TP53 codon 72 polymorphism as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in a Brazilian population

TP53, a tumor suppressor gene, has a critical role in cell cycle, apoptosis and cell senescence and participates in many crucial physiological and pathological processes. Identification of TP53 polymorphism in older people and age-related diseases may provide an understanding of its physiology and pathophysiological role as well as risk factors for complex diseases. TP53 codon 72 (TP53:72) polymorphism was investigated in 383 individuals aged 66 to 97 years in a cohort from a Brazilian Elderly Longitudinal Study. We investigated allele frequency, genotype distribution and allele association with morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, obesity, neoplasia, low cognitive level (dementia), and depression. We also determined the association of this polymorphism with serum lipid fractions and urea, creatinine, albumin, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels. DNA was isolated from blood cells, amplified by PCR using sense 5'-TTGCCGTCCCAAGCAATGGATGA-3' and antisense 5'-TCTGGGAAGGGACAGAAGATGAC-3' primers and digested with the BstUI enzyme. This polymorphism is within exon 4 at nucleotide residue 347. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression analysis and Student t-test using the multiple comparison test were used. Allele frequencies, R (Arg) = 0.69 and P (Pro) = 0.31, were similar to other populations. Genotype distributions were within Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This polymorphism did not show significant association with any age-related disease or serum variables. However, R allele carriers showed lower HDL levels and a higher frequency of cardiovascular disease than P allele subjects. These findings may help to elucidate the physiopathological role of TP53:72 polymorphism in Brazilian elderly people.

Association between the -174 G/C promoter polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Brazilian older women

In worldwide studies, interleukin-6 (IL-6) is implicated in age-related disturbances. The aim of the present report was to determine the possible association of IL-6 -174 C/G promoter polymorphism with the cytokine profile as well as with the presence of selected cardiovascular risk features. This was a cross-sectional study on Brazilian women aged 60 years or older. A sample of 193 subjects was investigated for impaired glucose regulation, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Genotyping was done by direct sequencing of PCR products. IL-6 and C-reactive protein were quantified by high-sensitivity assays. General linear regression models or the Student t-test were used to compare continuous variables among genotypes, followed by adjustments for confounding variables. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. The genotypes were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium proportions. In a recessive model, mean waist-to-hip ratio, serum glycated hemoglobin and serum glucose were markedly lower in C homozygotes (P = 0.001, 0.028, and 0.047, respectively). In a dominant hypothesis, G homozygotes displayed a trend towards higher levels of circulating IL-6 (P = 0.092). Non-parametric analysis revealed that impaired fasting glucose and hypertension were findings approximately 2-fold more frequent among G homozygous subjects (P = 0.042 and 0.043, respectively). Taken together, our results show that the IL-6 -174 G-allele is implicated in a greater cardiovascular risk. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of IL-6 promoter variants and age-related disturbances in the Brazilian elderly population.

Apolipoprotein CIII polymorphism and triglyceride levels of a Japanese population living in Southern Brazil

Apolipoprotein CIII (apo-CIII) participates in the regulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Several polymorphic sites have been detected within and around the apo-CIII gene. Here, we examined the relationship between apo-CIII SstI polymorphism (CC, CG, GG genotypes) and plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in a group of 159 Japanese individuals living in Southern Brazil. The sample was divided into a group of Japanese descendants (N = 51) with high TG (HTG; >200 mg/dL) and a group of Japanese descendants (N = 108) with normal TG (NTG; <200 mg/dL). TG and total cholesterol levels were analyzed by an enzymatic method using the Labtest-Diagnostic kit and high- and low-density lipoproteins by a direct method using the Labtest-Diagnostic kit and DiaSys Diagnostic System International kit, respectively. A 428-bp sequence of apo-CIII gene was amplified using oligonucleotide primers 5' GGT GAC CGA TGG CTT CAG TTC CCT GA 3' and 5' CAG AAG GTG GAT AGA GCG CTG GCC T 3'. The PCR products were digested with a restriction endonuclease SstI. Rare G allele was highly prevalent in our study population (0.416) compared to Caucasians (0.00-0.11). G allele was almost two times more prevalent in the HTG group compared to the NTG group (P < 0.001). The genotype distribution was consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There was a significant association between rare G allele and HTG in Japanese individuals living in Southern Brazil as indicated by one-way ANOVA, P < 0.05.

Frequency of 8 CFTR gene mutations in cystic fibrosis patients in Minas Gerais, Brazil, diagnosed by neonatal screening

The nature and frequency of cystic fibrosis mutations in Brazil is not uniform due to the highly varied ethnic composition of the population. The average frequency of the F508del mutation has been reported to be 48.6%. Other common mutations in Brazil are G542X, R1162X, and N1303K. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of 8 mutations (F508del, G542X, R1162X, N1303K, W1282X, G85E, 3120+1G>A, and 711+1G>T) in a sample of 111 newborn patients with cystic fibrosis diagnosed by the Cystic Fibrosis Neonatal Screening Program of Minas Gerais State. The mutations were tested by allele-specific oligonucleotide PCR with specially designed primers. An allele frequency of 48.2% was observed for the F508del mutation, and allele frequencies of 5.41, 4.50, 4.05, and 3.60% were found for the R1162X, G542X, 3120+1G>A, and G85E mutations, respectively. The genotypes obtained were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These data demonstrate that the 8-mutation panel studied here has extensive coverage (68%) for the cystic fibrosis mutations in Minas Gerais. These data improve our knowledge of cystic fibrosis in Brazil, particularly in this region. In addition, this investigation contributed to the establishment of a sensitive and population-specific mutation panel, which can be helpful for molecular diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

MTP -493G/T gene polymorphism is associated with steatosis in hepatitis C-infected patients

The reduction of hepatic microsomal transfer protein (MTP) activity results in fatty liver, worsening hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The G allele of the MTP gene promoter, -493G/T, has been associated with lower transcriptional activity than the T allele. We investigated this association with metabolic and histological variables in patients with CHC. A total of 174 untreated patients with CHC were genotyped for MTP -493G/T by direct sequencing using PCR. All patients were negative for markers of Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis and autoimmune diseases and had current and past daily alcohol intake lower than 100 g/week. The sample distribution was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Among subjects with genotype 1, 56.8% of the patients with fibrosis grade 3+4 presented at least one G allele versus 34.3% of the patients with fibrosis grade 1+2 (OR = 1.8; 95%CI = 1.3-2.3). Logistic regression analysis with steatosis as the dependent variable identified genotypes GG+GT as independent protective factors against steatosis (OR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.2-0.8; P = 0.01). The results suggest that the presence of the G allele of MTP -493G/T associated with lower hepatic MTP expression protects against steatosis in our CHC patients.

CHRNA5 polymorphism and susceptibility to lung cancer in a Chinese population

Polymorphisms in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit CHRNA5 gene have been associated with lung cancer positive susceptibility in European and American populations. In the present hospital-based, case-control study, we determined whether polymorphism in rs503464 of CHRNA5 is associated with lung cancer risk in Chinese individuals. A single nucleotide polymorphism in CHRNA5 rs503464, c.-166T>A (hereafter T>A), was identified using TaqMan-MGB probes with sequencing via PCR in 600 lung cancer cases and 600 healthy individuals. Genotype frequencies for rs503464 (T>A) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the control population. However, genotype frequencies were significantly different between cases and controls (P < 0.05), while allele frequencies were not significantly different between groups. Compared to homozygous genotypes (TT or AA), the risk of lung cancer in those with the heterozygous genotype (TA) was significantly lower (OR = 0.611, 95%CI = 0.486-0.768, P = 0.001). Using genotype AA as a reference, the risk of lung cancer for those with genotype TA was increased 1.5 times (OR = 1.496, 95%CI = 1.120-1.997, P = 0.006). However, no difference in risk was observed between T allele carriers and A allele carriers (OR = 0.914, 95%CI = 0.779-1.073, P = 0.270). Stratification analysis showed that the protective effect of TA was more pronounced in those younger than 60 years, nonsmokers, or those without a family history of cancer, as well as in patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma in clinical stages III or IV (P < 0.05). Therefore, the heterozygous genotype c.-166T>A at rs503464 of CHRNA5 may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, thus representing a susceptibility allele in Chinese individuals.

Bases para o estudo da genética de populações dos Hymenoptera em geral e dos Apinae sociais em particular

This paper deals with problems on population genetics in Hymenoptera and particularly in social Apidae. 1) The studies on populations of Hymenoptera were made according to the two basic types of reproduction: endogamy and panmixia. The populations of social Apinae have a mixed method of reproduction with higher percentage of panmixia and a lower of endogamy. This is shown by the following a) males can enter any hive in swarming time; b) males of Meliponini are expelled from hives which does not need them, and thus, are forced to look for some other place; c) Meliponini males were seen powdering themselves with pollen, thus becoming more acceptable in any other hive. The panmixia is not complete owing to the fact that the density of the breeding population as very low, even in the more frequent species as low as about 2 females and 160 males per reproductive area. We adopted as selection values (or survival indices) the expressions according to Brieger (1948,1950) which may be summarised as follows; a population: p2AA + ²pq Aa + q2aa became after selection: x p2AA + 2pq Aa + z q²aa. For alge-braics facilities Brieger divided the three selective values by y giving thus: x/y p2 AA + y/y 2 pq Aa + z/y q²aa. He called x/y of RA and z/y of Ra, that are survival or selective index, calculated in relation to the heterozygote. In our case all index were calculated in relation to the heterozygote, including the ones for haploid males; thus we have: RA surveval index of genotype AA Ra surveval index of genotype aa R'A surveval index of genotype A R'a surveval index of genotype a 1 surveval index of genotype Aa The index R'A ande R'a were equalized to RA and Ra, respectively, for facilities in the conclusions. 2) Panmitic populations of Hymenoptera, barring mutations, migrations and selection, should follow the Hardy-Weinberg law, thus all gens will be present in the population in the inicial frequency (see Graphifc 1). 3) Heterotic genes: If mutation for heterotic gene ( 1 > RA > Ra) occurs, an equilibrium will be reached in a population when: P = R A + Ra - 2R²a _____________ (9) 2(R A + Ra - R²A - R²a q = R A + Ra - 2R²A _____________ (10) 2(R A + Ra - R²A - R²a A heterotic gene in an hymenopteran population may be maintained without the aid of new mutation only if the survival index of the most viable mutant (RA) does not exced the limiting value given by the formula: R A = 1 + √1+Ra _________ 4 If RA has a value higher thah the one permitted by the formula, then only the more viable gene will remain present in the population (see Graphic 10). The only direct proof for heterotic genes in Hymenoptera was given by Mackensen and Roberts, who obtained offspring from Apis mellefera L. queens fertilized by their own sons. Such inbreeding resulted in a rapid loss of vigor the colony; inbred lines intercrossed gave a high hybrid vigor. Other fats correlated with the "heterosis" problem are; a) In a colony M. quadrifasciata Lep., which suffered severely from heat, the percentage of deths omong males was greater .than among females; b) Casteel and Phillips had shown that in their samples (Apis melifera L). the males had 7 times more abnormalities tian the workers (see Quadros IV to VIII); c) just after emerging the males have great variation, but the older ones show a variation equal to that of workers; d) The tongue lenght of males of Apis mellifera L., of Bombus rubicundus Smith (Quadro X), of Melipona marginata Lep. (Quadro XI), and of Melipona quadrifasciata Lep. Quadro IX, show greater variationthan that of workers of the respective species. If such variation were only caused by subviables genes a rapid increasse of homozigoty for the most viable alleles should be expected; then, these .wild populations, supposed to be in equilibrium, could .not show such variability among males. Thus we conclude that heterotic genes have a grat importance in these cases. 4) By means of mathematical models, we came to the conclusion tht isolating genes (Ra ^ Ra > 1), even in the case of mutations with more adaptability, have only the opor-tunity of survival when the population number is very low (thus the frequency of the gene in the breeding population will be large just after its appearence). A pair of such alleles can only remain present in a population when in border regions of two races or subspecies. For more details see Graphics 5 to 8. 5) Sex-limited genes affecting only females, are of great importance toHymenoptera, being subject to the same limits and formulas as diploid panmitic populations (see formulas 12 and 13). The following examples of these genes were given: a) caste-determining genes in the genus Melipona; b) genes permiting an easy response of females to differences in feeding in almost all social Hymenoptera; c) two genes, found in wild populations, one in Trigona (Plebéia) mosquito F. SMITH (quadro XII) and other in Melipona marginata marginata LEP. (Quadro XIII, colonies 76 and 56) showing sex-limited effects. Sex-limited genes affecting only males do not contribute to the plasticity or genie reserve in hymenopteran populations (see formula 14). 6) The factor time (life span) in Hymenoptera has a particular importance for heterotic genes. Supposing one year to be the time unit and a pair of heterotic genes with respective survival indice equal to RA = 0, 90 and Ra = 0,70 to be present; then if the life time of a population is either one or two years, only the more viable gene will remain present (see formula 11). If the species has a life time of three years, then both alleles will be maintained. Thus we conclude that in specis with long lif-time, the heterotic genes have more importance, and should be found more easily. 7) The colonies of social Hymenoptera behave as units in competition, thus in the studies of populations one must determine the survival index, of these units which may be subdivided in indice for egg-laying, for adaptive value of the queen, for working capacity of workers, etc. 8) A study of endogamic hymenopteran populations, reproduced by sister x brother mating (fig. 2), lead us to the following conclusions: a) without selection, a population, heterozygous for one pair of alleles, will consist after some generations (theoretically after an infinite number of generation) of females AA fecundated with males A and females aa fecundated with males a (see Quadro I). b) Even in endogamic population there is the theoretical possibility of the presence of heterotic genes, at equilibrium without the aid of new mutations (see Graphics 11 and 12), but the following! conditions must be satisfied: I - surveval index of both homozygotes (RA e Ra) should be below 0,75 (see Graphic 13); II - The most viable allele must riot exced the less viable one by more than is permited by the following formula (Pimentel Gomes 1950) (see Gra-fic 14) : 4 R5A + 8 Ra R4A - 4 Ra R³A (Ra - 1) R²A - - R²a (4 R²a + 4 Ra - 1) R A + 2 R³a < o Considering these two conditions, the existance of heterotic genes in endogamic populations of Hymenoptera \>ecames very improbable though not - impossible. 9) Genie mutation offects more hymenopteran than diploid populations. Thus we have for lethal genes in diploid populations: u = q2, and in Hymenoptera: u = s, being u the mutation ratio and s the frequency of the mutant in the male population. 10) Three factors, important to competition among species of Meliponini were analysed: flying capacity of workers, food gathering capacity of workers, egg-laying of the queen. In this connection we refer to the variability of the tongue lenght observed in colonies from several localites, to the method of transporting the pollen in the stomach, from some pots (Melliponi-ni storage alveolus) to others (e. g. in cases of pillage), and to the observation that the species with the most populous hives are almost always the most frequent ones also. 11) Several defensive ways used for Meliponini to avoid predation are cited, but special references are made upon the camouflage of both hive (fig. 5) and hive entrance (fig. 4) and on the mimetism (see list in page ). Also under the same heading we described the method of Lestrimelitta for pillage. 12) As mechanisms important for promoting genetic plasticity of hymenopteran species we cited: a) cytological variations and b) genie reserve. As to the former, duplications and numerical variations of chromosomes were studied. Diprion simile ATC was cited as example for polyploidy. Apis mellife-ra L. (n •= 16) also sugests polyploid origen since: a) The genus Melipona, which belongs to a" related tribe, presents in all species so far studied n = 9 chromosomes and b) there occurs formation of dyads in the firt spermatocyte division. It is su-gested that the origin of the sex-chromosome of Apis mellifera It. may be related to the possible origin of diplo-tetraploidy in this species. With regards to the genie reserve, several possible types of mutants were discussed. They were classified according to their survival indices; the heterotic and neutral mutants must be considered as more important for the genie reserve. 13) The mean radius from a mother to a daghter colony was estimated as 100 meters. Since the Meliponini hives swarm only once a year we may take 100 meters a year as the average dispersion of female Meliponini in ocordance to data obtained from Trigona (tetragonisca) jaty F. SMITH and Melipona marginata LEP., while other species may give different values. For males the flying distance was roughly estimated to be 10 times that for females. A review of the bibliography on Meliponini swarm was made (pg. 43 to 47) and new facts added. The population desity (breeding population) corresponds in may species of Meliponini to one male and one female per 10.000 square meters. Apparently the males are more frequent than the females, because there are sometimes many thousands, of males in a swarm; but for the genie frequency the individuals which have descendants are the ones computed. In the case of Apini and Meliponini, only one queen per hive and the males represented by. the spermatozoos in its spermateca are computed. In Meliponini only one male mate with the queen, while queens of Apis mellijera L. are fecundated by an average of about 1, 5 males. (Roberts, 1944). From the date cited, one clearly sees that, on the whole, populations of wild social bees (Meliponini) are so small that the Sewall Wright effect may become of great importance. In fact applying the Wright's formula: f = ( 1/aN♂ + 1/aN♀) (1 - 1/aN♂ + 1/aN♀) which measures the fixation and loss of genes per generation, we see that the fixation or loss of genes is of about 7% in the more frequent species, and rarer species about 11%. The variation in size, tergite color, background color, etc, of Melipona marginata Lep. is atributed to this genetic drift. A detail, important to the survival of Meliponini species, is the Constance of their breeding population. This Constance is due to the social organization, i. e., to the care given to the reproductive individuals (the queen with its sperm pack), to the way of swarming, to the food storage intended to control variations of feeding supply, etc. 14) Some species of the Meliponini are adapted to various ecological conditions and inhabit large geographical areas (e. g. T. (Tetragonisca jaty F. SMITH), and Trigona (Nanno-trigona testaceicornis LEP.) while others are limited to narrow regions with special ecological conditions (e. g. M. fuscata me-lanoventer SCHWARZ). Other species still, within the same geographical region, profit different ecological conditions, as do M. marginata LEP. and M. quadrifasciata LEP. The geographical distribution of Melipona quadrifasciata LEP. is different according to the subspecies: a) subsp anthidio-des LEP. (represented in Fig. 7 by black squares) inhabits a region fron the North of the S. Paulo State to Northeastern Brazil, ,b) subspecies quadrifasciata LEP., (marked in Fig. 7 with black triangles) accurs from the South of S. Paulo State to the middle of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (South Brazil). In the margined region between these two areas of distribution, hi-brid colonies were found (Fig. 7, white circles); they are shown with more details in fig. 8, while the zone of hybridization is roughly indicated in fig. 9 (gray zone). The subspecies quadrifasciata LEP., has 4 complete yellow bands on the abdominal tergites while anthidioides LEP. has interrupted ones. This character is determined by one or two genes and gives different adaptative properties to the subspecies. Figs. 10 shows certains meteorological isoclines which have aproximately the same configuration as the limits of the hybrid zone, suggesting different climatic adaptabilities for both genotypes. The exis-tance of a border zone between the areas of both subspecies, where were found a high frequency of hybrids, is explained as follows: being each subspecies adapted to a special climatic zone, we may suppose a poor adaptation of either one in the border region, which is also a region of intermediate climatic conditions. Thus, the hybrids, having a combination of the parent qualities, will be best adapted to the transition zone. Thus, the hybrids will become heterotic and an equilibrium will be reached with all genotypes present in the population in the border region.

Biology of amazonian mosquitoes. III. Esterase isozymes in Anopheles darlingi.

Six esterase isozymes were studied during the development of Anopheles darlingi by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two different substrates, a-naphthylcelate and a-naphthylpropionate. Esterases 5 and 6'were detected in all developmental stages esterases 1 and 2 were more intensively stained if larvae, while esterases 3 and 4 were better visualized in pupae and adults. Strong differences in intensity of some of the isozymes were observed during the pupal stage.Four out of the six isozymes showed variation in the electrophoretic mobility. Esterase-2 was choosed for genetic studies, because was the best stained isozyme in the gels. Two codominant alleles {Est2*S and Est2*F) code for this polymorphic system, with the Est*S frequency equal to 0.521. Phenotypic distribution is in agreement with hardy-Weinberg expectations.

BIOLOGIA DE ANOFELINOS AMAZÔNICOS. XV. LEUCINA AMINOPEPTIDASE EM ANOPHELES (NYSSORHYNCHUS) NUÑEZ-TOVARI; ONTOGENIA E VARIAÇÃO GENÉTICA

Dados sobre a leucina aminopeptidase durante o desenvolvimento ontogenético em Anopheles nuñez-tovarìevidenciaram seis zonae de atividade, eendo a LAP1, LAP2, LAP4 e LAP5 presentes nos estádios larvais, pupae e adultos e a LAP3 e LAP6 características desses dois últimos estágios. Diferenças na intensidade de coloração foram detectadas conforme o estágio considerado. A LAP1 e LAP5 apresentam intensidade fraca em todos os estágios e a LAP2 e LAP4 mostram atividade intensa nos estádios larvais, diminuindo nos dois estágios subseqüentes. Considerando-se as funções das enzimas, foi admitido que a LAP3, no estágio de pupa, possa estar relacionada com a histólise dos tecidos larvais. Dos seis locidetectados, variação alélica foi constatada apenas para o locus LAP5,sendo detectados dois alelos de ação codominante. As freqüências genotípicas de progênies de fêmeas inseminadas naturalmente desviam-se significativamente do equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg.

O polimorfismo AGT*M235T na disfunção cardíaca de etiologia isquêmica aguda: projeto gisca

FUNDAMENTO: O polimorfismo AGT*M235T tem sido associado a elevados níveis séricos de angiotensinogênio (AGT), hipertensão arterial sistêmica e disfunção cardíaca (DC). OBJETIVO: Testar a hipótese de haver associação entre polimorfismo AGT*M235T e o risco de desenvolver disfunção cardíaca (insuficiência cardíaca ou disfunção sistólica ventricular esquerda assintomática) pós-síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), durante o período de internação hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 363 pacientes (idade média 62 ± 12 anos), sendo 233 (64%) homens e 130 (36%) mulheres, todos da mesma coorte, internados por SCA. Compararam-se dados clínicos e genéticos dos 117 (32,2%) que evoluíram com disfunção cardíaca (grupo caso) com os dos 246 (67,8%), que não desenvolveram tal condição (grupo controle). O polimorfismo AGT*M235T foi determinado por análise de sequenciamento e estava em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa na distribuição dos genótipos nas mulheres, com predomínio do genótipo *235MM no grupo controle (p = 0,001) e do alelo *235T no grupo caso. Em ambos os sexos, nos modelos de regressão logística, o diagnóstico de infarto de parede anterior na admissão foi fator de incremento no risco de DC, enquanto angina instável na admissão, ausência do alelo *235T, glicemia < 100 mg/dl, uso de betabloqueador, creatinina sérica < 1,5 mg/dl, faixa de frequência cardíaca > 60 e < 90 bpm e tabagismo atual foram fatores de redução do risco de DC. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que a ausência do alelo *235T do AGT contribui para a redução do risco de disfunção cardíaca pós-síndrome coronariana aguda.

Polimorfismos beta1-adrenérgico associados com Fibrilação Atrial na Insuficiência Cardíaca Sistólica

FUNDAMENTO: O sistema nervoso simpático apresenta grande importância na patogênese da fibrilação atrial na insuficiência cardíaca sistólica. A identificação de polimorfismos no gene ADBR1 do receptor beta1-adrenérgico representa um importante passo no conhecimento dessa patogênese. OBJETIVO: Este estudo analisou a associação entre os dois polimorfismos funcionais do gene ADBR1 do receptor beta1-adrenérgico, Ser49Gly e Arg389Gly, e a presença da fibrilação atrial em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca sistólica. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle com 144 pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca sistólica, dos quais 24 com fibrilação atrial (casos) e 120 sem fibrilação atrial (controles). O DNA genômico foi extraído de leucócitos do sangue periférico e os genótipos dos polimorfismos Ser49Gly e Arg389Gly foram identificados em todos os indivíduos por PCR/RFLP (polymerase chain reaction / restriction fragment length polymorphism). RESULTADOS: A média etária foi 59 ± 13 anos, 70% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino, 42% apresentavam causa isquêmica e 74% apresentavam hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Os genótipos Ser49Ser e Arg389Arg apresentaram associação significativa com fibrilação atrial (p = 0,005 e p = 0,01; respectivamente). Por meio de regressão logística, ambos ajustados para o tamanho do átrio esquerdo e idade, mantiveram associação significativa (Arg389Arg - odds ratios: 2,78; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 1,02 - 7,56 e Ser49Ser - odds ratios: 8,02; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 1,02 - 63,82). CONCLUSÃO: Ambos os genótipos associaram-se com fibrilação atrial nos pacientes estudados, porém apenas o polimorfismo Ser49Gly apresentava-se em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg.

Contribuições à teoria da genética em populações

1) O equilíbrio em populações, inicialmente compostas de vários genotipos depende essencialmente de três fatores: a modalidade de reprodução e a relativa viabilidade e fertilidade dos genotipos, e as freqüências iniciais. 2) Temos que distinguir a) reprodução por cruzamento livre quando qualquer indivíduo da população pode ser cruzado com qualquer outro; b) reprodução por autofecundação, quando cada indivíduo é reproduzido por uma autofecundação; c) finalmente a reprodução mista, isto é, os casos intermediários onde os indivíduos são em parte cruzados, em parte autofecundados. 3) Populações heterozigotas para um par de gens e sem seleção. Em populações com reprodução cruzada se estabelece na primeira geração um equilíbrio entre os três genotipos, segundo a chamada regra de Hardy- Weinberg. Inicial : AA/u + Aa/v aa/u = 1 Equilibirio (u + v/2)² + u + v/2 ( w + v/2) + (w + v/2)² = p2 + 2 p o. q o. + q²o = 1 Em populações com autofecundação o equilíbrio será atingido quando estiverem presentes apenas os dois homozigotos, e uma fórmula é dada que permite calcular quantas gerações são necessárias para atingir aproximadamente este resultado. Finalmente, em populações com reprodução mista, obtemos um equilíbrio com valores intermediários, conforme Quadro 1. Frequência Genotipo Inicial mº Geração Final AA u u + 2m-1v / 2m+1 u + 1/2v Aa v 2/ 2m+2 v - aa w w + 2m - 1/ 2m + 1 v w + 1/2 v 4) Os índices de sobrevivencia. Para poder chegar a fórmulas matemáticas simples, é necessário introduzir índices de sobrevivência para medir a viabilidade e fertilidade dos homozigotos, em relação à sobrevivência dos heterozigotos. Designamos a sobrevivência absoluta de cada um dos três genotipos com x, y e z, e teremos então: x [ A A] : y [ Aa] : z [ aa] = x/y [ A A] : [ Aa] : z/ y [aa] = R A [ AA] : 1 [Aa] : Ra [aa] É evidente que os índices R poderão ter qualquer valor desde zero, quando haverá uma eliminação completa dos homozigotos, até infinito quando os heterozigotos serão completamente eliminados. Os termos (1 -K) de Haldane e (1 -S) ou W de Wright não têm esta propriedade matemática, podendo variar apenas entre zero e um. É ainda necessário distinguir índices parciais, de acordo com a marcha da eliminação nas diferentes fases da ontogenia dos indivíduos. Teremos que distinguir em primeiro lugar entre a eliminação durante a fase vegetativa e a eliminação na fase reprodutiva. Estas duas componentes são ligadas pela relação matemática. R - RV . RR 5) Populações com reprodução cruzada e eliminação. - Considerações gerais. a) O equilibrio final, independente da freqüência inicial dos genes e dos genotipos para valores da sobrevivência diferentes de um, é atingido quando os gens e os genotipos estão presentes nas proporções seguintes: (Quadro 2). po / qo = 1- ro / 1-Ra [AA] (1 - Ro)² . Rav [ Aa] = 2(1 - Ra) ( 1 - Ra) [a a} = ( 1 - Ra)² . RaA b) Fórmulas foram dadas que permitem calcular as freqüências dos genotipos em qualquer geração das populações. Não foi tentado obter fórmulas gerais, por processos de integração, pois trata-se de um processo descontínuo, com saltos de uma e outra geração, e de duração curta. 6) Populações com reprodução cruzada e eliminação. Podemos distinguir os seguintes casos: a) Heterosis - (Quadro 3 e Fig. 1). Ra < 1; Ra < 1 Inicial : Final : p (A)/q(a) -> 1-ra/1-ra = positivo/zero = infinito Os dois gens e assim os três genotipos zigóticos permanecem na população. Quando as freqüências iniciais forem maiores do que as do equilíbrio elas serão diminuidas, e quando forem menores, serão aumentadas. b) Gens recessivos letais ou semiletais. (Quadro 1 e Fig. 2). O equilíbrio será atingido quando o gen, que causa a redução da viabilidade dos homozigotos, fôr eliminado da população. . / c) Gens parcialmente dominantes semiletais. (Quadro 5 e Fig. 3). Rª ; Oz Ra < 1 Inicial : Equilibrio biológico Equilíbrio Matemático pa(A)/q(a) -> positivo /zero -> 1- Rq/ 1-Ra = positivo/negativo d) Genes incompatíveis. Ra > 1 ; Ra > 1; Ra > Ra Equílibrio/biológico p (A)/ q(a) -> positivo/zero Equilibrio matemático -> positivo/ zero -> zero/negativo -> 1-Ra/1 - Ra = negativo/negativo Nestes dois casos devemos distinguir entre o significado matemático e biológico. A marcha da eliminação não pode chegar até o equilíbrio matemático quando um dos gens alcança antes a freqüência zero, isto é, desaparece. Nos três casos teremos sempre uma eliminação relativamente rápida de um dos gens «e com isso do homozigoto respectivo e dos heterozigotòs. e) Foram discutidos mais dois casos especiais: eliminação reprodutiva diferencial dos dois valores do sexo feminino e masculino, -e gens para competição gametofítica. (Quadros 6 e 7 e Figs. 4 a 6). 7) População com autofecundação e seleção. O equilíbrio será atingido quando os genotipos estiverem presentes nas seguintes proporções: (Quadro 8); [AA] ( 0,5 - Ra). R AV [Aa] = 4. ( 0,5 - Ra) . (0.5 -R A) [aa] ( 0,5 - R A) . Rav Também foram dadas fórmulas que permitem calcular as proporções genotípicas em cada geração e a marcha geral da eliminação dos genotipos. 8)Casos especiais. Podemos notar que o termo (0,5 -R) nas fórmulas para as populações autofecundadas ocupa mais ou menos a mesma importância do que o termo (1-R) nas fórmulas para as populações cruzadas. a) Heterosis. (Quadro 9 e Fig. 7). Quando RA e Ra têm valores entre 0 e 0,5, obtemos o seguinte resultado: No equilíbrio ambos os gens estão presentes e os três heterozigotos são mais freqüentes do que os homozigotos. b) Em todos os demais casos, quando RA e Ra forem iguais ou maiores do que 0,5, o equilíbrio é atingido quando estão representados na população apenas os homozigotos mais viáveis e férteis. (Quadro 10). 9) Foram discutidos os efeitos de alterações dos valores da sobrevivência (Fig. 9), do modo de reprodução (Fig. 10) e das freqüências iniciais dos gens (Fig. 8). 10) Algumas aplicações à genética aplicada. Depois de uma discussão mais geral, dois problemas principais foram tratados: a) A homogeneização: Ficou demonstrado que a reprodução por cruzamento livre representa um mecanismo muito ineficiente, e que se deve empregar sempre ou a autofecundação ou pelo menos uma reprodução mista com a maior freqüência possível de acasalamentos consanguíneos. Fórmulas e dados (Quadro 11 e 12), permitem a determinação do número de gerações necessárias para obter um grau razoável de homozigotia- b) Heterosis. Existem dois processos, para a obtenção de um alto grau de heterozigotia e com isso de heterosis: a) O método clássico do "inbreeding and outbreeding". b) O método novo das populações balançadas, baseado na combinação de gens que quando homozigotos dão urna menor sobrevivência do que quando heterozigotos. 11) Algumas considerações sobre a teoria de evolução: a) Heterosis. Os gens com efeito "heterótico", isto é, nos casos onde os heterozigotos s mais viáveis e férteis, do que os homozigotos, oferecem um mecanismo especial de evolução, pois nestes casos a freqüência dos gens, apesar de seu efeito negativo na fase homozigota, tem a sua freqüência aumentada até que seja atingido o valor do equilíbrio. b) Gens letais e semiletais recessivos. Foi demonstrado que estes gens devem ser eliminados automáticamente das populações. Porém, ao contrário do esperado, não s raros por exemplo em milho e em Drosophila, gens que até hoje foram classificados nesta categoria. Assim, um estudo detalhado torna-se necessário para resolver se os heterozigotos em muitos destes casos não serão de maior sobrevivência do que ambos os homozigotos, isto é, que se trata realmente de genes heteróticos. c) Gens semiletais parcialmente dominantes. Estes gens serão sempre eliminados nas populações, e de fato eles são encontrados apenas raramente. d) Gens incompatíveis. São também geralmente eliminados das populações. Apenas em casos especiais eles podem ter importância na evolução, representando um mecanismo de isolamento.

Análise da variabilidade de isoenzimas em acessos e cultivares de girassol

O número de genótipos de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) disponíveis aos agricultores é pequeno e pouco se conhece sobre os genótipos provenientes de outros países que possam ser utilizados no melhoramento genético desta cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a variabilidade genética de 31 acessos e de cinco cultivares nos sistemas isoenzimáticos fosfoglicomutase (PGM), 6fosfogliconato desidrogenase (PGD), fosfoglicoisomerase (PGI) e esterase (EST). Utilizou-se a técnica de eletroforese em gel de amido/penetrose para o fracionamento das isoenzimas da PGM, PGI e PGD e focalização isoelétrica para EST. Foram detectados um total de seis locos e 14 alelos para estes quatro sistemas. Observou-se variantes alélicas para os locos Pgi2, Pgm1, Pgd2, cada um com dois alelos, e para Est1, que apresentou seis alelos. Os testes de adequação aos modelos de equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e de Wright evidenciaram que em dez acessos houve um desvio significativo de endocruzamento.

Diversidad genética de piracanjuba usada en programas de repoblación con marcadores microsatélites

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la diversidad genética de un lote de Brycon orbignyanus usado en programas de repoblación, a través de marcadores microsatélites. Se analizaron muestras de 44 reproductores, de 70 larvas y de 69 alevinos, con la amplificación de cinco loci descritos para Brycon opalinus. El número de alelos, la heterozigosidad observada (Ho) y esperada (He), el índice de Shannon (IS), la diversidad genética de Nei (DGN), el coeficiente de endogamia (Fis), la distancia (DG) e identidad genética (IG), el número efectivo de alelos, el test del equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg (EHW) y el desequilibrio de ligación fueron calculados. Reproductores y progenie tuvieron un número similar de alelos en los loci evaluados. La Ho media, IS, DGN, DG e IG mostraron que existe menor distancia genética entre parentales y larvas y una disminución de variabilidad genética en los alevinos. Fueron observados desvíos en EHW y desequilibrio de ligación en seis pares de loci. El Fis mostró exceso de heterocigotos en parentales y larvas y déficit de heterocigotos en los alevinos. El lote de reproductores está en proceso de pérdida de alelos y hubo disminución de la variabilidad genética entre la fase de larva y alevino.

Caracterização genética de gerações de tilápia Gift por meio de marcadores microssatélites

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade genética nos parentais (G0) e em três gerações consecutivas (G1, G2 e G3) de tilápia Gift (genetically improved farmed tilapia), por meio de marcadores microssatélites. Trezentos e sessenta indivíduos, provenientes do programa de melhoramento da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, foram selecionados quanto ao ganho de peso. O total de 21 alelos foi encontrado nos cinco loci microssatélites polimórficos (G12292, UNH140; G12311, UNH159; G12312, UNH160; G12314, UNH162; e G12315, UNH163), com número médio entre três e cinco alelos por locus. As frequências alélicas variaram de 0,017 (UNH160 - G2) a 0,750 (UNH160 - G0). A heterozigosidade média observada foi de 0,501, 0,391, 0,531 e 0,503 para G0, G1, G2 e G3, respectivamente. O coeficiente de endogamia médio foi 0,192 (G0), 0,401 (G1), 0,230 (G2) e 0,301 (G3). Todas as gerações apresentaram desvio no equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, com desequilíbrio de ligação na maioria dos loci. Exceto para a G1, a heterozigosidade foi mantida nas gerações G2 e G3, o que indica que não há perda significativa de variabilidade genética no programa de melhoramento.