Caspase-8 and p38MAPK in DATS-induced apoptosis of human CNE2 cells

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a common malignancy in Southern China of uncertain etiologic origin. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), one of the major components of garlic (Allium sativum), is highly bactericidal and fungicidal. In this study, we investigated the function of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and caspase-8 in DATS-induced apoptosis of human CNE2 cells using MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide], flow cytometry assay, and Western blotting. After CNE2 cells were treated with DATS (50, 100, or 150 μM) for 24 h, cell viability rates were 75.9, 63.4 and 39.6%, and apoptosis rates were 24.5, 36.9, and 62.4%, respectively. The data showed that DATS induced CNE2 cell death in a dose-dependent manner. After human CNE2 cells were treated with 100 μM DATS and inhibitors (10 μM SB203580 and Z-LETD-FMK for p38MAPK and caspase-8, respectively), changes in cell viability and apoptosis and in p38MAPK and caspase-8 activity were detected. Cell viability rates were 66.5 and 68.1% and decreased 9.9 and 11.5% compared with inhibitor treatment alone. Apoptosis rates were 31.53 and 29.98% and increased 9.1 and 10% compared with inhibitor treatment alone. The results indicated that DATS activates p38MAPK and caspase-8, but both inhibitors have an effect on P38MAPK and caspase-8 activity. In conclusion, our data indicate that p38MAPK and caspase-8 are involved in the process of DATS-induced apoptosis in human CNE2 cells and interact with each other.

The influence of stress on fear memory processes

It is well recognized that stressful experiences promote robust emotional memories, which are well remembered. The amygdaloid complex, principally the basolateral complex (BLA), plays a pivotal role in fear memory and in the modulation of stress-induced emotional responses. A large number of reports have revealed that GABAergic interneurons provide a powerful inhibitory control of the activity of projecting glutamatergic neurons in the BLA. Indeed, a reduced GABAergic control in the BLA is essential for the stress-induced influence on the emergence of associative fear memory and on the generation of long-term potentiation (LTP) in BLA neurons. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) subfamily of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in the BLA plays a central role in the consolidation process and synaptic plasticity. In support of the view that stress facilitates long-term fear memory, stressed animals exhibited a phospho-ERK2 (pERK2) increase in the BLA, suggesting the involvement of this mechanism in the promoting influence of threatening stimuli on the consolidation fear memory. Moreover, the occurrence of reactivation-induced lability is prevented when fear memory is encoded under intense stressful conditions since the memory trace remains immune to disruption after recall in previously stressed animals. Thus, the underlying mechanism in retrieval-induced instability seems not to be functional in memories formed under stress. All these findings are indicative that stress influences both the consolidation and reconsolidation fear memory processes. Thus, it seems reasonable to propose that the emotional state generated by an environmental challenge critically modulates the formation and maintenance of long-term fear memory.

Validação da metodologia para determinação simultânea, por CLAE, de colesterol e óxidos de colesterol em produtos cárneos processados

No presente trabalho foi validado um método para a determinação simultânea de colesterol e óxidos de colesterol em produtos cárneos processados, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), utilizando detectores por conjunto de diodos e índice de refração. Inicialmente foram testados cinco métodos e oito condições cromatográficas. O método selecionado foi de acordo com SANDER et al. [25], o qual apresenta as seguintes etapas: extração dos lipídios, saponificação a frio e extração da matéria insaponificável. As condições cromatográficas estabelecidas foram: coluna Nova Pak CN HP (300 x 3,9mm, 4µm); temperatura da coluna 32ºC; fase móvel de hexano/isopropanol (96+4) com vazão de 1,0mL/min, detectores por conjunto de diodos fixado a 210nm e índice de refração. O método foi validado através da recuperação, repetibilidade, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação e comparação dos resultados obtidos pelos dois detectores. A identificação do colesterol e dos óxidos de colesterol foi feita por comparação do tempo de retenção do padrão e o da amostra, espectros de absorvância e co-cromatografia, e a confirmação por espectrometria de massas. Nas condições cromatográficas utilizadas, foram separados o colesterol e os seguintes óxidos de colesterol: colesta-4,6-dien-3-ona, 20alfa-hidroxicolesterol, 25-hidroxicolesterol, 5,6alfa-epoxicolesterol, 5,6beta-epoxicolesterol, 7alfa-hidroxicolesterol, 7beta-hidroxicolesterol e 7-cetocolesterol. Sendo identificados e confirmados nas amostras analisadas o colesterol, o 7-cetocolesterol e o 5,6beta-epoxicolesterol. O colesterol e o 5,6beta-epoxicolesterol foram quantificados pelo detector por índice de refração e o 7-cetocolesterol pelo detector por conjunto de diodos.

Determinação de benzo(a)pireno em pescados

No presente estudo, peixes, camarões, mexilhões e carnes de siri frescos e processados, comercializados na região metropolitana de Campinas (SP), foram analisados quanto à presença de benzo(a)pireno (B(a)P). A metodologia utilizada envolveu extração com n-hexano, limpeza em Sep-Pak sílica plus e determinação por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com Detector de Fluorescência. A presença de B(a)P foi detectada em todas as amostras analisadas (n=35), em quantidades variando na faixa de 0,03 a 4,54 µg/kg. Os maiores níveis de contaminação foram encontrados em produtos defumados (níveis médios=2,5 µg/kg) e mexilhões (níveis médios=2,4 µg/kg). Considerando-se o potencial carcinogênico desse contaminante e a importância desse grupo de alimentos na dieta, um programa de monitoramento deve ser iniciado para identificar e controlar a fonte de contaminação de pescados por B(a)P.

Restoration of sensory dysfunction following peripheral nerve injury by the polysaccharide from culinary and medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. through its neuroregenerative action

Abstract Peripheral nerves have the unique capability to regenerate after injury. Insights into regeneration of peripheral nerves after injury may have implications for neurodegenerative diseases of the nervous system. We investigated the ability of polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus mushroom in the treatment of nerve injury following peroneal nerve crush in Sprague-Dawley rats by daily oral administration. In sensory functional recovery test, the time taken for the rats to withdraw its hind limb from contact with the hot plate was measured. The test revealed acceleration of sensory recovery in the polysaccharide group compared to negative controls. Further, peripheral nerve injury leads to changes at the remotely located DRG containing cell bodies of sensory neurons. Immunofluorescence studies showed that Akt and p38 MAPK were expressed in DRG and strongly upregulated in polysaccharide group after peripheral nerve injury. The intensity of endothelial cells antigen-1 that recognized endothelial cells in the blood vessels of distal segments in crushed nerves was significantly higher in the treated groups than in the negative control group. Our findings suggest that H. erinaceus is capable of accelerating sensory functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury and the effect involves the activation of protein kinase signaling pathways and restoration of blood-nerve barrier.