Efeito do nível de fertilidade de dois solos submetidos a compactação sobre o comportamento do acumulo de matéria seca e nutrientes por feijoeiro (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)

Foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação com terra do horizonte A de um Oxisol (LR) e de um Alfisol (PVp), confinados em vasos com capacidade para 3,8 litros, cultivada com duas variedades de feijoeiro, em parcelas sem e com adubo mineral. As terras foram submetidas à compactação e mantidas à umidade entre 100 e 300 mbares de tensão. A matéria seca, que normalmente reduziu seu acúmulo com o aumento do nível de compactação, teve seu compartamento afetado pelo nível de fertilidade, mas sua intensidade de acúmulo afetada pelo tipo de solo. Considerando os valores absolutos dos elementos acumulados, verificou-se que o nível de fertilidade afeta o comportamento de N, P, Ca, B, Cu e Fe considerando a parte aérea, e o comportamento de K, Mg e Zn na parte radicular. Considerando os valores relativos, o nível de fertilidade afeta somente o comportamento de Ca, Zn e B na parte aérea de feijoeiro, e o comportamento de Ca, Zn , B, Fe e Mn no sistema radicular.

Efeitos da porosidade de aeração na nutrição mineral do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L: )

Foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação, na ESALQ-USP, em Piracicaba, SP, com amostras de terra do horizonte A e B2 de um Oxisol (LR) e um Alfisol(PVp) sem e com adubação mineral e calagem, para verificar a influência da variação na porosidade de aeração (de 24 a 3%) sobre parâmetros nutricionais do feijoeiro Aroana 80, conduzido até o final do ciclo. Procurou-se alcançar a saturação do complexo de troca em 80% com bases, numa relação Ca:Mg:K de 16:4:1, e um nível de P disponível de 15 ppm. 0 conteúdo de água dos 2,5 litros de terra por vaso foi mantido entre 100 e 70% da capacidade de campo. A redução na porosidade de aeração afetou genericamente o teor absoluto e relativo de P e a relação N/P. Alterou a eficiência nutricional do N no horizonte B2 de ambos os solos, de Cu no LR e de Mn no PVp, em ambos os horizontes. Ocorreram especificidades quanto ao tipo de solo e horizonte e interferência do nível de fertilidade.

Estudo comparativo entre fatores químicos na produção de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) em dois tipos de solos, em casa de vegetação

Foram realizados experimentos em casa-de-vegetação na ESALQ-USP, em Piracicaba, SP, com vasos contendo 2,5 litros de amostra de terra do horizonte A e B2 de um Oxisol (LR) e um Alfisol (PVp), sem e com calagem e adubação mineral, para verificar quais os fatores químicos-nutricionais em deficiência no horizonte B2 dos solos, comparados com o horizonte superficial, deverão ser considerados para a exploração adequada do potencial genético de produção do feijoeiro Aroana 80. Pode ser verificado que a saturação do complexo de troca com bases, e a consequente redução na saturação em Al não foi suficiente para alcançar uma produção adequada de grãos. Através da avaliação dos teores relativos e de relações entre nutrientes, pode ser constatada a necessidade de consideração genérica dos teores de P, Mg e das relações P/Zn, N/Zn, Mg/Cu e P/Fe, além dos teores e relações específicas a cada solo, considerando um estado nutricional padrão para a variedade. Em solos corrigidos e adubados os micronutrientes devem ser considerados, como também a matéria orgânica no horizonte B2, que apareceu com níveis abaixo do necessário para suprir o complexo organo-argiloso.

Eficiência do uso da água na produção de matéria seca e de grãos de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação, na Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - USP, em Piracicaba, SP, com amostras de terra do horizonte A e B2 de um Oxisol (LR) e um Alfisol (PVp), sem e com calagem e adubação mineral, para verificar a influência da variação da porosidade de aeração (5,1 a 28,7%) sobre o comportamento do feijoeiro Aroana 80. O conteúdo de água dos 2,5 litros de terra por vaso foi mantido entre 100 e 70% da capacidade de campo. Foi constatado que a porosidade de aeração afeta a produção de grãos (1,5 a 20,8/planta), além da matéria seca radicular, da parte aérea, da matéria seca total e a relação parte aérea/raízes (3,1 a 12,7). Não influenciou o peso de mil grãos (135 a 254 g), o índice de colheita (0,18 a 0,50), a eficiência no uso de água (428 a 911 ml/g m.s. e 854 a 419 ml/g grãos) e o ciclo da cultura (86 a 101 dias). O nível de fertilidade afetou praticamente todos os dados considerados.

Porosidade de aeração de solos para a máxima produção de grãos de feijoeiro, em casa de vegetação

Foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação, na Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", USP, em Piracicaba, SP, com amostras de terra do horizonte A1 ou Ap e B2 de um Oxisol (LR) e um Alfisol (PVp), sem e com adubação mineral e calagem, para verificar qual é a porcentagem de poros com diâmetro maior que 0,05 mm, numa faixa de 3 a 24%, que corresponde a máxima produção de grãos de feijoeiro cultivar Aroana 80. 0 conteúdo de água, dos 2,5 litros de terra por vaso, foi mantido entre 100 e 70% da capacidade de vaso. Pode ser constatada uma faixa preferencial entre 9 e 16% de poros de aeração, sendo deslocada para uma faixa entre 24 e 29% de macroporos, quando ocorrer maior taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca, e provavel menor fornecimento de O2 nos pontos de crescimento radicular em solos com agregados pequenos de grande estabilidade e maior conteúdo de água.

Polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpirrolidone effect on bacterial rRNA extraction and hybridization from cells exposed to tannins

In order to detect fluctuations in ruminal microbial populations due to forage tannins using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) probes, recovery of intact rRNA is required. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP) on extraction of bacterial rRNA, in the presence of tannins from tropical legume forages and other sources, that hybridize with oligonucleotide probes. Ruminococcus albus 8 cells were exposed to 8 g/L tannic acid or 1 g/L condensed tannins extracted from Acacia angustissima, banana (Musa sp.) skin, Desmodium ovalifolium, red grape (Vitis vinifera) skin and Inga edulis, or no tannins. Cells were rinsed with Tris buffer pH 7 containing either 8% PEG or 6% PVP prior to cell lysis. Total RNA samples rinsed with either PEG or PVP migrated through denaturing agarose gels. The 16S rRNA bands successfully hybridized with a R. albus species-specific oligonucleotide probe, regardless of tannin source. The effect of rinsing buffers on the density of 16S rRNA bands, as well as on the hybridization signals was compared. There were significant effects (P<0.01) when the controls were compared to either buffer treatments due to tannin type, buffer used and the interaction of tannin type and buffer. The significant interaction indicates the influence of tannin type on the parameters evaluated.

Resistência mecânica de hidrogéis termo-sensíveis constituídos de Alginato-Ca2+ / PNIPAAm, tipo Semi-IPN

Thermosensitive hydrogels were synthesized using alginate-Ca2+ in association with a thermosensitive polymer, such as PNIPAAm. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were determined measuring the maximum tension of deformation. With the increase of the temperature by 25 to 40 ºC above the LCST the chains of PNIPAAm collapsed, dragging the alginate net and diminishing the size of the pores. The decrease in the size of the pores of the hydrogel was followed by an increase in the mechanicals resistance of the material.

Application of ftir in the determination of acrylate content in poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) superabsorbent hydrogels

Hydrogels have been prepared by free-radical solution copolymerization of acrylamide and sodium acrylate (NaAc), with molar ratio ranging from 25/75 to 80/20, respectively, using methylene bisacrylamide as the crosslinking agent. A FTIR spectroscopy procedure to determine the acrylate/acrylamide ratio in these hydrogels was proposed based on absorbance at 1410 cm-1 (nCOO-) and 2940 cm-1 (nCH and nCH2). A straight line with a good linear correlation coefficient (0.998) was obtained by plotting the acrylate content (Ac%) versus relative absorbance (Arel = A1410/A2940). Results were confirmed by the amount of sodium cation released in acid medium determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Síntese e caracterização de hidrogéis compósitos a partir de copolímeros acrilamida-acrilato e caulim: efeito da constituição de diferentes caulins do nordeste brasileiro

Superabsorbent hydrogels based on poly (acrylamide-co-acrylate) and different kaolins, were prepared by free-radical aqueous copolymerization. FTIR and WAXS techniques were employed for characterization of a series of hydrogels, obtained by varying the percentage of clay, crosslinking and constitution of kaolin. The water absorbency at equilibrium (Weq) decreased with increasing clay content and the amount of crosslinking agent. Superabsorbent hydrogel (Weq > 1084 g H2O/g gel) was obtained as 10 wt% of white kaolin and 0.05 mol% of crosslinking agent were used. The hydrogel proved sensitive to pH variation and the presence of salts.

Hydrogels of cellulose acetate crosslinked with pyromellitic dianhydride: part I: synthesis and swelling kinetics

This work describes the synthesis of hydrogels of cellulose acetate (AC) crosslinked with 1,2,4,5-benzenotetracarboxylic dianhydride (PMDA). The crosslinking reaction was monitored by FTIR. Analysis of aromatic fragments from the alkaline hydrolysis of the gels by UV spectroscopy indicated that an increase in the stoichiometric ratio of dianhydride resulted in higher degrees of crosslinking. The non-porous nature of the gels was confirmed by analysis of nitrogen adsorption. Water absorption isotherms showed that as the temperature and degree of crosslinking increased, the percentage of water absorbed at equilibrium (%Seq) also increased. The hydrogels presented second order swelling kinetics.

Influência do pH nas propriedades físico-químicas, térmicas e mecânicas de filmes de poli(vinil álcool)/poli(ácido acrílico)/aciclovir

Drug-loaded films represent an alternative method for the treatment of skin lesions caused by Herpes simplex, since they facilitate delivery of the drug directly at the site of lesion. The objective of this work was to prepare PVA/PAA films containing AC at pH 2.0 and 4.0. The results show that the pH of the film preparations influences the polymer¾drug interaction kinetic order and the degree of swelling. The mechanism of release of AC from the films obtained at pH 4.0 was anomalous, whereas for the films prepared at pH 2.0 the release followed zero-order kinetics.

Triagem de suportes orgânicos e protocolos de ativação na imobilização e estabilização de lipase de Thermomyces lanuginosus

Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus was covalently immobilized on activated poly-hydroxybutyrate, sugarcane bagasse and the chemically modified hybrid hydrogel chitosan-alginate prepared by different strategies. Among the tested supports, chitosan-alginate chemically modified with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid rendered derivatives with the highest hydrolytic activity and thermal-stability, 45-fold more stable than soluble lipase and was then selected for further studies. The pH of maximum activity was similar for both immobilized and free lipase (pH 8.0) while optimum temperature was 5 - 10 ºC higher for the immobilized lipase. Higher yields in the butyl butyrate synthesis were found for the derivatives prepared by activation with glycidol and epichlorohydrin.

Ultrafiltration membranes from waste polyethylene terephthalate and additives: synthesis and characterization

The synthesis and characterization of asymmetric ultrafiltration membranes from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is reported. PET is currently used in many applications, including the manufacture of bottles and tableware. Monomer extraction from waste PET is expensive, and this process has not yet been successfully demonstrated on a viable scale. Hence, any method to recycle or regenerate PET once it has been used is of significant importance from scientific and environmental research viewpoints. Such a process would be a green alternative due to reduced raw monomer consumption and the additional benefit of reduced manufacturing costs. The membranes described here were prepared by a phase-inversion process, which involved casting a solution containing PET, m-cresol as solvent, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weights as additives. The membranes were characterized in terms of pure water permeability (PWP), molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), and flux and membrane morphology. The results show that the addition of PEG with high molecular weights leads to membranes with higher PWP. The presence of additives affects surface roughness and membrane morphology.

Interactions of chitosan/genipin hydrogels during drug delivery: a QSPR approach

A hydrogel comprised of chitosan crosslinked using the low-toxicity crosslinker genipin was prepared, and the absorption of glibenclamide by the hydrogel was investigated. Optimized structures and their molecular electrostatic potentials were calculated using the AM1 method, and the results were used to evaluate the molecular interactions between the three compounds. The quantitative structure-property relationship model was also used to estimate the activity of the chemicals on the basis their molecular structures. In addition, theoretical Fourier transform infrared spectra were calculated to analyze the intermolecular interactions in the proposed system. Finally, the hydrophilicity of the hydrogel and its influence on the absorption process were also estimated.

OBTENÇÃO DE COMPÓSITOS HÍBRIDOS BASEADOS EM HIDROGÉIS E CIMENTO PORTLAND

In this study, a novel hybrid composite based on biodegradable hydrogel and Portland cement with promising technological properties was reported. In the first step, a full 23 with central point factorial design was utilized to obtain the enhanced polyacrylamide-carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel compositions. A mathematical model was devised, indicating that the 3 main variables were significant and the AAm and MBAAm variables positively contributed to the mode and showing that the CMC variable had the opposite contribution. In the second step, these compositions were mixed with Portland cement to obtain the hybrid composites. The presence of cement improved the mechanical properties of polymeric matrices, and electronic microscopic micrographics revealed that the hydrogels were well adhered to the cement phase and no phase separation between hydrogel and cement was detected. Finally, using the energy dispersive X-ray technique, the elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca and Fe were detected in the polymeric matrix, consistent with the hybrid composite formation.