Capillostrongyloides arapaimae sp. n. (Nematoda: Capillariidae), a new intestinal parasite of the arapaima Arapaima gigas from the Brazilian Amazon

A new nematode species, Capillostrongyloides arapaimae sp. n., is described from the intestine and pyloric caeca of the arapaima, Arapaima gigas (Schinz), from the Mexiana Island, Amazon river delta, Brazil. It is characterized mainly by the length of the spicule (779-1,800 µm), the large size of the body (males and gravid females 9.39-21.25 and 13.54-27.70 mm long, respectively) and by the markedly broad caudal lateral lobes in the male. It is the third species of genus Capillostrongyloides reported to parasitize Neotropical freshwater fishes.

The depuration dynamics of oysters (Crassostrea gigas) artificially contaminated with hepatitis A virus and human adenovirus

Within the country of Brazil, Santa Catarina is a major shellfish producer. Detection of viral contamination is an important step to ensure production quality and consumer safety during this process. In this study, we used a depuration system and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection to eliminate viral pathogens from artificially infected oysters and analysed the results. Specifically, the oysters were contaminated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) or human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5). After viral infection, the oysters were placed into a depuration tank and harvested after 48, 72 and 96 h. After sampling, various oyster tissues were dissected and homogenised and the viruses were eluted with alkaline conditions and precipitated with polyethylene glycol. The oyster samples were evaluated by cell culture methods, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative-PCR. Moreover, at the end of the depuration period, the disinfected seawater was collected and analysed by PCR. The molecular assays showed that the HAdV5 genome was present in all of the depuration time samples, while the HAV genome was undetectable after 72 h of depuration. However, viral viability tests (integrated cell culture-PCR and immunofluorescence assay) indicated that both viruses were inactivated with 96 h of seawater recirculation. In conclusion, after 96 h of UV treatment, the depuration system studied in this work purified oysters that were artificially contaminated with HAdV5 and HAV.

Occurrence of Quesada gigas on Schizolobium amazonicum trees in Maranhão and Pará States, Brazil

An infestation of Quesada gigas Olivier (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) on "paricá" Schizolobium amazonicum (Huber) Ducken (Fabales: Fabaceae) was reported in the Municipalities of Itinga, Maranhão State and Paragominas, Pará State. Nymphs of this insect on roots and adults and exuvias on trunks of the plant were observed. Exit holes of nymphs in the soil were also observed. The occurrence of Q. gigas on S. amazonicum shows the damage potential of this species and the necessity of developing integrated management programs for species of this group, specially in reforested areas with "paricá".

Reencontro de Balanoglossus gigas Fr. Muller no litoral brasileiro

Re-finding of Balanoglossus gigas FR. MUULLER on the brasilian sea shore. Balanoglossus gigas, the giant Enteropneusta, has been described for the first time by Fritz Muller in his notes collected and published by Dr. HERMANN VON IHERING (1898, pg. 35). FR. MULLER found the Balanoglossus on the coats of the State of Santa Catarina in 1884. Once again in 1885 several specimens of that animal were captured by FR. MULLER in the same place. Since that time up to now no references on the occurrence of this animal have been found in the zoological bibliography. During the spring of 1948 Prof. W. BESNARD, Director of he Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia saw some signals indicating the existence of Balanoglossus at the beach of São Sebastião, State of São Paulo. From 1948 to now several attempts have been made to catch the animal alive and complete. On the last September during a shorts visit to the beach of São Sebastião one Balanoglossus was captured and brought to the Department of General and Animal Physiology in good conditions. The animal measured 1.80 m in length. It seems to be the largest Balanoglossus known. According to the descriptions of SPENGEL (1893, pg. 158), and VAN DER HORST (1939) pg. 717) it was possible to identify this Enteropneusta as Balanoglossus gigas FR. MULLER, refound at the Brazilian coast sixty six years after its discovery by FR. MÜLLER.

Análise espacial da distribuição de cigarras (Quesada gigas Oliver) em povoamentos de paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke) na região de Dom Eliseu, PA

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através da análise espacial de dados geográficos, a precisão de procedimentos de mapeamento das populações de cigarras (Quesada gigas Oliver) em povoamentos de paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex Ducke), localizados no Município de Dom Eliseu, PA, mediante a aplicação de dois interpoladores (krigagem e inverso do quadrado da distância). Para tal, foram registradas amostras na intensidade de um ponto a cada 30 ha, onde se realizou a contagem do número de cigarras por planta (cigarras/árvore), obedecendo à estratégia de amostragem convencionalmente usada pela empresa proprietária do reflorestamento em estudo. As análises indicaram que a intensidade amostral empregada neste trabalho não foi suficiente para permitir a detecção de forte dependência espacial do número de cigarras/árvore nas áreas estudadas. Devido a essa baixa dependência espacial, os resultados dos dois métodos de interpolação (krigagem ordinária e inverso do quadrado da distância) apresentaram-se semelhantes. Já os deste trabalho indicaram que as estratégias de amostragem utilizadas devem ser melhoradas para gerar mapas de predição mais precisos da quantidade de cigarras/árvore nos reflorestamentos de paricá.

Composição de esteróis e ácidos graxos de ostras (Crassostrea gigas) cultivadas em Florianópolis - SC, em duas estações do ano

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os ácidos graxos e esteróis das ostras (Crassostrea gigas) cultivadas em Florianópolis em duas estações do ano. As ostras foram secas em estufa a 60 °C por 48 horas e trituradas. A fração lipídica foi determinada pelo método de Soxhlet e os ácidos graxos identificados por cromatografia gasosa. As ostras apresentaram um teor de lipídios considerado baixo nas duas estações, sendo maior na primavera (2,7 g.100 g-1) que no verão (1,5 g.100 g-1). As ostras coletadas na primavera apresentaram maior proporção de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados que as do verão, sendo que ambas apresentaram boas quantidades de ácidos graxos da série ômega-3, 550 mg.100 g-1 (verão) e 892 mg.100 g-1 (primavera). Quanto aos esteróis totais, as ostras da primavera (27,1 mg.100 g-1) apresentaram maior proporção de que as do verão (8,4 mg.100 g-1), sendo a proporção de colesterol somente 42% no verão e 45% na primavera. As ostras de cultivo da região de Florianópolis, localizada no sul do Brasil, contêm lipídios benéficos à saúde incluindo ácidos graxos da série ômega-3 e baixo teor de colesterol. Pela sua composição lipídica, as ostras em quantidade e forma de preparo adequada, podem fazer parte de uma dieta saudável.

Ocurrence of Vibrio spp., positive coagulase staphylococci and enteric bacteria in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) harvested in the south bay of Santa Catarina island, Brazil

The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of oysters (Crassostrea gigas), harvested in six different regions of the South Bay of Santa Catarina Island, with Coliforms at 45 ºC, Escherichia coli, Vibrio spp., positive coagulase staphylococci, and Salmonella sp. over a period of one year. One hundred eighty oyster samples were collected directly from their culture sites and analyzed. Each sample consisted of a pool of 12 oysters. All of the samples analyzed showed absence of Salmonella, 18 (10%) samples showed presence of Escherichia coli, 15 (8.3%) samples were positive for V. alginolyticus, and Vibriocholerae was detected in 4 samples (2.2%). The counts of positive-coagulase staphylococci varied from <10 to 1.9 x 102 CFU.g-1, whereas the counts of Coliforms at 45 ºC and E. coli ranged from <3 to 1.5 x 102 MPN.g-1 and <3 and 4.3 x 10 MPN.g-1, respectively. Counts of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus ranged between <3 and 7 MPN.g-1, for both microorganisms. This suggests the need for monitoring these Vibrios contamination in oysters. Based on the results of the microbiological assays, the samples analyzed showed acceptable bacteriological quality, i.e., they were within the parameters established by Brazilian Legislation.

Evaluation of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) byproduct hydrolysates obtained by acid-enzymatic hydrolysis and by autohydrolysis in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The marine bioprocessing industry offers great potential to utilize byproducts for fish meal replacement in aquafeeds. Jumbo squid is an important fishery commodity in Mexico, but only the mantle is marketed. Head, fins, guts and tentacles are discarded in spite of being protein-rich byproducts. This study evaluated the use of two jumbo squid byproduct hydrolysates obtained by acid-enzymatic hydrolysis (AEH) and by autohydrolysis (AH) as ingredients in practical diets for shrimp. The hydrolysates were included at levels of 2.5 and 5.0% of the diet dry weight in four practical diets, including a control diet without hydrolysate. Shrimp growth and survival were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Postharvest quality of abdominal muscle was evaluated in terms of proximate composition and sensory evaluation. Significantly higher crude protein was observed in the muscle of shrimp fed the highest hydrolysate levels, AH 5% (204.8 g kg- 1) or AEH 5% (201.3 g kg- 1). Sensory analysis of cooked muscle showed significant differences for all variables evaluated: color, odor, flavor, and firmness. It was concluded that Jumbo squid byproducts can be successfully processed by autohydrolysis or acid-enzymatic hydrolysis, and that up to 5.0% of the hydrolysates can be incorporated into shrimp diets without affecting growth or survival.

In vitro antioxidant, antimutagenic and antiproliferative activities of collagen hydrolysates of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) byproducts

AbstractHydrolysates from two different jumbo squid byproducts (fins and arms), produced by trypsin and protease type XIV were compared on the basis of their antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays), antimutagenic (Ames test) and antiproliferative (Transformation cell proliferation in M12.C3F6 murine cells) activities. Jumbo squid arms had higher content of collagen than fins, and their hydrolysates had the highest antioxidant activity. Also, jumbo squid arm-derived collagen hydrolyzed with protease XIV showed the highest antimutagenic activity. The four hydrolysates obtained showed low antiproliferative activity, however they are susceptible for further studies to be applied as food additives.

Environmental performance of aquaculture in Rondônia state, Brazil

The objective of this study was to analyze the environmental performance of aquaculture in the city of Colorado do Oeste, Rondônia State, Brazil. Fifteen fish farmers were interviewed. For data collection, structured interviews were carried out, using a questionnaire based on information supplied by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The questionnaire considered 12 items, organized into three main topics: a) social and legal standards b) environmental standards c) standards of food safety and hygiene. The questionnaire considered 12 items, organized into three main topics: a) social and legal standards b) environmental standards c) standards of food safety and hygiene. Aquaculture in the city of Colorado do Oeste, Rondônia presents two fish production systems: extensive and semi-intensive. In the semi-intensive system, stocking rate was one fish per m3, on average; tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), tilapias (Oreochromis spp.), pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) and pintado (Pseudoplatystoma spp.) were the species farmed at the largest number. The rate of water renewal was due to the greater availability of natural food in this system. Water renewal was constant in the ponds (1,500 liters per minute). In the semi-intensive system using dug ponds, alevins were stocked and fed during the entire rearing time with natural and exogenous food. The extensive system relied on the natural production of the pond, with stocking density limited by the production of natural food. The little renewal of water made the cultivation tank itself acted as a decantation lake, with the occurrence of oxidation and sedimentation of residual organic matter, consisting of feces, debris and organic fertilizer. Production of reduced effluent volume took place in the extensive system, compared to the cultivation area. In addition, there was high water turbidity, caused by high concentration of planktonic organisms, and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the water. Data showed that nine estates of the interviewed fish farmers had critical environmental performance (less than 30.0%). Six estates of fish farmers had bad environmental performance (between 30.0 and 50.0%) (Coefficient of sustentainability = green square x 100 ÷ Total Questions less the yellow squares)

Elaboração de uma semi-conserva de pescado de água doce "Picles de Peixe". I. Tempo de cura, acidificação, textura e nível de sal

Neste trabalho são estudadas as condições para a correta combinação entre o tempo de cura, acidificação e nível de sal para produzir uma semi-conserva de pescado de de água doce acondicionada em vidro, utilizando o efeito da combinalção sal/ácido. As espécies utilizadas foram jaraqui (Semaprochilodus spp.), Curimatá (Prochilodus nigricans), Dourado (Brachyplastistoma flavicans) e Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas). Na salmora de cura prelimiar o tempo indicado para se obter uma melhor textura foi de 4 semanas, a acidificação até 4,5 foi alcançada na solução contendo 5% de ácido/100 gramas de pescado e o nível adequado de sal foi de 15% (p/v). Na salmora flavorizante a proporção de ácido foi de 1% (v/v) o que torna o produto de sabor agradável, sal na concentração de 2% (p/v) e a adição de 1% de condimentos.

A PESCA ARTESANAL NO BAIXO AMAZONAS: ANÁLISE MULTIVARIADA DA CAPTURA POR ESPÉCIE.

Dados sobre esforço e captura por espécie correspondentes à produção pesqueira desembarcada no porto de Santarém, no ano de 1993, foram submetidos a duas técnicas de análise multivariada: uma análise de fatores segundo o método de componentes principais e outra de co-variância conforme o modelo linear geral (GLM). Os resultados indicam que a atividade pesqueira na região está influenciada pelas características dos ciclos de vida das espécies-alvo, pelo ciclo hidrológico e condição climáticas de sistema, e ainda pelas preferências culturais e interesses econômicos do mercado consumidor. Os resultados indicam o direcionamento da atividade pesqueira para determinados grupos de espécies, e as diferentes variáveis incluídas no modelo permitiram uma explicação aproximada dos padrões desse direcionamento. Esses padrões são: (a) pesca de grandes bagres, alvo de pesca para a exportação (FATOR 1); (b) pesca de entre-safra do mapará (Hypophthalmusspp.) e da pescada (Plagioscionspp.), realizada nos lagos com um componente para exportação e outro para o consumo local (FATOR4); (c) pesca de peixes de escamas de hábitos sedentários e/ou migratórios, alvo da pesca comercial de pequena escala e de importância no mercado local (FATOR2, FATOR3 e FATOR5), que inclui pescarias importantes como a do tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)e do pirarucu(Arapaima gigas)nos lagos, ou a do jaraqui (Semaprochilodusspp.) e pacu (Mylossomaspp. e Metynnisspp.) nos rios.

Coraliomela brunnea brunnea: morfologia do adulto e sinonímias (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)

O adulto de Coraliomela brunnea brunnea (Thunberg, 1821) é redescrito e ilustrado incluindo novos caracteres morfológicos. Coraliomela brunnea collaris (Guérin-Méneville, 1840) e C. brunnea nigripes (Guérin-Méneville, 1840) são considerados sinônimos de C. brunnea brunnea.

Estudos de cestóides de peixes do Brasil

Os autores iniciam com este trabalho um estudo sistemático de determinação dos cestóides de peixes depositados na Coleção helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. São referidas ou descritas as seguintes espécies e seus hospedeiros: Schizochoerus liguloideus (Diesing, 1850) e Nesolecithus janicki Posche, 1922, ambas de Arapaima gigas (Cuvier), (piracuru); Gyrocotyle meandrica Herrera, 1946, de Callorhynchus callorhynchus (L.), (quimera); Acanthobothrium dasybati Yamaguti, 1934 e Pterobothriidae não identificado, de uma arraia não determinada; três tipos larvares de trypanorrhyncha e um de Proteocephalidea, de Cynoscion striatus (Cuv.) e C. leiarchus (pescadinha); Proteocephalus jandia Woodland, 1934, de um bagre não determinado. Monticellia siluri (Fuhrmann, 1916) e Amphoteromorphus praeputialis sp. n. de Cetopsis caecutiens e Nomimoscolex magna sp. n. de Pimelodus clarias (mandi).

Alguns acantocéfalos de peixes do Oceano Atlântico, Costa Continental Portuguesa e Costa do Norte da África

Foram estudadas quatro espécies de acantocéfalos encontrados na autópsia de 81 peixes capturados no Oceano Atlântico, na Costa Continental Portuguesa e na Costa Norte da África. Encontramos 16 peixes parasitados por acantocéfalos. As espécies de peixes necropsiados e os helmintos encontrados foram os seguintes: 11 meros (Epinephellus gigas) sendo 1 parasitado por fêmeas da família Rhadinorhynchidade; 5 sardas (Scomber scombrus) sendo duas parasitadas por Rhadinorhynchus tenuicornis; 62 pescadas (Merluccius merluccius merluccius) sendo 12 parasitadas por Aspersentis johni e 3 linguados (Solea solea) sendo 1 parasitado por Acanthocephaloides incrassatus. Aspersintis johni é pela primeira vez mencionado no Hemisfério Norte e Acanthocephaloides incrassatus é pela primeira vez referido no Oceano Atlântico.