The food spectrum of the cardinal - tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Characidae) in its natural habitat

The cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) is the most intensively commercialized ornamental fish from the Rio Negro Basin (Amazonas State, Brasil). Analysis of the stomach and gut contents of fish caught in their natural habitats show conclusively that the cardinal is essentially a predator, feeding on the mesofauna that adheres to submerged litter, roots and waterplants. Microcrustacea and chironomid larvae (Diptera) were the most frequently ingested prey, while algae intake was relatively infrequent. It is argued that the relatively small size of the cardinals captured in their natural habitat is due to the annual migrations imposed by the inundation cycles, rather than to resource limitation, because it is known from earlier investigations of similar habitats, that these plant substrates are densely colonized by the aquatic mesofauna. Cardinals raised in captivity are larger and have higher rates of growth.

Redução da mortalidade após implementação de condutas consensuais em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio

OBJETIVO: Comparar a mortalidade em 30 dias com a utilização de determinados grupos de medicamentos por pacientes, entre 1992-1997, quando não se dispunham de condutas consensuais para tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio, e de 2000-2002, após a padronização dessas condutas em nosso serviço. MÉTODOS: Avaliados, retrospectivamente, no 1º e 2º períodos, 172 e 143 pacientes respectivamente, admitidos com diagnóstico de infarto agudo do miocárdio: foram realizados os testes estatísticos: c² para comparar proporções, teste t de Student e o de Mann-Whitney para comparação de médias ou medianas. RESULTADOS: A análise não mostrou diferença em relação aos homens, brancos e a idade média de 61 anos, nos dois períodos. Com relação aos fatores de risco clássicos, foi observada diferença apenas na incidência de dislipidemia (17 e 29%) e, quanto à estratégia terapêutica, aumento significativo do uso de: trombolíticos (39 e 61,5%), ácido acetilsalicílico (70,9 e 96,5%), betabloqueadores (34,8 e 67,8%), inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina (45,9 e 74,8%), nitratos (61 e 85,3%) e a redução significativa de bloqueadores de cálcio (16,8 e 5,3%), antiarrítmicos (29,1 e 9,7%) e diuréticos (50,6 e 26,6%). O uso de inotrópicos não diferiu entre os períodos (29,6 e 32,1%). A mortalidade em 30 dias apresentou redução estatisticamente significante de 22,7 para 10,5%. CONCLUSÃO: A implementação das condutas consensuais para o tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio foi acompanhada por significante redução da taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias.

Neural Mechanisms and Delayed Gastric Emptying of Liquid Induced Through Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Background: In pathological situations, such as acute myocardial infarction, disorders of motility of the proximal gut can trigger symptoms like nausea and vomiting. Acute myocardial infarction delays gastric emptying (GE) of liquid in rats. Objective: Investigate the involvement of the vagus nerve, α 1-adrenoceptors, central nervous system GABAB receptors and also participation of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in GE and gastric compliance (GC) in infarcted rats. Methods: Wistar rats, N = 8-15 in each group, were divided as INF group and sham (SH) group and subdivided. The infarction was performed through ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. GC was estimated with pressure-volume curves. Vagotomy was performed by sectioning the dorsal and ventral branches. To verify the action of GABAB receptors, baclofen was injected via icv (intracerebroventricular). Intravenous prazosin was used to produce chemical sympathectomy. The lesion in the PVN of the hypothalamus was performed using a 1mA/10s electrical current and GE was determined by measuring the percentage of gastric retention (% GR) of a saline meal. Results: No significant differences were observed regarding GC between groups; vagotomy significantly reduced % GR in INF group; icv treatment with baclofen significantly reduced %GR. GABAB receptors were not conclusively involved in delaying GE; intravenous treatment with prazosin significantly reduced GR% in INF group. PVN lesion abolished the effect of myocardial infarction on GE. Conclusion: Gastric emptying of liquids induced through acute myocardial infarction in rats showed the involvement of the vagus nerve, alpha1- adrenergic receptors and PVN.

Feeding ecology in the small neotropical amphisbaenid Amphisbaena munoai (Amphisbaenidae) in southern Brazil

We analyzed the alimentary tract of 66 specimens of Amphisbaena munoai Klappenbach, 1969 from the Serra do Sudeste, state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Forty specimens (60.6%) had prey items in their gut. The diet consisted mainly of small invertebrate prey, such as termites, insect larvae and ants. The most abundant prey item was termites, found in 62.5% of the non empty stomachs. The high number of individual prey items in the majority of stomachs, the small size of the regular prey items, and the absence of gut content in specimens of A. munoai kept alive for about two days, indicate that this species forages very frequently. The predominance of fossorial prey items and the occasional records of nomadic ants lead us to suggest that A. munoai usually feeds underground, and occasionally forages on the surface.

Reproduction and feeding ecology of Amphisbaena munoai and Anops kingi (Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae) in the Escudo Sul-Rio-Grandense, southern Brazil

This study presents original data on the reproduction and feeding ecology of two syntopic amphisbaenians, Amphisbaena munoai Klappenbach, 1969 and Anops kingi Bell, 1833, from southern Brazil. Sampling was carried out from April 2004 to April 2006 at a highland area located in São Jerônimo and Barão do Triunfo municipalities, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A total of 647 amphisbaenians were collected, 510 specimens of A. munoai and 137 specimens of A. kingi, of which 130 and 93, respectively, had their gonads and gut content analyzed. Both species presented a unimodal pattern of seasonal distribution, sexually mature females with significantly larger snout vent length (SVL) than sexually mature males, and seasonal reproductive cycle. Adults of A. kingi had significantly larger (SVL) than those of Amphisbaena munoai. Both species had generalist diets, but termites (Isoptera) was a staple item in their diet. Greater predominance of insect larvae was observed in the diet of A. kingi, which may be due to its larger body in comparison to A. munoai. Insect larvae ingested by A. kingi were significantly larger than those ingested by A. munoai. Diets of adult males and females of both species were not significantly different. The ontogenetic diet comparison in both species revealed significant numerical differences, with adults consuming higher numbers of prey.

Diet and functional feeding groups of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the Middle Paraná River floodplain (Argentina)

The gut contents of nine genera of benthic Chironominae and Tanypodinae from the Middle Paraná River floodplain habitats (a lake and a secondary channel) were analyzed to determine their feeding patterns and functional feeding groups. Amorphous detritus, animal and vegetal tissues, and mineral materials (predominantly sand) were observed in the larval guts. Amorphous detritus were the main food item found for Polypedilum (Tripodura) sp., Chironomus gr. decorus sp., Endotribelos sp., Phaenopsectra sp., Cladopelma sp., and Pelomus sp. (Chironominae), while animal tissues (mainly oligochaetes) were the most important food item found for Ablabesmyia (Karelia) sp., Coelotanypus sp., and Procladius sp. (Tanypodinae). Dietary overlap was calculated for all pairs of genera. Within predators, the highest overlap was obtained between Coelotanypus sp. and Ablabesmyia (Karelia) sp., while within detritivores the highest niche overlap was obtained between Endotribelos sp. and Phaenopsectra sp.

Trophic relationships between macroinvertebrates and fish in a pampean lowland stream (Argentina)

The diet and trophic relationships between the macroinvertebrates Phyllogomphoides joaquini Rodrigues Capítulo, 1992 and Coenagrionidae (Odonata), Chironomidae (Diptera), Diplodon delodontus (Lamarck, 1919) (Bivalvia: Hyriidae), and Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) (Gastropoda: Ampulariidae) and the fishes Pimelodella laticeps Eigenmann, 1917 (Heptapteridae) and Bryconamericus iheringii (Boulenger, 1887) (Characidae) in a temperate lowland lotic system in Argentina were assessed on the basis of gut contents and stable-isotope analyses. The feeding strategies were analyzed by the AMUNDSEN method. Relative food items contribution for the taxa studied indicated a generalist-type trophic strategy. In macroinvertebrates, in general, the values of stable isotope confirmed the result of the analysis of gut contents. With the fish, stable-isotope analysis demonstrated that both species are predators, although B. iheringii exhibited a more omnivorous behaviour. These feeding studies allowed us to determine the trophic relationships among taxa studied. Detritus and diatoms were a principal source of food for all the macroinvertebrates studied. In La Choza stream the particulate organic matter is a major no limited food resource, has a significant influence upon the community.

Pesquizas sobre a acção physiologica das toxinas bacterianas: I. sobre a actividade physiologica dos filtrados de culturas do bacillo coli. Reacções do intestino isolado e perfundido

The writers report experiments performed with filtrates of old cultures od colon bacilli upon the isolated and perfused rabbit gut. According to the experiments the writers suppose to exist one or more substances in the filtrates of old cultures of colon bacilli with physiological activity upon the isolated and perfused rabbit gut. Such activity is essentially characterised by a rapid increase of the intestine tonus. When the Ringer-Tyrode solution containing the filtrate is removed and replaced by a fresh one, the increase of the tonus disappears. Liver-broth medium causes a somewhat increase of the tonus of the gut but much less in intensity.

Os órgãos odoriferos masculinos de alguns Heliconiinae do Brasil

1. Es werden Schuppenfelder auf den Fluegeln von Maennchen und Weibchen verschiedener brasilianischer Hesperiden-Arten beschrieben. 2. Diese Felder werden in Verbindung gebracht zu den Bindevorrichtungen zwischen Vorder- und Hinterfluegeln. 3. Es zeigt sich, dass die Duftschuppenfelder des Hinterfluegels aus Bindeschuppenfeldern hervorgegangen sind. Dieser Funktionswechsel wird durch die Schuppenform im Vergleich mit funktionierenden Bindeschuppen dargelegt. 4. Es wird eine eingehende Beschreibung des feineren Baues der Binde- und Duftschuppen gegeben. 5. Die maennlichen Falter der untersuchten Arten lassen sich nach dem Fehlen oder Vorhandensein verschiedenartiger Duftorgane einteilen (siehe hierzu Tabelle 1.): 1. Gruppe: Falter ohne spezielle Duftdruesen (Vehilius-Typ) 2. Gruppe: Falter mit Duftrinne auf dem Vorderfluegel (Augiades-Typ) 3. Gruppe: Falter mit Costalumschlag des Vorderfluegels (Thanaos-Typ) 4. Gruppe: Falter mit Duftorgan am Metathorax (Achlyodes-Typ) 6. Das Weibchen von H 31 besitzt auf der Intersegmentalmembran VII/VIII Duftschuppen von bemerkenswertem feineren Bau. 7. Die Duftschuppen werden im feineren Bau untersucht und eine moegliche Ableitung der Borste aus der Schuppe gegeben. 8. Die Betrachtung der Duftorgane geschieht mit Ruecksichtnahme auf die Vergroesserung der verdunstenden Oberflaeche durch die Schuppen und auf die Schutzfunktion durch Deckschuppen und Cuticularfalten. 9. Die Entwicklung verschiedenartiger Duftorgane an verschiedenen Koerperteilen deutet auf eine polyphyletische Entwicklung der organe hin, was in der gut abgegrenzten Familie der Hesperiden von systematischem Wert ist. 10. Die Maennchen von H 16 und H 130 besitzen zwei Typen von spezifischen Duftorganen, den Costalumschlag und das Duftorgan des Metathorax mit verteilerpinsel an der Hintertibie. Bei den genannten und verwandten Arten hat eine polyphyletische Entwicklung von Duftorganen Platz gegriffen. Diese Bemerkung ist an die Voraussetzung geknuepft, dass beide Organe die gleiche Funktion haben, was noch nicht nachgewiesen ist. 11. Die Entwicklungshoehe der verschiedenen Duftorgantypen laesst phylogenetische Reihen erkennen. 12. Die Funktion der speziellen maennlichen Duftorgane scheint die einer Werbeduftdruese zu sein. 13. Die Funktion der Duftfelder auf den Hinterfluegeln bei Maennchen und Weibchen kann nicht geklaert werden. Es wird die Vermutung ausgesprochen, dass es sich hierbei um eine Form von "Artgeruch" handeln kann.

Os grandes clímaces do Brasil: III - Considerações gerais sôbre a vegetação da Região Centro-Oeste

Die west-zentrale Region Brasiliens, die im Gebiet des gleichfoermigen feuchten tropischen Klimas mit Trockenzeiten liegt, schliesst, allgemein gesehen, drei phytogeographische Zonen in sich ein; die noerdliche mit Wald, die zentrale mit Savannen und die suedliche mit Campos. In den Zonen sind verschiedene Waldinseln eingeschlossen, deren Existenz, entsprechend den vielfaeltigen orographischen Verhaeltnissen und der hiermit zusammenhaengenden komplexen geologischen Struktur, eine ausreichende Erklaerung fuer die beobachtete Zerschneidung der Zonen abgibt. Es finden sich: 1. Auf den hoeheren Ebenen: a) "Cerrado" (Buschwald). Er breitet sich aus auf den ebenen kretassischen Stufen und Haegen mit kompakteren Boeden, sowohl auf denen der "Chapadões" wie auch auf denen, die die grosse paraguaische Depression umgeben; b) Savanne. Sie tritt immer auf ebenen oder schwach gewellten Gelaenden auf, wo eine dicke, gut durchlaessige Schicht auf undurchiaessigem Untergrund liegt; c) Campo. Er dehnt sich auf Flaechen aus, die oberflaeching undurchlaessig geworden sind, und zwar sowohl auf ebenen, wie auch auf schwaecher oder staerker bewegten Gelaenden; d) Wald. Er findet sich auf den Talsohlen, begleitet die Wasserlaeufe und Talhaenge in stark bewegtem Gelaende. 2. Die Campos der grossen paraguaischen Depression nehmen sehr ausgedehnte Gebiete ein, die von kleineren feuchten Niederungen, Fluessen und Inselbergn unterbrochen sind, wo sich Buschwald, Galleriewald und Cerrado findet. 3. Auf den fruchtbareren Boeden, die auf Zerfall eruptiver Gesteine zurueckgefuehrt werden und durch das Einschneiden des ausgedehnten hydrographischen Netzes, das die Region zerschneidet, herausgearbeitet sind, bedecken die Waelder unterschiedslos die ebenen wie die schwach oder stark geneigten Gelaende.

Os grandes clímaces do Brasil: IV - considerações gerais sôbre a vegetação da região nordeste

Die grosse Nordost-region zeigt klimatische und geomorphologische Eigenheiten, die die Vegetationstypen gut begrenzen, die ihrerseits fast immer alten Klimaces entsprechen. So finden wir: I - Feuchtes Gebiet. 1. Die Kuestenflaechen (immergruener und teil-regengruener Wald) mit starken, gleichmaessig verteilten Niederschlaegen zeigt: 10 - 20 m tiefe Lehmboeden, wenig durchlaessig, ohne Lateritkruste, besiedelt mit Baumarten weiter Verbreitung, untermischt mit endemischen Streuformen, was auf eine ziemlich alte Besiedlung hinweist. 2. Die Flaechen der Hochebenen (mikroklimatisch bedingter Wald), abhaengig von "Bergklima" oder hoher Oberflaechenfeuchtigkeit, zeigen folgende Eigenheiten: In den Bergzuegen aus Urgestein, mit lehmigsandigen Boeden hoher Feuchtigkeit wegen der Passatwinde und der haeufigen Nebelbildung, finden sich dieselben Baumarten, die auch in den benachbarten Waldgebieten vorkommen untermischt mit wenigen endemischen Formen; an den Haengen der Bergzuege aus Sandstein, mit sandig-lehmigen Boeden, die wegen des Anschnitts des Grundwasserspiegels dauernd feucht sind, finden sich endemische Arten - in der Mehrzahl Streuformen aus den Cerradões des mittleren Westens - vergesellschaftet mit anderen groesserer Verbreitung Beide Flaechen scheinen florestale Rueckzugsgebiete darzustellen. 3. Die "Agreste"-Flaechen (mit eingesprengten, mikroklimatisch unterschiedlichen Wald- und "Caatinga"-Gebieten), mit schwachen, jedoch regelmaessig verteilten Regenfaellen, zeigen flache, 1 - 3 m tiefe Sandboeden und ausgedehnte, relativ tiefreichende Lehmboeden, und sind besiedelt von Arten der benachbarten Flaechen, in einzelnen, durch die Savannen getrennten Inseln stehend, was auf eine moderne Besiedlung hinzuweisen scheint. 4. Die Flaechen des "Sertão" (regengruene Buesche und stacheltragende Formationen), mit unregelmaessigen Niederschlaegen, zeigen niedrige (weniger als 1 m Tiefe), abgetragene Sandboeden und Bloecke aus Urgestein auf den Kuppen der Huegel, besiedelt mit endemischen Streuformen der entsprechenden amerikanischen Regionen, was eine sehr alte Besiedlung anzeigt. III - Komplexes Gebiet. Die uebrigen Flaechen, die Niederung von Maranhão (Schwemmland, Mangrove und Palmblattwaelder) und Sandsteintafeln (Cerrado), ebenso wie der Sandstreifen (heide- und buschfoermige Vegetation) und anschliessende Gebiete (Mischwaelder und Cerrado-Caatinga) sind durch sehr spezielle Verhaeltnisse innerhalb der Nordost-Region bedingt. 5. Der Palmblattwald, bedingt durch Steigeregen und begrenzt auf einen Kontaktstreifen zwischen ueberfeuchtem Klima (Amazonas-wald) und Halbtrocken-klima mit scharf begrenzter, oft verlaengerter Trockenzeit (Savanne und Caatinga), stellt eine Uebergangsvegetation dar, wo die gruppenfoermig auftretenden, vorherrschenden endemischen formen ihm den Charakter einer relativ jungen Besiedlung geben. 6. Der Cerrado mit ausgesprochener Trockenperiode wird bedingt durch die tiefgruendigen Sandsteingebiete der unveraendert erhaltenenSchollen der Vorkreidezeit, debeckt mit einer wahrscheinlichen Reliktenvegetation, die frueher grosse Teile des Westens der Nordost-region ueberzog. 7. Die noerdlich und suedlich anschliessenden Gebiete, die zwischen Caatinga-Cerrado und dem geschlossenen Wald und den Agreste-Flächen liegen, zeigen Eigenheiten, die auf eine neuere Veraenderung des vorherrschenden regenreichen Klimas der Region hinweisen - trocken im Sertão und feucht an der Kueste. Zusammenfassend laesst sich sagen, dass in der grossen Nordost-Region die feuchten Kuestenflaechen einen immergruenen Wald besitzen, der sich einem anderem, teil-regengruenen vorlagert, und dass die trockenen Gebiete der Rumpfflaechen des Inneren eine regengruene, dornige bewachsung mit eingeschlossener reliktenvegetation auf den Erhebungen zeigen.

The life history of Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Lesage, 1908) Pessoa, 1970: a parasite of the common laboratory animal: the frog of the genus Leptodactylus

The main object of the present paper is to furnish a brief account to the knowledgement of Protozoa parasitic in common Brazilian frog of the genus Leptodactylus for general students in Zoology and for investigators that use this frog as a laboratory animal. Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Haemogregarina leptodactyli) was found in two species of frogs - Leptodactylus ocellatus and L. pentadactylus - in which develop schizogony whereas sporogony occurs in the leech Haementeria lutzi as was obtainded in experimental conditions. Intracellular forms have been found in peripheral circulation, chiefly in erythrocytes, but we have found them in leukocytes too. Tissue stages were found in frog, liver, lungs, spleen, gut, brain and heart. The occurence of hemogregarine in the Central Nervous System was recorded by Costa & al,(13) and Ball (2). Some cytochemical methods were employed in attempt to differentiate gametocytes from trophozoites in the peripheral blood and to characterize the cystic membrane as well. The speorogonic cycle was developed in only one specie of leech. A brief description of the parasite is given.

Studies on Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920: V - Developmental pattern in the alimentary canal of Rhodnius prolixus

The morphological sequence of Trypanosoma rangeli development in the alimentary canal of Rhodnius prolixus, is described, with observation made in dissected guts from 6 hours to 45 days post-infection. No metacyclic-forms are produced in the digestive tract at any time, and transmission by the contaminative route must be considered atypical. Amastigotes appear to be an essential stage in the development of T. rangeli in the gut of R. prolixus. The epidemiological importance of the developmental pattern of T. rangeli in the vector´s gut is discussed, and its usefulness for aging infection is considered.

Evolution of sarcoma 180 in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi

Mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were challenged with 2x10[raised to the power of 6] cells of sarcoma 180 (ascite tumor) by i.p. route, on day seven post infection. Tumor development was followed by evaluation of weight gain, by measurement of ascitic fluid produced and enumeration of tumor cells in ascitic fluid. Infected mice were more resitant to tumor development as demonstrated by reduction in ascites formation and by reduction in the number of tumor cells in ascitic fluid, at different time intervals after tumor challenge. The number of peritoneal cells exsudated after tumor inoculation was greater in infected mice than in controls. This increased resitance of mice infected with T. cruzi to tumor development could be due to the action of macrophages activated by the infection and by the action of endotoxins absorbed from the gut or produced by the own parasite.

Studies in search of a suitable experimental insect model for xenodiagnosis of hosts with Chagas' disease: 2 - Attempts to upgrade the reliability and the efficacy of xenodiagnosis in chronic Chagas' disease

In order to upgrade the reliability of xenodiagnosis, attention has been directed towards population dynamics of the parasite, with particular interest for the following factors: 1. Parasite density which by itself is not a research objective, but by giving an accurate portrayal of parasite development and multiplication, has been incorporated in screening of bugs for xenodiagnosis. 2. On the assumption that food availability might increase parasite density, bugs from xenodiagnosis have been refed at biweekly intervals on chicken blood. 3. Infectivity rates and positives harbouring large parasite yields were based on gut infections, in which the parasite population comprised of all developmental forms was more abundant and easier to detect than in fecal infections, thus minimizing the probability of recording false negatives. 4. Since parasite density, low in the first 15 days of infection, increases rapidly in the following 30 days, the interval of 45 days has been adopted for routine examination of bugs from xenodiagnosis. By following the enumerated measures, all aiming to reduce false negative cases, we are getting closer to a reliable xenodiagnostic procedure. Upgrading the efficacy of xenodiagnosis is also dependent on the xenodiagnostic agent. Of 9 investigated vector species, Panstrongylus megistus deserves top priority as a xenodiagnostic agent. Its extraordinary capability to support fast development and vigorous multiplication of the few parasites, ingested from the host with chronic Chagas' disease, has been revealed by the strikingly close infectivity rates of 91.2% vs. 96.4% among bugs engorged from the same host in the chronic and acute phase of the disease respectively (Table V), the latter comporting an estimated number of 12.3 x 10[raised to the power of 3] parasites in the circulation at the time of xenodiagnosis, as reported previously by the authors (1982).