Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) associated with changing patterns in the transmission of the human cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana

Between March 2000 and December 2001 a survey of the sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) of French Guiana was carried out during 14 nights of captures with CDC light-traps and Malaise traps, and resulted in the collection of 2245 individuals of 38 species. The most abundant species were Lutzomyia (Trichophoromyia) ininii Floch & Abonnenc, Lu.(Psychodopygus) squamiventris maripaensis Floch & Abonnenc, and Lu .(Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata Mangabeira. Half of the collected sand flies females were dissected under field conditions and five species were found harboring Leishmania-like parasites. The Leishmania (Kinetoplastidae: Trypanosomatidae) species were identified by molecular typing, and for the first time Lu. (Nys.) flaviscutellata was found harboring Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis and Lu. (Tri) ininii harboring unknown Leishmania. The first record for French Guiana of Lu. (Psy.) squamiventris maripaensis harboring L. (V.) naiffi, was also reported. The patterns of diversification of the human cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission in French Guiana are discussed.

Anopheles darlingi bionomics and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae in Amerindian villages of the Upper-Maroni Amazonian forest, French Guiana

French Guiana is one of the areas in South America most affected by malaria and where the disease has become a serious public health problem. In spite of this situation, little recent entomological data are available from the main localities where the disease occurs, even though they are crucial for development of an effective vector control strategy. A longitudinal entomological survey was carried out from March 2000-February 2002 in three Amerindian villages, namely Twenké, Taluène and Cayodé, located in the Amazonian forest of the Upper-Maroni area, to assess anopheline mosquitoes and malaria transmission dynamics. Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) was the most abundant mosquito species caught during the study. This efficient American malaria vector was active the entire year, but showed an evident peak of abundance during the main rainfall season, from April-June, with an average human biting rate of 255.5 bites per person per night. Parity rates were homogeneous all year, indicating no significant seasonal variability in female survival rates. Estimated vectorial capacity indices were higher during the rainy season, even though the risk of transmission was present throughout the year (VCI > 1). A total of 14 An. darlingi were found infected with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium malariae. The annual circumsporozoite indices were 0.15, 0.14 and 0.05, and the entomological inoculation rates were 22.8, 27.4 and 14.4 infected bites per person per year in Twenké, Taluène and Cayodé, respectively. An. darlingiwas endo-exophagic and rather exophilic in these localities. The species was collected throughout the night but was more aggressive between 21:30-03:30 h and after 05:30 h. Parity rates were homogeneous during the entire night. Impregnated hammock and/or bed nets, coupled with the use of mosquito repellents, as well as the early treatment of malarial cases, appear to be the most suitable tools for fighting malaria in these Amerindian villages since the spraying of residual insecticides is inefficient because of vector biology and the housing structure.

Infection kinetics of human adenovirus serotype 41 in HEK 293 cells

The purpose of this work was to acquire an overview of the infectious cycle of HAdV-41 in permissive HEK 293 cells and compare it to that observed with the prototype of the genus, Human adenovirus C HAdV-2. HEK 293 cells were infected with each virus separately and were harvested every 12 h for seven days. Infection kinetics were analysed using confocal and electronic microscopy. The results show that, when properly cultivated, HAdV-41 was not fastidious. It had a longer multiplication cycle, which resulted in the release of complete viral particles and viral stocks reached high titres. After 60 h of infection, the export of viral proteins from the infected cell to the extracellular milieu was observed, with a pattern similar to that previously described for HAdV-2 penton-base trafficking after 30 h of infection. HAdV-41 had a non-lytic cycle and the infection spread from the first infected cell to its neighbours. The release process of the viral particles is unknown. The results observed for HAdV-41 infection in HEK 293 cells show how different this virus is from the prototype HAdV-2 and provides information for the development of this vector for use in gene therapy.

Multiple insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations compromises the effectiveness of dengue vector control in French Guiana

In French Guiana, pyrethroids and organophosphates have been used for many years against Aedes aegypti. We aimed to establish both the resistance level of Ae. aegypti and the ultra low volume spray efficacy to provide mosquito control services with practical information to implement vector control and resistance management. Resistance to deltamethrin and fenitrothion was observed. In addition, the profound loss of efficacy of AquaK'othrine® and the moderate loss of efficacy of Paluthion® 500 were recorded. Fenitrothion remained the most effective candidate for spatial application in French Guiana until its removal in December 2010. Further investigation of the mechanism of resistance to deltamethrin demonstrated the involvement of mixed-function oxidases and, to a lesser extent, of carboxylesterases. However, these observations alone cannot explain the level of insecticide resistance we observed during tube and cage tests.

Incrimination of Anopheles (Anopheles) intermedius Peryassú, An. (Nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari Gabaldón, An. (Nys.) oswaldoi Peryassú as natural vectors of Plasmodium falciparum in French Guiana

Anopheles darlingi Root is the major vector of human malaria in the Neotropics and has been considered to be the sole malaria vector in French Guiana. The presence of other potential vectors suggests that malaria may be transmitted by other species under certain conditions. From 2006-2011, all anopheline specimens collected from 11 localities were assayed to determine if the Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein was present. In addition to An. darlingi, we found Anopheles oswaldoi, Anopheles intermedius and Anopheles nuneztovari specimens that were infected with Plasmodium sp. Further investigations on the behaviour and ecology of An. oswaldoi, An. intermedius and An. nuneztovari are necessary to determine their role in malaria transmission in French Guiana.

Antiplasmodial activity of iron(II) and ruthenium(II) organometallic complexes against Plasmodium falciparum blood parasites

This work reports the in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparumblood forms (W2 clone, chloroquine-resistant) of tamoxifen-based compounds and their ferrocenyl (ferrocifens) and ruthenocenyl (ruthenocifens) derivatives, as well as their cytotoxicity against HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Surprisingly with these series, results indicate that the biological activity of ruthenocifens is better than that of ferrocifens and other tamoxifen-like compounds. The synthesis of a new metal-based compound is also described. It was shown, for the first time, that ruthenocifens are good antiplasmodial prototypes. Further studies will be conducted aiming at a better understanding of their mechanism of action and at obtaining new compounds with better therapeutic profile.

Sistema automático para determinação seqüencial de cianeto livre e total empregando eletrodo tubular íon-seletivo de membrana homogênea

This study presents an automated system for potentiometric determination of free and total cyanide which employs a homogeneous membrane tubular ion-selective electrode. After the electrode is assembled, it is connected to a system composed of 3 three-way solenoid valves, sample line, carrier line, acid stream, and gas diffusion chamber. A Turbo Pascal® computer program, developed specifically for this task, automatically performs all the steps involved in data acquisition and processing. The proposed analytical procedure offers operational simplicity, since detection is performed by a tubular electrode, whose assembly is fast and easy. The system has shown reproducibility (r.s.d. < 0.5%, n=6) and high speed (30 readings/hour); it is efficient for determination of free and total cyanide in waste waters of starch processing plants. The detection limit was 1.2x10-5 and 1.5x10-5 mol L-1, for determination of free and total cyanide, respectively. The linear response range was between 1.2x10-5 and 1.0x10-2 mol L-1 for free cyanide and between 1.5x10-5 and 1.0x10-2 for total cyanide.

Triterpenes and new saponins from Ilex chamaedryfolia: chemotaxonomic tool to ilex species differentiation

Three saponins were isolated from leaves of Ilex chamaedryfolia. Their structures were established by spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data as the new saponin 3β-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-20( S)-19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, the new saponin 3β-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-20( S)-19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester and the known saponin 3β-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-20(R )-19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester. Ursolic acid and α-amyrin were also isolated.

"As principais forças dos pirrônicos" (La 131) e sua apropriação por Huet

Este artigo tem duas partes. Na primeira, é examinada a apropriação que Pascal faz do argumento cartesiano do Deus enganador no fragmento La 131 dos Pensamentos. Mostra-se aí uma leitura epistemológica cética do argumento de Descartes que o transforma em uma das premissas do argumento pascaliano da verdadeira religião. Na segunda parte, é examinada a apropriação que Huet faz deste mesmo argumento cartesiano no seu Tratado filosófico da fraqueza do entendimento humano (livro I, capítulo 10). Mostra-se nesta parte, com base no Tratado e nas anotações que Huet fez no seu exemplar dos Pensamentos, que a leitura cética huetiana do argumento cartesiano é derivada da leitura pascaliana do mesmo argumento, embora para um fim diferente do de Pascal: não como prova da doutrina da Queda, mas como indicação da fraqueza da razão desprovida da fé.

O disfarce da força

Neste artigo pretendemos analisar a definição de justiça que Pascal oferece, tal como ela se apresenta no "reino da concupiscência". Para ele, a justiça é "prevenção da sedição" (La 66; B.326). Prevenir qualquer revolta é a garantia da paz no Estado. Para tanto, não basta a arte do bem governar, ressaltada nos "Trois discours sur la condition des grands", é preciso usar a força. Ora, como a força não se deixa manipular por se tratar de uma qualidade palpável, ao passo que a justiça se presta a isso, por ser uma qualidade espiritual, manipula-se a justiça para justificar a força. Esvaziado o velho conceito de justiça: "dar a cada um o que lhe é devido", esta passa a ser o disfarce da força.

Observações sobre a segunda antropologia: o pensamento como alienação

Em Pascal et la philosophie, qualificamos de primeira antropologia aquela que Pascal emprega na "Conferência a Port-Royal" e que faz o projeto da Apologia. Fundamentada na oposição agostiniana da grandeza e da miséria, essa antropologia é "abstrata" no sentido em que considera uma natureza humana dada de maneira puramente teórica. Por segunda antropologia, entendemos designar o conjunto das reflexões pascalianas que não poderiam entrar na problemática secular da verdadeira religião. Fazendo aí uma obra absolutamente original, Pascal expõe os conceitos fundamentais de imaginação, de justiça e de força, de divertimento ou de glória. Com eles, a segunda antropologia está des-teologizada: a teologia não está nem em seu princípio, nem em seu fim como apologética. Pascal considera nela não apenas o homem, mas os homens em suas determinações concretas, existenciais, e não somente em função de uma natureza humana, ainda que contraditória. O pensamento do homem como paradoxo foi substituído pelo do homem em sua finitude. A partir da leitura dos fragmentos La 620, 470 e 806 e do tema existencial da glória, o presente artigo esboça uma caracterização positiva da segunda antropologia: ela revela que o homem se descobre habitado por um outro sujeito, a imaginação. Por aí mesmo, a segunda antropologia revela-se um pensamento da alienação, um pensamento do pensamento como alienação.

Aquele que busca a Deus, o incrédulo e o honnête-homme: natureza e sobrenatureza nestes três tipos de homem

A intenção deste trabalho será de compreender a idéia de desnaturação, apresentada no fragmento La 427, no contexto da classificação pascaliana dos tipos de pessoa. A desnaturação é aí definida como uma perda do amor-próprio. Ora, se o amor-próprio, motor da busca da felicidade, define a natureza do homem decaído, fica o problema de compreender o paradoxal elogio ao amor-próprio levado a cabo por Pascal, neste fragmento, através da idéia de desnaturação.

Antecedentes filosóficos e teológicos do conceito pascaliano de natureza humana

O artigo pretende examinar os antecedentes do conceito pascaliano de natureza humana, desde a matriz aristotélica da idéia de natureza, passando pela absorção do conceito pelo pensamento cristão de Agostinho e Tomás, pela constituição do conceito teológico de pura natureza na escolástica tardia e sua crítica por Jansenius. Pascal aprofunda essa crítica, mostrando que a completude e a suficiência pressupostas na idéia de pura natureza são incompatíveis com a atual condição do homem, embora a infelicidade humana aponte para o fato de que a natureza humana permanece relevante como uma exigência irrealizável.

A aposta na filosofia

Para Hume, filosofar é uma atividade semelhante às demais ocupações humanas. A decisão que leva à atividade filosófica é menos resultado de uma argumentação teórica do que fruto de um cálculo prático, que é entendido como uma caça ou um jogo. O objetivo deste trabalho será o de mostrar que no jogo filosófico perde quem joga sério demais. A aposta na filosofia tem que passar pelo bom humor e pela diversão: uma resposta a Pascal?