Health promoting and sensory properties of phenolic compounds in food

Phenolic compounds have been extensively studied in recent years. The presence of these compounds in various foods has been associated with sensory and health promoting properties. These products from the secondary metabolism of plants act as defense mechanisms against environmental stress and attack by other organisms. They are divided into different classes according to their chemical structures. The objective of this study was to describe the different classes of phenolic compounds, the main food sources and factors of variation, besides methods for the identification and quantification commonly used to analyze these compounds. Moreover, the role of phenolic compounds in scavenging oxidative stress and the techniques of in vitro antioxidant evaluation are discussed. In vivo studies to evaluate the biological effects of these compounds and their impact on chronic disease prevention are presented as well. Finally, it was discussed the role of these compounds on the sensory quality of foods.

Silicon in plant disease control

All essential nutrients can affect the incidence and severity of plant diseases. Although silicon (Si) is not considered as an essential nutrient for plants, it stands out for its potential to decrease disease intensity in many crops. The mechanism of Si action in plant resistance is still unclear. Si deposition in plant cell walls raised the hypothesis of a possible physical barrier to pathogen penetration. However, the increased activity of phenolic compounds, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases in plants treated with Si demonstrates the involvement of this element in the induction of plant defense responses. The studies examined in this review address the role of Si in disease control and the possible mechanisms involved in the mode of Si action in disease resistance in plants.

WHAT IS THE USE OF A SINGLE-CASE STUDY IN MANAGEMENT RESEARCH?

The purpose of this article is to present a defense of the use of single case studies in management research. The defense is necessary because this type of research has been relegated to a secondary role, or even rejected, by many researchers, who consider it unscientific. Evidence of this low status is the fact that most reputable academic journals in management publish few articles based on single-case studies. In this paper, we examine in detail the objections to the use of such cases in management research. We show the efforts made by some researchers to answer these objections and we show quality criteria for research that are alternatives to the criteria used in the so-called "scientific method." Our analysis suggests that a better understanding - by researchers with different methodological preferences - of the arguments for each particular use of the single-case study as a research method would allow a better dialogue between researchers and benefit management research as a whole.

Prevalência de hipovitaminose A em pré-escolares de município da Área Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil

Foram realizadas dosagens de vitamina A e caroteno plasmáticos em 362 pré-escolares de 3 a 6 anos de idade, residentes na área urbana do Município de Cotia, situado a 34 km de São Paulo, SP (Brasil), usando-se amostra representativa. O método utilizado foi o de Carr-Price e os critérios de classificação dos resultados foram propostos pelo "Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense" (ICNND). A prevalência de hipovitaminose A em nível bioquímico foi de 30,2%.

Níveis sanguíneos de vitamina A e caroteno em indivíduos de meia-idade e idosos, em onze localidades do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Visando preencher lacuna no conhecimento da hipovitaminose A, no que concerne a estudos bioquímicos em idosos, foram analisados os resultados de dosagens sangüíneas de vitamina A e caroteno em 158 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, de 50 anos e mais, residentes em onze localidades do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), divididos em 4 grupos etários (50-54, 55-59, 60-64 e 65 e mais anos). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para vitamina A entre as médias dos 4 grupos etários, nem entre os dois sexos. Entretanto, com relação ao caroteno sanguíneo, as mulheres apresentaram valores médios mais elevados nos 4 grupos etários, sendo significativa essa diferença. Segundo a classificação do Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense (ICNND), a população estudada não apresentou problema de Saúde Pública com relação à hipovitaminose A.