical variables. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to assess differences of mean between number of posterior occluding pairs teeth, macro-region and gender. RESULTS: The elderly population had an average of 5.49 teeth (SD: 7.93) with a median of 0. The proportion of completely edentulous respondents was 54.7%. Complete edentulism was 18.2% in the upper arch and 1.9% in the lower arch. The World Health Organization goal was achieved in 10% of all respondents studied. However, only 2.7% had acceptable masticatory function and aesthetics (having at least shortened dental arch) and a mean number of posterior occluding pairs of 6.94 (SD=2.97). There were significant differences of the percentage of respondents that met the World Health Organization goal and presence of shortened dental arch between men and women. There were differences in shortened dental arch between macroregions. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian epidemiological oral health survey showed high rate of edentulism and low rate of shortened dental arch in the elderly population studied, thus suggesting significant functional and aesthetic impairment in all Brazilian macroregions especially among women.

Explicit discrimination and health: development and psychometric properties of an assessment instrument

OBJECTIVE: To develop an instrument to assess discrimination effects on health outcomes and behaviors, capable of distinguishing harmful differential treatment effects from their interpretation as discriminatory events. METHODS: Successive versions of an instrument were developed based on a systematic review of instruments assessing racial discrimination, focus groups and review by a panel comprising seven experts. The instrument was refined using cognitive interviews and pilot-testing. The final version of the instrument was administered to 424 undergraduate college students in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, in 2010. Structural dimensionality, two types of reliability and construct validity were analyzed. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis corroborated the hypothesis of the instrument's unidimensionality, and seven experts verified its face and content validity. The internal consistency was 0.8, and test-retest reliability was higher than 0.5 for 14 out of 18 items. The overall score was higher among socially disadvantaged individuals and correlated with adverse health behaviors/conditions, particularly when differential treatments were attributed to discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate the validity and reliability of the instrument developed. The proposed instrument enables the investigation of novel aspects of the relationship between discrimination and health.

Interrelation between parasitic infections and hypovitaminosis A: Schistosoma mansoni infection and the retinol blood levels in an endemic area of State of Minas Gerais (Brazil)

The interrelation between schistosomiasis and the retinol blood levels was studied in a double blind method, by comparing the serum vitamin A of the infected and non-infected group of an endemic area of Schistosoma mansoni infection. The infected group was characterized by 106 parasitized persons in the intestinal and hepatointestinal forms, who eliminated less than 500 eggs/gram of feces (Modified Kato's method); the non-infected group was characterized by 112 inhabitants of this endemic area without eggs in the stools and presenting negative intradermal reactions, and absence of previous specific treatment. The blood levels of retinol was determinated using trifluoracetic acid method, regarding the normal levels > 20,0mg/100ml. The results of this study point out the absence of correlation between S. mansoni infection and blood levels of vitamin A.

An Evaluation of clinical, serologic, anatomopathologic and immunohistochemical findings for fifteen patients with mucosal leishmaniasis before and after treatment

Treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) can be controlled by clinical examination and by serologic titers by the indirect immunofluorescence serologic reaction (IISR). We studied the correlation between the presence of antigen in tissue determined by immunohistochemistry, the IISR titers and the anatomopathologic findings in fifteen patients with ML before and after healing of the lesions as determined by otorhinolaryngologic evaluation, and evaluated these parameters to determine which of them could be useful during follow-up. Tissue antigens became negative in four patients (group A) after treatment, with a statistically significant reduction or negativity of IISR titers (p<0.05). This did not occur in patients in whom the antigen persisted after treatment (group B), suggesting that serologic follow-up should be performed together with the search for tissue antigen, a combination which, to our knowledge, has not been used in previous studies. The negativity of tissue antigens and the behavior of IIRS titers in group A patients probably indicate a lower possibility of recurrence. Upon anatomopathologic examination the inflammatory process was found to persist after treatment even in group A, suggesting that the permanence of inflammatory activity even in clinically healed lesions is possibly correlated with the presence of the antigen or of some unknown factor.

ELEVATED ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT) IN BLOOD DONORS: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE MAIN ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATITIS C

The determination of aminotranferases levels is very useful in the diagnosis of hepatopathies. In recent years, an elevated serum ALT level in blood donors has been associated with an increased risk of post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH). The purpose of the study was to research the factors associated with elevated ALT levels in a cohort of voluntary blood donors and to evaluate the relationship between increased ALT levels and the development of hepatitis C (HCV) infection. 166 volunteer blood donors with elevated ALT at the time of their first donation were studied. All of the donors were questioned about previous hepatopathies, exposure to hepatitis, exposure to chemicals, use of medication or drugs, sexual behaviour, contact with blood or secretions and their intake of alcohol. Every three months, the serum levels of AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, cholesterol, triglyceride and glycemia are assessed over a two year follow-up. The serum thyroid hormone levels as well as the presence of auto-antibodies were also measured. Abdominal ultrasound was performed in all patients with persistently elevated ALT or AST levels. A needle biopsy of liver was performed in 9 donors without definite diagnostic after medical investigation. The presence of anti-HCV antibodies in 116 donors were assayed again the first clinical evaluation. At the end of follow-up period (2 years later) 71 donors were tested again for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies. None of donors resulted positive for hepatitis B or hepatitis C markers during the follow-up. Of the 116 donors, 101 (87%) had persistently elevated ALT serum levels during the follow-up. Obesity and alcoholism were the principal conditions related to elevated ALT serum levels in 91/101 (90.1%) donors. Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus also were associated with increased ALT levels. Only 1/101 (0.9%) had mild chronic active non A-G viral hepatitis and 3/101 (2.9%) had liver biopsy with non-specific reactive hepatitis. The determination of ALT levels was not useful to detect donors infected with HCV at donation in Brazil, including the initial seronegative anti-HCV phase.

PCR-BASED DIAGNOSIS OF A CASE OF HERPETIC WHITLOW IN AN AIDS PATIENT

Herpetic infections are common complications in AIDS patients. The clinical features could be uncommon and antiviral chemotherapy is imperative. A rapid diagnosis could prevent incorrect approaches and treatment. The polymerase chain reaction is a rapid, specific and sensible method for DNA amplification and diagnosis of infectious diseases, especially viral diseases. This approach has some advantages compared with conventional diagnostic procedures. Recently we have reported a new PCR protocol to rapid diagnosis of herpetic infections with suppression of the DNA extraction step. In this paper we present a case of herpetic whitlow with rapid diagnosis by HSV-1 specific polymerase chain reaction using the referred protocol.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa septic shock associated with ecthyma gangrenosum in an infant with agammaglobulinemia

Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a rare and invasive infection that can be associated with agammaglobulinemia. The cornerstone of the treatment is based on prompt recognition with appropriate antibiotic coverage and intravenous immunoglobulin. The authors report a case of EG emphasizing the clinical and therapeutic aspects of this condition.

Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi lymphadenitis) in an HIV-positive patient

Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, or Kikuchi's lymphadenitis (KL), is an unusual form of lymphadenitis, generally with self-limited clinical course. KL has been reported in rare patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pathogenesis of the lesion is probably related to an impaired immune function. The purpose of the present article is to report on one case in which KL was diagnosed in an HIV-infected patient. Histomorphology and immunophenotype were similar to previous reports, but a focus of activated CD30+ macrophages was seen, what might be due to the immunological status of the patient. EBV was not detected on the sections using the in situ hybridization technique. Although rare, the occurrence of KL in HIV-infected subjects must be emphasized, because of the potential misdiagnosis of malignancy, especially in the presence of CD30+ cells.