Relação entre situação social e crescimento físico, numa população infantil de Santo André, SP, Brasil

Baseado em dados sócio-antropológicos e em medidas antropométricas coletados no Município de Santo André, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foi analisada a população infantil de ambos os sexos e de treze idades diferentes (0, 3, 6 e 9 meses, 1 ano, 1 ano e meio, 2 a 8 anos). Foram utilizadas 3 variáveis independentes ISSE - índice de situação sócio-econômica da família (baseado nas inter-relações da média de gasto familiar mensal "per capita" e a instrução e ocupação do chefe da casa); CATANCES - construída a partir da informação sobre a nacionalidade dos ascendentes das crianças até 3ª geração; e Tamanho do Grupo Residencial. Como variáveis dependentes, utilizou-se a estatura, o peso e o Índice de Kaup. Considerando a relação positiva entre melhores condições de vida e desenvolvimento físico, constatou-se (através do teste de ordenação de médias de Duncan) que, embora as médias das medidas diferissem segundo as variáveis independentes, isso não acontecia igualmente nas mesmas idades e nos dois sexos. Observou-se pelos resultados das análises de variância, na maioria das vezes significantes, que as variáveis selecionadas explicavam muito pouco da variação das medidas nas várias idades e sexos. Conclui-se que a amostra estudada, segundo as variáveis independentes deste estudo, difere entre idades em ambos os sexos. Isto levanta uma série de questões sobre quais as variáveis mais adequadas a estudos desse gênero. Sugere-se, consideradas as duas categorias de variável CATANCES, a utilização de duas "tabela padrão" para peso e altura, segundo regiões brasileiras. Quanto ao índice de Kaup, evidenciou-se a necessidade de ser encontrada uma função matemática específica para cada idade, uma vez que, ao menos em relação a crianças em crescimento, o índice não media aquilo a que se propunha.

Foco de leishmaniose tegumentar americana nos municípios de Viana e Cariacica, Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil

Descreve-se um foco de leishmaniose tegumentar americana abrangendo quatro localidades dos municípios de Viana e Cariacica situados próximo ao litoral do Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram diagnosticados 71 casos no período de maio de 1978 a dezembro de 1982. A confirmação laboratorial foi obtida pela intradermorreação de Montenegro em 66 pacientes e pelo encontro do parasita em 15. A faixa etária mais acometida foi a de 0-10 anos. Amostras do parasita isoladas de 3 pacientes e de 27 cães foram classificadas como Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. De apenas dois Proechimys iheringi, entre 257 mamíferos silvestres estudados, isolou-se Leishmania, que foi identificada como Leishmania mexicana aristedesi. As espécies de flebotomíneos mais numerosas (Lutzomyia intermedia, L. fischeri e L. migonei) apresentaram um elevado grau de adaptação aos ambientes intra e peri-domibiliar. Levantou-se a hipótese da transmissão estar ocorrendo no intra e peri-domicílio.

Saúde sexual e reprodutiva em penitenciária feminina, Espírito Santo, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Identificar o perfil sociodemográfico e as condições de saúde das mulheres encarceradas em penitenciária feminina. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo descritivo de março a setembro de 1997, em penitenciária feminina do Estado do Espírito Santo. Todas as presidiárias foram convidadas a participar da pesquisa. Participaram 121 mulheres com idade superior a 18 anos, avaliadas por meio de entrevista aplicada, explorando informações sociodemográficas, clínicas e criminais, registradas em questionário estruturado, seguida de exame clínico-ginecológico. RESULTADOS: Um total de 121 mulheres foram incluídas. A média de idade das participantes foi de 30,2 anos (DP 8,98) e de escolaridade, 4,8 anos (DP 3,50). Todas já haviam tido atividade sexual pregressa; a idade média do primeiro coito foi de 15,2 anos (DP 2,55), variando de nove a 27 anos; e 28% apresentavam história de doença sexualmente transmissível (DST). Doze (9,9%) mulheres estavam grávidas no momento da entrevista. História de gravidez na adolescência foi freqüente. A maioria não adotava nenhum método contraceptivo e nem fazia uso de preservativos. Laqueadura tubária foi observada em 19,8% e citologia cervical anormal em 26,9%. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento sobre problemas de saúde existentes dentro do sistema carcerário pode contribuir para fortalecer e ampliar o papel de reabilitação que lhe é conferido. Entretanto, somente a cooperação entre os órgãos de saúde pública e o sistema penitenciário pode produzir resultados eficientes.

Mapa das juventudes de Santo André, SP: instrumento de leitura das desigualdades sociais

OBJETIVO: Analisar as desigualdades sociais de jovens moradores em área urbana pelo mapeamento de dados sociodemográficos e econômicos. MÉTODOS: Utilizando-se dados do Censo Demográfico 2000, 57 variáveis sociodemográficas e econômicas de jovens de 15 a 24 anos do município de Santo André, SP, foram distribuídas por 43 regiões de dados estatísticos que correspondem a um recorte do território em distritos menores. Os dados foram coletados no Departamento de Indicadores Sociais e Econômicos da Prefeitura Municipal de Santo André, referentes ao ano 2000. Por meio de análise fatorial, 13 variáveis foram agrupadas em dois fatores - condições de trabalho e condições de vida, que discriminaram estatisticamente regiões semelhantes entre si. Foi realizada análise por agrupamento das regiões, resultando em quatro grupos sociais. RESULTADOS: O espaço que concentrava os jovens com mais acesso à riqueza foi classificado como central e aqueles com menos acesso, como periférico. Duas gradações intermediárias puderam ser identificadas, uma mais próxima ao extremo do acesso ("quase central") e outra mais próxima à privação ("quase periférica"). As variáveis discriminantes estavam relacionadas ao trabalho, à migração, escolaridade, fecundidade, posição do jovem no domicílio, presença de cônjuge ou companheiro, condição de moradia e posse de bens. CONCLUSÕES: As diferenças entre os grupos sociais expressaram desigualdades importantes entre os jovens que vivem, estudam e/ou trabalham na cidade, o que contribuirá para o planejamento de políticas sociais públicas dirigidas a esses grupos.

Air pollution and its impacts on health in Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the impact of air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity of children and adults in the city of Vitoria, state of Espirito Santo. METHODS A study was carried out using time-series models via Poisson regression from hospitalization and pollutant data in Vitoria, ES, Southeastern Brazil, from 2001 to 2006. Fine particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) were tested as independent variables in simple and cumulative lags of up to five days. Temperature, humidity and variables indicating weekdays and city holidays were added as control variables in the models. RESULTS For each increment of 10 µg/m3 of the pollutants PM10, SO2, and O3, the percentage of relative risk (%RR) for hospitalizations due to total respiratory diseases increased 9.67 (95%CI 11.84-7.54), 6.98 (95%CI 9.98-4.17) and 1.93 (95%CI 2.95-0.93), respectively. We found %RR = 6.60 (95%CI 9.53-3.75), %RR = 5.19 (95%CI 9.01-1.5), and %RR = 3.68 (95%CI 5.07-2.31) for respiratory diseases in children under the age of five years for PM10, SO2, and O3, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases showed a significant relationship with O3, with %RR = 2.11 (95%CI 3.18-1.06). CONCLUSIONS Respiratory diseases presented a stronger and more consistent relationship with the pollutants researched in Vitoria. A better dose-response relationship was observed when using cumulative lags in polynomial distributed lag models.

Angiostrongylus costaricensis: first record of its occurrence in the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and a review of its geographic distribution

Abdominal angiostrongyliasis is a parasitic disease caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis, a metastrongylid nematode with wide geographic distribution, occurring from the United States to Argentina. In Brazil, the disease has been reported from the States of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Federal District of Brasilia and Minas Gerais. We report here a case of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in a 9-year-old girl, from Itatiba, State of Espirito Santo, Brazil, submitted to exploratory laparotomy for acute abdomen. Extensive inflammatory lesions of terminal ileum and cecum, with perforations of the first, were present, and ileocecal resection was performed. The pathological picture was characterized by transmural inflammatory granulomatous reaction, extensive eosinophilic infiltration, eosinophilic vasculitis and the presence of worms within a mesenteric artery branch, with histological features of metastrongylid nematodes. This case report contributes to a better knowledge of the geographic distribution of this parasite in Brazil, suggesting that abdominal angiostrongyliasis may represent a disease of medical importance, more than a rarity of academic interest.

Hepatocellular carcinoma in Brazil: report of a national survey (Florianópolis, SC, 1995)

In order to investigate epidemiological aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Brazil, basic informations about cases diagnosed from January 1992 to December 1994 were requested to several medical centers of different Brazilian States. A simple questionnaire included age, sex, alcohol abuse (over 80g/day), associated liver cirrhosis, persistent HBV infection (HBsAg), HCV infection (anti-HCV) and serum levels of alpha fetoprotein. 287 cases, over 16 years old, from 19 medical centers of 8 States (Pará, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul) were analysed. The results showed: (a) Mean age was 56.3 ± 14.4 for men and 54.7 ± 16.8 yr for women and the male/female ratio was 3.4:1. (b) 69.6% were caucasians, 21.8% mullatoes, 4.8% orientals and 3.7% blacks. (c) HBsAg (+) in 77/236 cases (41.6%) without differences between males and females. (d) Anti-HCV (+) in 52/193 cases (26.9%). (e) 7/180 cases were positive both for HBsAg and anti-HCV (3.8%). (f) There was chronic alcoholism in 88/235 cases (37%). (g) HCC was found in cirrhotic livers in 71.2% of 202 cases in which the presence or absence of cirrhosis was reported. (h) Alpha-fetoprotein above 20 ng/ml was found in 124/172 cases (72%) and above 500 ng/ml only in 40 cases (23.2%). These results showed that the HCC in Brazil has an intermediate epidemiological pattern as compared to those from areas of low and high incidence of the tumor. In spite of the high frequency of the association of HCC with the HBV and/or HCV infections, 42% of 180 cases were negative both for HBsAg and anti-HCV, indicating the possible role of other etiological factors. The comparison of data from different States showed some regional differences: higher frequency of associated HBsAg in Pará, Bahia, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, higher frequency of associated HCV infection in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and States of the Southern region and low frequency of associated liver cirrhosis in Salvador and Rio de Janeiro (55.5 and 50% respectively). Further investigation will be necessary to study the presence of other possible etiological factors as aflatoxins, suggested by the favourable climatic conditions for food contamination by fungi in the majority Brazilian regions

PREVALENCE OF ANTI- Toxocara ANTIBODIES IN A RANDOM SAMPLE OF INPATIENTS AT A CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL IN VITÓRIA, ESPÍRITO SANTO, BRAZIL

In the streets of Vitória, in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, are large number of stray dogs, many of which are infected with Toxocara canis, suggesting a high risk for human infection. In order to investigate the prevalence of Toxocara infection in children in Espírito Santo we studied the prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in 100 random inpatients over one year of age, at the Children's Hospital N.S. da Glória, the reference children's hospital for the State.All the sera were collected during the period between October 1996 and January 1997. The mean age was 6.6±4.1 yrs. (1 to 14 yrs., median 6yrs.) and there were patients from all of the different wards of the hospital. Sixty-eigth patients came from the metropolitan area of Vitória and the other 32 from 17 other municipalities. The anti-Toxocara antibodies were investigated by ELISA-IgG using a secretory-excretory antigen obtained from second stage larvae. All sera were adsorbed with Ascaris suum antigen before the test. Thirty-nine sera (39%) were positive, predominantly from boys, but the gender difference was not statistically significant (boys:25/56 or 44.6%; girls:14/44 or 31.8%; p=0.311). The prevalence of positive sera was higher, but not statistically significant, in children from the urban periphery of metropolitan Vitória (formed by the cities of Vitória, Cariacica, Vila Velha, Serra and Viana) than in children from 17 other municipalities (44.1% and 28.1% respectively, p=0.190). Although the samples studied do not represent all children living in the State of Espírito Santo, since the Children's Hospital N.S. da Glória admits only patients from the state health system, it is probable that these results indicate a high frequency of Toxocara infection in children living in Espírito Santo. Further studies of population samples are necessary to ascertain the prevalence of Toxocara infection in our country.

The present situation regarding lymphatic filariasis in Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil

A cross-sectional population-based survey on the occurrence of lymphatic filariasis was carried out in the municipality of Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. 7,650 individuals of both sexes were examined (from 1,416 households) of whom six tested positive for microfilaria according to the thick blood diagnostic test. The age of the individuals examined varied from 0 to 98 (averaging 26.6 years), whilst the age of the microfilaria-positive individuals varied from 11 to 29, averaging 22.5 years. Five of the six positive cases were male. These cases were residents of the following areas: Pista Preta (one case); Ponte dos Carvalhos (four cases); and Pontezinha (one case). This last case from Pontezinha was autochthonous. Of the individuals examined, 109 (1.4%) cited complaints relating to filariasis. These results suggest that filariasis is being transmitted in the municipality of Cabo de Santo Agostinho, a finding that establishes the need to carry out disease control activities, and to collaborate with the planning of the national programme for the elimination of filariasis.

First record of Anopheles (Anopheles) costai Fonseca & Ramos, 1939 in Espírito Santo State, Brazil

Field collections of immatures and adults of Culicidae were carried out in the Rio Doce Valley, Espírito Santo State, aiming to increase knowledge on the anopheline species of that region. Considering all Culicidae species collected, among other anopheline it is noteworthy the presence of Anopheles darlingi, An. oswaldoi and An. costai. Regarding to An. darlingi, responsible for malaria outbreak in the low lands in that state, it was expected to confirm its presence in the area. The register of specimens of An. costai in the field collections is relevant, increasing the geographical distribution of the species and representing better knowledge of the Series Arribalzagia of the subgenus Anopheles.

Intestinal parasites in a quilombola community of the Northern State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of intestinal parasites in a quilombola community from the northern Espírito Santo, Brazil. Descendants of slaves who arrived in Brazil in the sixteenth century, this population settled in the municipality of São Mateus in 1858. Fresh fecal samples from 82 individuals who agreed to participate in the study were collected between August 2009 and July 2010, and immediately sent to the Clinical Laboratory of the Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo of the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo for analysis. Out of all the participants, 36 (43.9%) were male and 46 (56.1%) were female, whose ages ranged from six to 85 years. The study of the occurrence of intestinal parasites indicated that 35 individuals (42.7%) were infected with at least one intestinal parasite. Among helminths, the most frequent were hookworms, with a rate of 14.6%. With regard to protozoa, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar and Endolimax nana stood out, with frequencies of 23.2%, 8.5% and 4.9%, respectively. The occurrence of biparasitism was observed in 13 of the 82 subjects, accounting for 15.8%, and no cases of multiple parasitic infections were observed. It was concluded that the reduction of cases of intestinal diseases due to parasites will only be achieved with the improvement of basic sanitation and quality of life of quilombola populations.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO RICKETTSIOSES RESEARCH IN COLOMBIA (1917-1943), LUIS B. PATIÑO CAMARGO

Colombian physician Luis Benigno Patiño Camargo was one of the pioneers in the study of rickettsioses in South America, demonstrating for the first time in Colombia the presence of Rickettsia rickettsii as the etiological agent of a highly deadly exanthematic febrile syndrome in the 1930s. However, Patiño-Camargo performed other investigations from 1917-1943, which represent the first descriptions and scientific evidence of the presence ofR. prowazekii and R. typhi in Colombia. Almost 60 years after the latest research conducted by Dr. Patiño-Camargo, rickettsioses were again a matter of interest and research. In the last decade over 20 research studies have been published, showing new endemic areas forR. rickettsii, as well as the description of new rickettsial species in Colombia.

Distribuição geográfica da leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Estado do Espírito Santo - Brasil

Com base nos registros de 730 pacientes portadores de Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) referentes ao período de janeiro de 1972 a dezembro de 1982, os autores realizaram um estudo da distribuição geográfica dessa parasitose no Estado do Espírito Santo. Os pacientes procediam de 36 dos 53 municípios que compõem o Estado, destacando-se Viana e Cariacica como os de maior prevalência, somando juntos 442 casos (60,54%), com 259 destes residindo numas poucas localidades, contínuas entre si, formando uma área endêmica, com transmissão ocorrendo provavelmente no peri e intra-domicílio. Esta área de alta endemicidade, pertencente principalmente ao vale do rio Formate, estende-se também ao município de Domingos Martins através da localidade de Biriricas. Nos demais municípios a LTA caracterizou- se como uma doença profissional de ocorrência antiga no Estado.

Labrea-like hepatitis in Vitoria, Espirito Santo state, Brazil: report of a case

A case of fulminat hepatitis with microvesicular steatosis resembling Labrea 's fever, diagnosed in Vitoria (ES) is reported. The 16 year old bcy presented with severe epistaxis, agitation, jaundice and hemorrhagic vomiting and died two days after admission to the emergency unit of the Vnivesity Hospital. The disease started five days before with fever, myalgias, dark urine and jaundice andprogressed withpsychic agitation, torpor and coma. The liver andspleen were notpalpable. HBsAg was negative in the serum. The autopsy showed acute hepatitis with tylic necrosis confluent in the midizonal and periportal areas with massive microvesicular steatosis in the remaining hepatocytes. Mononuclear cellspredominated in the exudate. The reticulum showed condensation in the necrotic areas without typical bands of collapse. The portal tracts were edematous with mononuclear infiltration and mild bile duct proliferation. Absence of cholestasis. Exceptfor the confluent midzonalandperiportal necrosis this case showed several clinical and morphological aspects of the Labreafever describedfrom the East Amazon, demonstrating that the anatomical picture of this disease probabty is not in related to afactor peculiar to the Amazon region.