29 resultados para Packet Inter-arrival Time


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Foram estudados os registros civis desde as suas origens, salientando aspectos legislativos do Brasil, chamando a atenção para algumas implicações que a legislação a eles referente trazem às estatísticas vitais e suas repercussões em planejamento de saúde e epidemiologia. Relativamente ao nascimento foram abordados alguns tópicos, com ênfase no problema do registro por local de ocorrência, fato que influe enormemente em programações de saúde materno-infantil. Foram salientados também alguns aspectos do sub-registro de nascimento, citando dados para São Paulo. Quanto aos óbitos foram analisados o registro por local de ocorrência, o prazo para registro, o problema das causas de morte e o relativo ao sub-registro. Com referência aos nascidos mortos, foi apresentada a conceituação de nascido vivo e nascido morto da Organização Mundial da Saúde e indicado o fato de sua não aplicação prática repercutir nos campos do Direito e da Estatística Vital. Foram feitas algumas recomendações no sentido de um maior entrosamento entre os vários profissionais - legisladores, médicos, oficiais de cartório, estaticistas de saúde - que, de uma maneira ou de outra, têm relação com os eventos vitais.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the variation in Anopheles darlingi's biting activity compared to An. marajoara in the same locality and to biting activity data from other regions. METHODS: Using human bait, eight observations of the biting activity of An. darlingi and An. marajoara were carried out during 1999 and 2000 in the municipality of São Raimundo do Pirativa, state of Amapá, Brazil. Each observation consisted of three consecutive 13-hour collections, close to full moon. There were shifts of collectors in the observation points and nocturnal periods. RESULTS: An. darlingi revealed considerable plasticity of biting activity in contrast to An. marajoara, which showed well-defined crepuscular biting peaks. No significant correlation between density and biting activity was found, but a significant correlation existed between time and proportional crepuscular activity, indicating underlying ecological processes not yet understood. Two of the four available data sets having multiple observations at one locality showed considerable plasticity of this species' biting patterns as well. CONCLUSION: Intra-population variation of biting activity can be as significant as inter-population variation. Some implications in malaria vector control and specific studies are also discussed.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess whether reported morbidity and complaints of lack of time and sleep are associated with the burden of professional work and housework among nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional exploratory study was carried out among female nurses and nurse assistants (N=206) of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire. The prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. RESULTS: Mean duration of professional work and housework time was 40.4 and 31.6 hours/week, respectively. Long professional working time (over 44 hours/week) were associated with mild emotional disorders (PR=1.37; 95% CI: 1.05-1.80), complaints of lack of time for resting/leisure (PR=1.61; 95% CI: 1.31-1.97), housework (PR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.12-1.97), and childcare (PR=1.99; 95% CI: 1.51-2.63). Long housework time (over 28 hours/week) was associated with lower prevalence of lack of time for childcare (PR=0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.84). High housework load was associated with lack of personal time and complaints of varicose veins (PR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.14-1.50 and PR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.08-1.58, respectively). Complaints of varicose veins were also frequent among female nurses with a total work load above 84 hours (PR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.05-1.61), though this group has shown a lower prevalence of arterial hypertension and recurrent headaches (PR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.15-0.83 and PR=0.53; 95% CI: 0.32-0.89, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that both professional and home environments are relevant in the evaluation of work overload on nurses' health and their family and social life. It is stressed the need for instruments for analyzing total workload among female populations.

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OBJECTIVE: Physical activity during pregnancy is a poorly investigated subject on population level. The study aimed to describe duration, type and frequency of leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy, and to explore its associated factors. METHODS: A population-based study was carried out during 2004 in Southern Brazil. A total of 4,471 mothers were interviewed soon after delivery. Physical activity was measured using a questionnaire, developed for the study. Results were obtained by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In the sample, 14.8% of women reported to engage in some type of physical activity prior to pregnancy and 12.9% during pregnancy. In the first trimester, 10.4% of all mothers engaged in some type of physical activity; 8.5% in the second trimester and 6.5% in the third trimester. Only 194 mothers (4.3%) were active during the whole pregnancy. In the adjusted analysis, leisure-time physical activity was positively associated with schooling, physical activity advice during prenatal care, and family income (p<0.001), being employed during pregnancy (p=0.05), and number of pregnancies (p=0.02). Walking was the most frequent activity. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity is low among Brazilian pregnant women. Although physical activity is not perceived as being pregnancy-threatening, and current guidelines recommend it, this population's behavior does not seem to be changing. Active lifestyle for both pregnant women and future mothers should be encouraged.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar as inter-relações entre auto-avaliação de saúde, percepção de doença de longa duração e diagnóstico de doenças crônicas. MÉTODOS: Na Pesquisa Mundial de Saúde, realizada no Brasil em 2003, foram entrevistados 5.000 indivíduos com 18 anos ou mais, selecionados a partir de amostra estratificada em três estágios. Foi utilizado o questionário original adaptado ao contexto brasileiro, abordando a presença de doença de longa duração ou incapacidade, a auto-avaliação de saúde (geral e dos vários domínios) e o diagnóstico de seis doenças crônicas (artrite, angina, asma, depressão, esquizofrenia e diabetes mellitus). Para comparar as relações entre a auto-avaliação de saúde, percepção de doença de longa duração e as doenças crônicas avaliadas foram utilizados teste estatístico de homogeneidade de proporções e modelos de regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: A auto-avaliação de saúde "não boa" e a percepção de ser portador de doença de longa duração foram significativamente mais freqüentes entre mulheres, indivíduos com 50 anos ou mais e aqueles com alguma das doenças pesquisadas. Os entrevistados com diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus apresentaram as piores avaliações de saúde: 70,9% referiram doença de longa duração e 79,3% avaliaram sua saúde como "não boa". Verificou-se pior avaliação de saúde com a associação de duas ou mais doenças. O efeito da auto-avaliação de saúde sobre a percepção de doença de longa duração foi maior que o número de doenças. CONCLUSÕES: As três formas de aferição da morbidade mostraram inter-relações significativas. A auto-avaliação de saúde "não boa" apresentou efeito mais importante para a percepção de doença de longa duração, sugerindo que as medidas subjetivas do estado de saúde possam ser mais sensíveis para estabelecer e monitorar o bem-estar do indivíduo.

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OBJETIVO: Realizar adaptação cultural para versão brasileira do questionário de atividade física no tempo de lazer e avaliar a validade de conteúdo, praticabilidade, aceitabilidade e confiabilidade.MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas as etapas de tradução, síntese, retrotradução, avaliação por comitê de especialistas e pré-teste, seguidos pela avaliação da praticabilidade, aceitabilidade e confiabilidade (teste-reteste). Os juízes avaliaram as equivalências semântico-idiomática, conceitual, cultural e metabólica. A versão adaptada foi submetida ao pré-teste (n = 20) e teste-reteste (n = 80) em indivíduos saudáveis e pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares, em Limeira, SP, entre 2010 e 2011. A proporção de concordância do comitê de juízes foi quantificada por meio do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo. A confiabilidade foi avaliada segundo critério de estabilidade, com intervalo de 15 dias entre as aplicações, a praticabilidade pelo tempo gasto na entrevista e a aceitabilidade pelo percentual de itens não respondidos e proporção de pacientes que responderam a todos os itens.RESULTADOS: A versão traduzida do questionário apresentou equivalências semântico-idiomática, conceitual, cultural e metabólica adequadas, com substituição de algumas atividades físicas mais adequadas para a população brasileira. A análise da praticabilidade evidenciou curto tempo de aplicação do instrumento (média de 3,0 min). Quanto à aceitabilidade, todos os pacientes responderam a 100% dos itens. A análise do teste-reteste sugeriu estabilidade temporal do instrumento (Índice de Correlação Intraclasse = 0,84).CONCLUSÕES: A versão brasileira do questionário apresentou propriedades de medida satisfatórias. Recomenda-se sua aplicação a populações diversas em estudos futuros, a fim de disponibilizar propriedades de medida robustas.

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OBJECTIVE To identify gender differences in social support dimensions’ effect on adults’ leisure-time physical activity maintenance, type, and time.METHODS Longitudinal study of 1,278 non-faculty public employees at a university in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Southeastern Brazil. Physical activity was evaluated using a dichotomous question with a two-week reference period, and further questions concerning leisure-time physical activity type (individual or group) and time spent on the activity. Social support was measured with the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale. For the analysis, logistic regression models were adjusted separately by gender.RESULTS A multinomial logistic regression showed an association between material support and individual activities among women (OR = 2.76; 95%CI 1.2;6.5). Affective support was associated with time spent on leisure-time physical activity only among men (OR = 1.80; 95%CI 1.1;3.2).CONCLUSIONS All dimensions of social support that were examined influenced either the type of, or the time spent on, leisure-time physical activity. In some social support dimensions, the associations detected varied by gender. Future studies should attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved in these gender differences.

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OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze whether socioeconomic conditions and the period of availability of fluoridated water are associated with the number of teeth present.METHODSThis cross-sectional study analyzed data from 1,720 adults between 20 and 59 years of age who resided in Florianópolis, SC, Southern Brazil, in 2009. The outcome investigated was the self-reported number of teeth present. The individual independent variables included gender, age range, skin color, number of years of schooling, and per capita household income. The duration of residence was used as a control variable. The contextual exposures included the period of availability of fluoridated water to the households and the socioeconomic variable for the census tracts, which was created from factor analysis of the tract’s mean income, education level, and percentage of households with treated water. Multilevel logistic regression was performed and inter-level interactions were tested.RESULTS Residents in intermediate and poorer areas and those with fluoridated water available for less time exhibited the presence of fewer teeth compared with those in better socioeconomic conditions and who had fluoridated water available for a longer period (OR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.01;1.02). There was an association between the period of availability of fluoridated water, per capita household income and number of years of education. The proportion of individuals in the poorer and less-educated stratum, which had fewer teeth present, was higher in regions where fluoridated water had been available for less time.CONCLUSIONS Poor socioeconomic conditions and a shorter period of availability of fluoridated water were associated with the probability of having fewer teeth in adulthood. Public policies aimed at reducing socioeconomic inequalities and increasing access to health services such as fluoridation of the water supply may help to reduce tooth loss in the future.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the waiting time for radiotherapy for patients with cervical cancer. METHODS This descriptive study was conducted with 342 cervical cancer cases that were referred to primary radiotherapy, in the Baixada Fluminense region, RJ, Southeastern Brazil, from October 1995 to August 2010. The waiting time was calculated using the recommended 60-day deadline as a parameter to obtaining the first cancer treatment and considering the date at which the diagnosis was confirmed, the date of first oncological consultation and date when the radiotherapy began. Median and proportional comparisons were made using the Kruskal Wallis and Chi-square tests. RESULTS Most of the women (72.2%) began their radiotherapy within 60 days from the diagnostic confirmation date. The median of this total waiting time was 41 days. This median worsened over the time period, going from 11 days (1995-1996) to 64 days (2009-2010). The median interval between the diagnostic confirmation and the first oncological consultation was 33 days, and between the first oncological consultation and the first radiotherapy session was four days. The median waiting time differed significantly (p = 0.003) according to different stages of the tumor, reaching 56 days, 35 days and 30 days for women whose cancers were classified up to IIA; from IIB to IIIB, and IVA-IVB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite most of the women having had access to radiotherapy within the recommended 60 days, the implementation of procedures to define the stage of the tumor and to reestablish clinical conditions took a large part of this time, showing that at least one of these intervals needs to be improved. Even though the waiting times were ideal for all patients, the most advanced cases were quickly treated, which suggests that access to radiotherapy by women with cervical cancer has been reached with equity.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of leisure-time physical inactivity in Brazilian adolescents and their association with geographical and sociodemographic variables. METHODS The sample was composed by 74,589 adolescents participating in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). This cross-sectional study of school basis with national scope involved adolescents aged from 12 to 17 years in Brazilian cities with more than 100 thousand inhabitants. The prevalence of leisure-time physical inactivity was categorized according to the volume of weekly practice (< 300; 0 min). The prevalences were estimated for the total sample and by sex. Poisson regression models were used to assess associated factors. RESULTS The prevalence of leisure-time physical inactivity was 54.3% (95%CI 53.4-55.2), and higher for the female sex (70.7%, 95%CI 69.5-71.9) compared to the male (38.0%, 95%CI 36.7-39.4). More than a quarter of adolescents (26.5%, 95%CI 25.8-27.3) reported not practicing physical activity in the leisure time, a condition more prevalent for girls (39.8%, 95%CI 38.8-40.9) than boys (13.4%, 95%CI 12.4-14.4). For girls, the variables that were associated with physical inactivity were: reside in the Northeast (RP = 1.13, 95%CI 1.08-1.19), Southeast (RP = 1.16, 95%CI 1.11-1.22) and South (RP = 1.12, 95%CI 1.06-1.18); have 16-17 years (RP = 1.06, 95%CI 1.12-1.15); and belong to the lower economic class (RP = 1.33, 95%CI 1.20-1.48). The same factors, except reside in the Southeast and South, were also associated with not practicing physical activity in the leisure time for the same group. In males, as well as the region, being older (p < 0.001) and declaring to be indigenous (RP = 0.37, 95%CI 0.19-0.73) were also associated with not practicing physical activities in the leisure time. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of leisure-time physical inactivity in Brazilian adolescents is high. It presents regional variations and is associated with age and low socioeconomic status. Special attention should be given to girls and to those who do not engage in any physical activity during the leisure time, so that they can adopt a more active lifestyle.

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To evaluate whether the intensity of the hepatic granulomatous response induced by S. mansoni eggs plays a role in drug metabolism, mice were infected with 40 cercariae and tested to assess the sodic pentobarbital induced sleeping-time. To decrease the inflammatory reaction the animals were irradiated with 400 Rad or received azathioprine, 20mg/kg, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks, respectively in or beginning in the 33th post-infection day. In infected animals receiving azathioprine the area of the hepatic granulomas was smaller and the sleeping-time was similar to that of non-infected ones (controls). In mice infected and irradiated the granuloma dimensions were similar to those of animals only infected, in these two latter groups of animals, the sleeping-time was more prolonged than that of the control animals. These results show that: 1) mice with unaltered hepatic granulomatous reaction show reduction in metabolism of sodic pentobarbital; 2) granulomatous response diminished by azathioprine does not interfere with the capacity of metabolism of the anesthetic drug.