AVALIAÇÃO DE PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS E QUÍMICAS DE ELETRODEPÓSITOS DE Ni-W-P OBTIDOS EM CÉLULA DE HULL

Ni–W–P electrodeposits were synthesized in a Hull cell in order to simulate the obtainment under industrial conditions. Complete coverage of panels was accomplished by applying total currents of 1.0 and 2.0 A. Panels obtained with a current of 1.0 A appeared brighter. The best compositional uniformities, as determined by Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) occurred in the current density ranges of 0.6 to 3.0 A dm−2 and 1.6 to 6.0 A dm−2 obtained with 1.0 and 2.0 A, respectively. However, the best morphological characteristics, as determined by Scanning Electro Microscope (SEM), were observed in those obtained with a total current of 1.0 A. Analysis of corrosion resistance by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentiodynamic Linear Polarization (PLP) in NaCl have shown significant variations in the amount of corrosion potential, polarization resistance, and even total impedance. The alloys exhibited amorphous character (XRD) and crystallized above 400 °C to Ni and Ni3P phases, and possibly Ni–W, with a subsequent increase in hardness. The results suggest that under industrial conditions, current density variations due to the large and complex geometric shapes of substrates lead to formation of distinct alloys. Furthermore, these materials are potential substitutes for chromium deposits in many applications.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE EXPERIMENTO DIDÁTICO DE ELETROGRAVIMETRIA DE BAIXO CUSTO UTILIZANDO PRINCÍPIOS DA QUÍMICA VERDE

In this paper, we describe the development of low-cost teaching experiments of electrogravimetry for undergraduate students using principles of green chemistry. Copper was electrochemically deposited on brass under an electrical current density of 50 mA cm−2 from acidic solutions containing nitrate anions. Color changes at the brass electrode and of the solution were observed, indicating that the reduction of copper ions had occurred. The deposition efficiency values were between 92.8% and 93.8%, and the electrochemical efficiency values were between 85.6% and 86.5%. There was no significant contribution from parallel reactions. These experimental conditions facilitated the didactic exploration of gravimetric and electrochemical concepts. Following the principles of green chemistry, the experiments produced no toxic substances, all the materials could be recycled, and the energy consumption was the lowest. For this reason, this experiment was considered to be very interesting for didactical purposes.

ELETRODOS DE FTO MODIFICADOS POR ELETRODEPOSIÇÃO DIRETA DE OURO: PRODUÇÃO, CARACTERIZAÇÃO E APLICAÇÃO COMO SENSOR ELETROQUÍMICO

Chemically modified electrodes have been studied to obtain new and better electrochemical sensors. Transparent conductive oxides, such as fluorine-doped tin-oxide (FTO), shows electrical conductivity comparable to metals and are potential candidates for new sensors. In this work, FTO was modified by gold electrodeposition from chlorine-auric acid solution using cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. A set of different materials were produced, varying the scan number. Scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed for the characterization of electrodes surfaces. From this analysis was possible to observe the resistive, capacitive and difusional aspects from all kind of modified electrodes produced, establishing a relationship between this parameters and the scan number. The electrode with 100 scans of CV presented better characteristics for an electrochemical sensor; it has the lowest global impedance and rising of capacitive behavior (related to electrical double layer formation) at lower frequencies. This electrode was tested for paracetamol and caffeine detection. The results showed a high specificity, decreased oxidation potential (0.58 V and 0.97 Vvs. SCE, for paracetamol and caffeine, respectively) and low detection limits (0.82 and 0.052 µmol L-1).

Avaliação físico-química de águas minerais comercializadas na região de Campinas, SP

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de águas minerais, foram analisadas amostras, adquiridas em supermercados, de oito fontes localizadas no Estado de São Paulo entre agosto de 1999 e maio de 2000, com coletas trimestrais. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas mostraram que as amostras possuíam, em sua maioria, composição química dentro dos limites permitidos pela legislação brasileira, exceto quatro amostras, que apresentaram resultados na análise de cor acima de 5 unidades PtCo, uma amostra com pH fora da faixa recomendada de 4,0 a 9,0 e uma amostra com alcalinidade em hidróxidos em duas épocas de análise. Os resultados obtidos para as diferentes amostras variaram de acordo com as seguintes faixas: pH de 6,39 a 9,92, alcalinidade de 0,0 a 189,1mg L-1 de bicarbonato, dureza de 0,00 a 136,00mg L-1 de carbonato de cálcio, cor de 0,0 a 9,0 unidades de PtCo, turbidez de 0,00 a 2,00 FTU de turvação, sulfato de 0,00 a 55,67mg L-1, sulfeto de 0,00 a 0,002mg L-1, cloreto de 0,00 a 23,53mg L-1, fluoreto de 0,02 a 0,8mg L-1, alumínio de 0,01 a 0,09mg L-1, bário de 0,00 a 0,26mg L-1, cálcio de 0,53 a 28,35mg L-1, crômio de 0,00 a 0,01mg L-1, ferro de 0,00 a 0,03mg L-1, potássio de 0,39 a 3,27mg L-1, sódio de 0,53 a 97,29mg L-1, magnésio de 0,00 a 9,10mg L-1, manganês de 0,00 a 0,05mg L-1, zinco de 0,00 a 0,03mg L-1, chumbo de 0,00 a 0,01mg L-1 e lítio de 0,00 a 0,02mg L-1. Os elementos cádmio, cobre e cobalto apresentaram-se abaixo dos limites de detecção dos métodos.