Primeira infância: a visão do Banco Mundial

Este artigo examina a visão do Banco Mundial sobre a primeira infância como exemplo da globalização da infância. Argumenta que a globalização é caracterizada por um ponto de vista econômico neoliberal que exacerba a desigualdade entre nações ricas e pobres e entre ricos e pobres, dentro de cada país, bem como por um otimismo tecnológico-científico que enfatiza os benefícios das intervenções tecnológicas. O artigo mostra como esses dois aspectos da globalização influenciaram as políticas para crianças pequenas que o Banco Mundial vem promovendo ativamente. Recorre aos indícios apresentados pelo Banco Mundial para exemplificar as contradições inerentes a essa abordagem.

Financiamiento y gestión de la educación pública chilena de los años 90

Considerando el escenario educativo chileno de los años 90, se analiza la política de financiamiento de la educación pública del sector de educación básica y media y su relación con los principales procesos de gestión implementados en ese período. Se sostiene que el enfoque neoliberal, que se implantó sin tregua desde el año 1981, se mantiene en su inspiración, sus principios operativos y en la aplicación de los instrumentos empleados para ello. Paralelamente, el neoliberalismo validó la idea de que los resultados educacionales no están directamente asociados con el capital social, económico y cultural de las familias, sino básicamente con los procesos de gestión de los establecimientos escolares, poniendo especial atención al tipo de propiedad de la institución escolar. Esta situación se conjuga, además, con la existencia en la macro gestión del sistema educacional chileno de un modelo matricial en que el Ministerio de Educación no ejecuta las políticas, sino son los municipios y los agentes privados quienes lo hacen, entes que no están obligados a rendir cuentas de su gestión al Ministerio en muchas áreas clave, lo que complejiza la gestión y por lo mismo, los resultados del sistema educativo público chileno.

Educar es gobernar: la educación como arte de gobierno

El artículo considera la educación como un elemento central del gobernamiento, un arte para la conducción de sí y de los otros. Este arte, que entre los siglos XVI y el XX, se entendió, por lo menos, de tres maneras distintas: la "Ensenanza con énfasis en la gubernamentalidad disciplinaria", corresponde a la emergencia de la Didáctica (siglos XVI y XVII) y de las prácticas de policia; la "Educación con énfasis en la gubernamentalidad liberal" (siglos XVIII y XIX) corresponde a la aparición de los conceptos de educación, libertad e interés; es el momento de articulación de prácticas Disciplinarias con nuevas prácticas liberales y, con ellas, la emergencia de prácticas biopolíticas en la educación; el "Aprendizaje con énfasis en la gubernamentalidad neoliberal", que encuentra en la educación permanente y en el capital humano las condiciones de emergencia de una "sociedad del aprendizaje".

Nova estratégia de desenvolvimento para o Brasil: um enfoque de longo prazo

The foremost aim of the article is to propose a new development strategy for Brazil, replacing the neoliberal model presently used. In short, the point is to recover a long term vision of the economic policies. And for that it is indispensable to take into consideration the recent evolution of the Development Economics which considers the existence of market, instead of the availability of savings, as the main condition in economic development policies. The acceptance of the market as the basic condition for successful development policies has as one of its consequences the unacceptability of the process of globalization with its present characteristics.

Por que novo-desenvolvimentismo?

This paper develops some general guidelines that should take part of a new view of development to Brazil, in opposition to the neoliberal project. This alternative, that is called "new developmentalism", should include sustained economic growth with social equity.

The 2008 financial crisis and neoclassical economics

The 2008 global financial crisis was the consequence of the process of financialization, or the creation of massive fictitious financial wealth, that began in the 1980s, and of the hegemony of a reactionary ideology, namely, neoliberalism, based on self-regulated and efficient markets. Although capitalism is intrinsically unstable, the lessons from the stock-market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930s were transformed into theories and institutions or regulations that led to the "30 glorious years of capitalism" (1948-1977) and that could have avoided a financial crisis as profound as the present one. It did not because a coalition of rentiers and "financists" achieved hegemony and, while deregulating the existing financial operations, refused to regulate the financial innovations that made these markets even more risky. Neoclassical economics played the role of a meta-ideology as it legitimized, mathematically and "scientifically", neoliberal ideology and deregulation. From this crisis a new capitalism will emerge, though its character is difficult to predict. It will not be financialized but the tendencies present in the 30 glorious years toward global and knowledge-based capitalism, where professionals will have more say than rentier capitalists, as well as the tendency to improve democracy by making it more social and participative, will b e resumed.

O neoliberalismo na America Latina

Neoliberalism in Latin America. Neoliberalism and globalization had decisive influence in shaping public policies both internal and foreign in Latin America. Less state, trade and market freedoms, social goals subordinated to economic criteria, are part and parcel of the neoliberal utopia. Price stability was erected as the main social objective; import substitution resulted replaced by exports as the main source of growth. The neoliberal net results as applied to Latin America are: less growth, deindustrialization, income concentration and precarious employments. Therefore, countries public policies should try to gain autonomy to use jointly markets and public intervention in a constructive and innovative fashion.

Da economia política à política econômica: o novo-desenvolvimentismo e o governo Lula

From political economy to economic policy: The neo-developmentalism and the Lula administration. This article critically reviews the design of neo-developmentalist economic policies in Brazil, in the first half of the last decade, and their relationship with the economic policies of the Lula administration after 2006. Paradoxically, the neo-developmentalist policies were implemented jointly with the main (neoliberal) macroeconomic policies which had been introduced earlier. The article reviews the relevant literature, and examines the contradictory nature of this 'inflection' of economic policy. So far, this combination of policies has achieved an unquestionable - though provisional - success, despite the persistence of the structural macroeconomic problems due to the continuity of the neoliberal policies.

Revelações da crise: moeda fiduciária e as relações Tesouro/Banco Central

The current crisis shed a new light on issues that, previously, were not perceived as serious or important. It highlighted the close ties between fiat currency and government bonds denominated in it or, in other words, the relationship between Treasury and Central Bank. Two ill-conceived views of the "new consensus" on money that had turned into taboos were put in evidence. The first, derived from the quantitative theory, concerns the rejection of unsterilized monetary expansion; the second, directly related to the neoliberal ideology, prohibits or imposes strict limits on the role of central banks in the financing of public debts.

The boom and crisis of the Convertibility Plan in Argentina

This article analyses the relationship between state policies and economy in Argentina 1991-2001. In 1991 the currency board regime named 'convertibility' was implemented, within the framework of important neoliberal reforms introduced by the State. These neoliberal reforms facilitated capitalist restructuring, characterized by a leap in productivity, investment and profits. Likewise, these reforms generated imbalances which, along with the changes in the world market conditions from 1998, led to the deepest crisis in Argentina's history. The inefficiency of state neoliberal policies in managing the crisis, based on fiscal adjustment to guarantee the continuity of external financing, led to an economic depression and a financial crash, sparking a mass rebellion and the end of convertibility.

Liberalismo, neoliberalismo e educação especial: algumas implicações

Este trabalho propõe-se a discutir algumas implicações do pensamento neoliberal na educação especial. Aborda aspectos relativos à regulamentação dos serviços públicos e privados de atendimento nesse setor.