Efficiency of diagnostic biomarkers among colonic schistosomiasis Egyptian patients

The schistosomal parasite plays a critical role in the development of malignant lesions in different organs. The pathogenesis of cancer is currently under intense investigation to identify reliable prognostic indices for disease detection. The objective of this paper is to evaluate certain biochemical parameters as diagnostic tools to efficiently differentiate between colonic carcinoma and colonic carcinoma associated with schistosomal infection among Egyptian patients. The parameters under investigation are interleukin 2 (IL-2), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, tissue telomerase, pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activities. The results revealed a significant elevation in the level of the tumour markers IL-2, TNF-α and CEA as well as the activities of LDH, telomerase and G-6-PD among non-bilharzial and bilharzial colonic cancer groups, with a more potent effect in bilharzial infection-associated colonic cancer. A significant inhibition in PK activity was recorded in the same manner as compared to normal tissues. The efficacy of this biomarker was also evaluated through detecting sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values. In conclusion, schistosomal colonic carcinoma patients displayed more drastic changes in all parameters under investigation. The combination of the selected parameters succeeded in serving as biomarkers to differentiate between the two malignant types.

Development and validation of PCR-based assays for diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and identificatio nof the parasite species

In this study, PCR assays targeting different Leishmania heat-shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) regions, producing fragments ranging in size from 230-390 bp were developed and evaluated to determine their potential as a tool for the specific molecular diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). A total of 70 Leishmania strains were analysed, including seven reference strains (RS) and 63 previously typed strains. Analysis of the RS indicated a specific region of 234 bp in the hsp70 gene as a valid target that was highly sensitive for detection of Leishmania species DNA with capacity of distinguishing all analyzed species, after polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorfism (PCR-RFLP). This PCR assay was compared with other PCR targets used for the molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: hsp70 (1400-bp region), internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd). A good agreement among the methods was observed concerning the Leishmania species identification. Moreover, to evaluate the potential for molecular diagnosis, we compared the PCR targets hsp70-234 bp, ITS1, G6pd and mkDNA using a panel of 99 DNA samples from tissue fragments collected from patients with confirmed CL. Both PCR-hsp70-234 bp and PCR-ITS1 detected Leishmania DNA in more than 70% of the samples. However, using hsp70-234 bp PCR-RFLP, identification of all of the Leishmania species associated with CL in Brazil can be achieved employing a simpler and cheaper electrophoresis protocol.

G6PD deficiency in Latin America: systematic review on prevalence and variants

Plasmodium vivax radical cure requires the use of primaquine (PQ), a drug that induces haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient (G6PDd) individuals, which further hampers malaria control efforts. The aim of this work was to study the G6PDd prevalence and variants in Latin America (LA) and the Caribbean region. A systematic search of the published literature was undertaken in August 2013. Bibliographies of manuscripts were also searched and additional references were identified. Low prevalence rates of G6PDd were documented in Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay, but studies from Curaçao, Ecuador, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Suriname and Trinidad, as well as some surveys carried out in areas of Brazil, Colombia and Cuba, have shown a high prevalence (> 10%) of G6PDd. The G6PD A-202A mutation was the variant most broadly distributed across LA and was identified in 81.1% of the deficient individuals surveyed. G6PDd is a frequent phenomenon in LA, although certain Amerindian populations may not be affected, suggesting that PQ could be safely used in these specific populations. Population-wide use of PQ as part of malaria elimination strategies in LA cannot be supported unless a rapid, accurate and field-deployable G6PDd diagnostic test is made available.

Trypanosoma evansi is alike to Trypanosoma brucei brucei in the subcellular localisation of glycolytic enzymes

Trypanosoma evansi, which causes surra, is descended from Trypanosoma brucei brucei, which causes nagana. Although both parasites are presumed to be metabolically similar, insufficient knowledge of T. evansiprecludes a full comparison. Herein, we provide the first report on the subcellular localisation of the glycolytic enzymes in T. evansi, which is a alike to that of the bloodstream form (BSF) of T. b.brucei: (i) fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase (glycolytic enzymes) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (a glycolysis-auxiliary enzyme) in glycosomes, (ii) enolase, phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase (glycolytic enzymes) and a GAPDH isoenzyme in the cytosol, (iii) malate dehydrogenase in cytosol and (iv) glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in both glycosomes and the cytosol. Specific enzymatic activities also suggest that T. evansiis alike to the BSF of T. b. bruceiin glycolytic flux, which is much faster than the pentose phosphate pathway flux, and in the involvement of cytosolic GAPDH in the NAD+/NADH balance. These similarities were expected based on the close phylogenetic relationship of both parasites.

Growth and energy metabolism of Nile tilapia juveniles fed glycerol

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of dietary glycerol in replacement to starch on the growth and energy metabolism of Nile tilapia juveniles. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 5, 10, and 15% purified glycerol) and six replicates. Pelleted, isonitrogenous, and isocaloric diets were provided for 60 days. Growth performance parameters and muscle glucose and protein concentrations were not affected by dietary glycerol levels. The treatment with 15% glycerol presented higher levels of muscle and liver triglycerides. A quadratic effect of treatments on muscle and liver triglyceride concentrations was observed. The treatment with 0% glycerol presented higher hepatic glucose levels than the one with 15%. Treatments did not differ for concentrations of liver protein, as well as of plasma glucose, triglycerides, and protein. Treatments with 10 and 15% glycerol showed higher activity of the glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase enzyme than the treatment with 5%; however, there were no significant differences in the hepatic activities of the malic and glycerol kinase enzymes. A linear positive effect of treatments was observed on the activity of the glycerol kinase enzyme in liver. Levels of glycerol inclusion above 10% in the diet of Nile tilapia juveniles characterize it as a lipogenic nutrient.

Monitoramento da população de Phytophthora infestans na região da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais de 1998 a 2000

Foram caracterizados 212 isolados de Phytophthora infestans obtidos de 51 lavouras de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum)e batata (Solanum tuberosum), em sete municípios da Zona da Mata, MG. Todos os isolados tiveram o grupo de compatibilidade determinado; 96 isolados foram caracterizados para a isoenzima glucose 6-fosfato-isomerase (Gpi); 71 isolados foram analisados quanto à resistência ao metalaxyl; e determinou-se o espectro de virulência de 46 isolados. Todos os 212 isolados testados foram classificados como do grupo A1 de compatibilidade. A maioria dos isolados testados para Gpi (95) apresentou o fenótipo 86/100, típico da linhagem clonal US-1. Apenas um isolado apresentou o fenótipo 100/100 para Gpi. Quanto à resistência ao metalaxyl, em 1998 a freqüência de isolados sensíveis, intermediários e resistentes foi de 40%, 40% e 20%, respectivamente, e em 2000 de 3,2%; 61,3% e 35,5%, respectivamente. Quanto ao espectro de virulência, todos os 46 isolados analisados foram virulentos sobre a cultivar de tomate 'Kada'. A maioria foi virulenta em plantas de tomate com os genes Ph1 (91%) ou Ph2 (95 %). Todos os isolados foram virulentos em batata 'Bintje'. Houve pequena variação do espectro de virulência sobre clones de batata, quando esses foram inoculados com isolados coletados em diferentes anos. Há evidências que a população de P. infestans da Zona da Mata, MG é constituída de isolados da linhagem clonal US-1, de várias raças e baixa sensibilidade ao fungicida metalaxyl.

Caracterização de isolados de Phytophthora infestans do Distrito Federal e de Goiás

Foram caracterizados 123 isolados de Phytophthora infestans obtidos de 21 lavouras de tomateiro e oito de batateira, em municípios do Estado de Goiás e Cidades Satélites de Brasília, no período de abril de 2001 a setembro de 2003. Os isolados foram caracterizados para os marcadores grupo de compatibilidade (123 isolados); isoenzima glucose 6-fosfato-isomerase (Gpi) (34 isolados) e resistência aos fungicidas mefenoxam (77 isolados) e metalaxyl (32 isolados de batateira), usando o método de disco de folhas. Todos os 78 isolados de tomateiro foram classificados no grupo de compatibilidade A1, enquanto os 45 de batateira foram do grupo A2. Os fenótipos para Gpi dos isolados de tomateiro (19) e de batateira (15) foram 86/100, típico da linhagem clonal US-1, e 100/100, típico da linhagen clonal BR-1, respectivamente. Quanto à resistência a mefenoxam, constataram-se isolados de tomateiro resistentes (36%), intermediários (48%) e sensíveis (16%). A maioria dos isolados de batateira foi classificada como sensível (82%) e apenas 9% de intermediários e resistentes. Dos isolados de batateira avaliados para resistência ao metalaxyl, 25% foram resistentes, 62% intermediários e 13% sensíveis. A população de P. infestans no Distrito Federal e no Estado de Goiás é constituída de duas linhagens clonais, com especificidade por hospedeiro.

Isoenzimas na diferenciação de sementes de três espécies do gênero Euterpe

A análise e o estudo das características morfológicas de sementes e plântulas de palmito-vermelho (Euterpe espiritosantensis Fernandes), juçara (E. edulis Mart.) e açaí (E. oleracea Mart.) não permitem que o analista de sementes, ou o melhorista, faça a identificação e a diferenciação inequívoca das espécies. Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o potencial discriminante da técnica de eletroforese para sementes dessas espécies, utilizando-se nove sistemas enzimáticos. Foram realizadas análises de eletroforese de isoenzimas, testando-se 30 embriões (0 a 1 mm de protrusão) de cada espécie, por corrida e por sistema enzimático. Para a identificação das bandas e determinação do perfil eletroforético foram realizadas, no mínimo, 30 corridas por sistema enzimático avaliado, em gel de poliacrilamida (7,5%). Constatou-se que, dentre as isoenzimas testadas, a polifenol-oxidase e a fosfatase-ácida mostraram-se instáveis, raramente possibilitando a visualização das bandas. As isoenzimasalfa e beta-esterase nem sempre possibilitaram o aparecimento de bandas visíveis, principalmente para E. espiritosantensis, mas foram capazes de distinguir E. edulis de E. oleracea. A glucose-6-fosfato desidrogenase e a glutamato-desidrogenase revelaram perfis eletroforéticos nítidos em todas as corridas, mas a posição das bandas não permitiu a diferenciação das três espécies estudadas. As isoenzimas mais eficientes na avaliação da pureza genética e na diferenciação das sementes foram fosfoglucomutase, fosfoglucose isomerase e peroxidase, por apresentarem perfis eletroforéticos distintos.

Isoenzimas no monitoramento da deterioração de sementes de Euterpe espiritosantensis Fernandes

As sementes de Euterpe espiritosantensis são recalcitrantes, pois apresentam redução da germinação com a desidratação e curta longevidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar sistemas enzimáticos eficientes no monitoramento da deterioração e perda da capacidade germinativa de sementes de palmiteiro-vermelho. As sementes foram colocadas para secar por 0, 20 e 40 h (teor de água de 46, 40 e 36%, respectivamente) e armazenadas a 15 ºC em sacos plásticos fechados durante 54 semanas. Em intervalos de tempo de seis semanas, a qualidade das sementes foi avaliada quanto à germinação e atividade das enzimas glucose-6-fosfato desidrogenase, glutamato desidrogenase, fosfoglucomutase, fosfoglucose isomerase e peroxidase utilizando eletroforese em géis de poliacrilamida. A enzima peroxidase foi a única eficiente no monitoramento da deterioração e perda da capacidade germinativa de sementes de palmiteiro-vermelho.

Eletroforese de isoenzimas de plântulas na identificação de espécies de Brachiaria

Lotes de sementes de braquiária comercializados no Brasil vem apresentando contaminações com sementes de outras espécies pertencentes ao mesmo gênero. Deste modo, uma das espécies de braquiária atuaria como planta infestante da outra no agroecossistema e a erradicação da espécie infestante seria dificultada pela agressividade característica do gênero e pela falta de seletividade dos herbicidas disponíveis no mercado. Esses fatores ressaltam a importância da comercialização e utilização de lotes de sementes isento de sementes de outras espécies e a utilização de metodologias precisas de identificação das principais espécies de braquiária no controle de qualidade das empresas produtoras de sementes. Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o potencial discriminante da técnica de eletroforese, utilizando quatro sistemas enzimáticos presentes em plântulas de quatro espécies do gênero Brachiaria, quer sejam B. brizantha cv. Marandu, B. decumbens cv. Basilisk, B. humidicola cv. comercial e B. plantaginea. Foram realizadas análises de eletroforese de isoenzimas testando-se 50 indivíduos de cada espécie por tratamento, utilizando-se coleóptilos de plântulas obtidas a partir de sementes germinadas a 30°C, no escuro. Para a eletroforese foi utilizado como meio suporte géis de poliacrilamida, nas concentrações de 7,0 e 7,5%. As isoenzimas Glutamato desidrogenase e Glucose-6-fosfato desidrogenase, embora eficientes na diferenciação entre B. plantaginea e B. humidicola e entre as sementes dessas espécies e as de B. brizantha ou B. decumbens, não se mostraram capazes de diferenciar as sementes destas duas últimas espécies. Entretanto, as izoenzimas α- e β-esterase possibilitaram uma nítida diferenciação das quatro espécies de Brachiaria estudadas.

Isozyme markers and genetic variability in three species of Centrosema (Leguminosae)

Isozyme patterns and their genetic control in three Centrosema species are described. Seven isozymatic systems (aspartate aminotransferase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase, anodal peroxidase, malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase) were studied in 18 populations and several breeding lines of C. acutifolium, C. brasilianum and C. pubescens, using starch gel electrophoresis techniques. All systems, except glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, are described for the first time in these species. A total of 17 isozyme loci were scored; this represents the largest set of Mendelian loci known up to now in Centrosema species. Isozyme polymorphism and variability within and between populations and species were relatively high and allowed discrimination among species

Changes in the TBARs content and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the lymphoid organs and skeletal muscles of adrenodemedullated rats

Thiobarbituric acid reactant substances (TBARs) content, and the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDh), citrate synthase (CS), Cu/Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured in the lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)) and skeletal muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) of adrenodemedullated (ADM) rats. The results were compared with those obtained for sham-operated rats. TBARs content was reduced by adrenodemedullation in the lymphoid organs (MLN (28%), thymus (40%) and spleen (42%)) and gastrocnemius muscle (67%). G6PDh activity was enhanced in the MLN (69%) and reduced in the spleen (28%) and soleus muscle (75%). CS activity was reduced in all tissues (MLN (75%), spleen (71%), gastrocnemius (61%) and soleus (43%)), except in the thymus which displayed an increment of 56%. Cu/Zn-SOD activity was increased in the MLN (126%), thymus (223%), spleen (80%) and gastrocnemius muscle (360%) and was reduced in the soleus muscle (31%). Mn-SOD activity was decreased in the MLN (67%) and spleen (26%) and increased in the thymus (142%), whereas catalase activity was reduced in the MLN (76%), thymus (54%) and soleus muscle (47%). It is particularly noteworthy that in ADM rats the activity of glutathione peroxidase was not detectable by the method used. These data are consistent with the possibility that epinephrine might play a role in the oxidative stress of the lymphoid organs. Whether this fact represents an important mechanism for the establishment of impaired immune function during stress remains to be elucidated.

Effect of hypoxia on the activity and binding of glycolytic and associated enzymes in sea scorpion tissues

The effect of hypoxia on the levels of glycogen, glucose and lactate as well as the activities and binding of glycolytic and associated enzymes to subcellular structures was studied in brain, liver and white muscle of the teleost fish, Scorpaena porcus. Hypoxia exposure decreased glucose levels in liver from 2.53 to 1.70 µmol/g wet weight and in muscle led to its increase from 3.64 to 25.1 µmol/g wet weight. Maximal activities of several enzymes in brain were increased by hypoxia: hexokinase by 23%, phosphoglucoisomerase by 47% and phosphofructokinase (PFK) by 56%. However, activities of other enzymes in brain as well as enzymes in liver and white muscle were largely unchanged or decreased during experimental hypoxia. Glycolytic enzymes in all three tissues were partitioned between soluble and particulate-bound forms. In several cases, the percentage of bound enzymes was reduced during hypoxia; bound aldolase in brain was reduced from 36.4 to 30.3% whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase fell from 55.7 to 28.7% bound. In muscle PFK was reduced from 57.4 to 41.7% bound. Oppositely, the proportion of bound aldolase and triosephosphate isomerase increased in hypoxic muscle. Phosphoglucomutase did not appear to occur in a bound form in liver and bound phosphoglucomutase disappeared in muscle during hypoxia exposure. Anoxia exposure also led to the disappearance of bound fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in liver, whereas a bound fraction of this enzyme appeared in white muscle of anoxic animals. The possible function of reversible binding of glycolytic enzymes to subcellular structures as a regulatory mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism is discussed.

Partial purification of tightly bound mitochondrial hexokinase from maize (Zea mays L.) root membranes

In mammals, hexokinase (HK) is strategically located at the outer membrane of mitochondria bound to the porin protein. The mitochondrial HK is a crucial modulator of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation. In plants, these properties related to HK are unknown. In order to better understand the physiological role of non-cytosolic hexokinase (NC-HK) in plants, we developed a purification strategy here described. Crude extract of 400 g of maize roots (230 mg protein) contained a specific activity of 0.042 µmol G6P min-1 mg PTN-1. After solubilization with detergent two fractions were obtained by DEAE column chromatography, NC-HK 1 (specific activity = 3.6 µmol G6P min-1 mg PTN-1 and protein recovered = 0.7 mg) and NC-HK 2. A major purification (yield = 500-fold) was obtained after passage of NC-HK 1 through the hydrophobic phenyl-Sepharose column. The total amount of protein and activity recovered were 0.04 and 18%, respectively. The NC-HK 1 binds to the hydrophobic phenyl-Sepharose matrix, as observed for rat brain HK. Mild chymotrypsin digestion did not affect adsorption of NC-HK 1 to the hydrophobic column as it does for rat HK I. In contrast to mammal mitochondrial HK, glucose-6-phosphate, clotrimazole or thiopental did not dissociate NC-HK from maize (Zea mays) or rice (Oryza sativa) mitochondrial membranes. These data show that the interaction between maize or rice NC-HK to mitochondria differs from that reported in mammals, where the mitochondrial enzyme can be displaced by modulators or pharmacological agents known to interfere with the enzyme binding properties with the mitochondrial porin protein.

Cell wall polysaccharides of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The soluble and insoluble cotyledon (SPF-Co and IPF-Co) and tegument (SPF-Te and IPF-Te) cell wall polymer fractions of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were isolated using a chemical-enzymatic method. The sugar composition showed that SPF-Co was constituted of 38.6% arabinose, 23.4% uronic acids, 12.7% galactose, 11.2% xylose, 6.4% mannose and 6.1% glucose, probably derived from slightly branched and weakly bound polymers. The IPF-Co was fractionated with chelating agent (CDTA) and with increasing concentrations of NaOH. The bulk of the cell wall polymers (29.4%) were extracted with 4.0M NaOH and this fraction contained mainly arabinose (55.0%), uronic acid (18.9%), glucose (10.7%), xylose (10.3%) and galactose (3.4%). About 8.7% and 10.6% of the polymers were solubilised with CDTA and 0.01M NaOH respectively and were constituted of arabinose (52.0 and 45.9%), uronic acids (25.8 and 29.8%), xylose (9.6 and 10.2%), galactose (6.1 and 3.9%) and glucose (6.5 and 3.8%). The cell wall polymers were also constituted of small amounts (5.6 and 7.2%) of cellulose (CEL) and of non-extractable cell wall polymers (NECW). About 16.8% and 17.2% of the polymers were solubilised with 0.5 and 1.0M NaOH and contained, respectively, 92.1 and 90.7% of glucose derived from starch (IST). The neutral sugar and polymers solubilization profiles showed that weakly bound pectins are present mainly in SPF-Co (water-soluble), CDTA and 0.01-0.1M NaOH soluble fractions. Less soluble, highly cross-linked pectins were solubilised with 4.0M NaOH. This pectin is arabinose-rich, probably highly branched and has a higher molecular weight than the pectin present in SPF-Co, CDTA and 0.01-0.1M NaOH fractions.