Revisão da classificação da raça 3 de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

Os autores procuraram, face às evidências acumuladas, determinar: 1) a que raça fisiológica pertence o isolado T-18-1, descrito como raça 3 de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici; 2) qual o tipo de resistência que apresenta a linhagem CAST-M-Wd, usada como diferencial na determinação da raça 3. Para alcançar os objetivos almejados, instalaram-se 2 ensaios em casa de vegetação com controle parcial de temperatura. No ensaio I estudou-se a reação de 27 progênies de Cast-M-Wd ao isolado T-18-1, usando-se como diferenciais, a variedade Walter e a linhagem S-34, que possuem resistência monogênica às raças 1 e 2 e à raça 1, respectivamente. No ensaio II comparou-se a patogenicidade entre o isolado T-18-1 e a raça 2 do patógeno. Neste ensaio foram incluídas 6 progênies de CAST-M-Wd, considerando-se o comportamento destas no ensaio I. Usou-se, também, como diferenciais, a variedade Walter e a linhagem S-34. Os resultados obtidos permitiram tirar as seguintes conclusões: 1) o isolado T-18-1 pertence à raça 2 de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici; 2) a linhagem de tomateiro CAST-M-Wd, usada como diferencial na determinação da raça 3 do patógeno, não possui resistência monogênica e sim, resistência poligênica à raça 2; 3) o gene, 1-2 encontrado na variedade Walter, mostra-se eficiente no controle da raça 2 (isolado T-18-1) assinalada no Brasil.

Silver nanoparticle production by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum: nanoparticle characterisation and analysis of antifungal activity against pathogenic yeasts

The microbial synthesis of nanoparticles is a green chemistry approach that combines nanotechnology and microbial biotechnology. The aim of this study was to obtain silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using aqueous extract from the filamentous fungus Fusarium oxysporum as an alternative to chemical procedures and to evaluate its antifungal activity. SNPs production increased in a concentration-dependent way up to 1 mM silver nitrate until 30 days of reaction. Monodispersed and spherical SNPs were predominantly produced. After 60 days, it was possible to observe degenerated SNPs with in additional needle morphology. The SNPs showed a high antifungal activity against Candida and Cryptococcus , with minimum inhibitory concentration values ≤ 1.68 µg/mL for both genera. Morphological alterations of Cryptococcus neoformans treated with SNPs were observed such as disruption of the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane and lost of the cytoplasm content. This work revealed that SNPs can be easily produced by F. oxysporum aqueous extracts and may be a feasible, low-cost, environmentally friendly method for generating stable and uniformly sized SNPs. Finally, we have demonstrated that these SNPs are active against pathogenic fungi, such as Candida and Cryptococcus .

Bioactive endophytic fungi isolated from Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Brazilwood) and identification of beauvericin as a trypanocidal metabolite from Fusarium sp.

Aiming to identify new sources of bioactive secondary metabolites, we isolated 82 endophytic fungi from stems and barks of the native Brazilian tree Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Fabaceae). We tested their ethyl acetate extracts in several in vitro assays. The organic extracts from three isolates showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 32-64 μg/mL]. One isolate inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 64 μg/mL) and two isolates inhibited the growth of Klebsiella oxytoca (MIC 64 μg/mL), Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis (MIC 64-128 μg/mL). Fourteen extracts at a concentration of 20 μg/mL showed antitumour activities against human breast cancer and human renal cancer cells, while two isolates showed anti-tumour activities against human melanoma cancer cells. Six extracts were able to reduce the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating some degree of selective toxicity. Four isolates were able to inhibit Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and one isolate inhibited Trypanosoma cruzi by at least 40% at 20 μg/mL. The trypanocidal extract obtained from Fusarium sp. [KF611679] culture was subjected to bioguided fractionation, which revealed beauvericin as the compound responsible for the observed toxicity of Fusarium sp. to T. cruzi. This depsipeptide showed a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 1.9 μg/mL (2.43 μM) in a T. cruzi cellular culture assay.

SOIL FUNGISTASIS AGAINST FUSARIUM GRAMINEARUM UNDER DIFFERENT CROP MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Soil management, in terms of tillage and cropping systems, strongly influences the biological properties of soil involved in the suppression of plant diseases. Fungistasis mediated by soil microbiota is an important component of disease-suppressive soils. We evaluated the influence of different management systems on fungistasis against Fusarium graminearum, the relationship of fungistasis to the bacterial profile of the soil, and the possible mechanisms involved in this process. Samples were taken from a long-term experiment set up in a Paleudult soil under conventional tillage or no-tillage management and three cropping systems: black oat (Avena strigose L.) + vetch (Vicia sativa L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) + cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.), black oat/maize, and vetch/maize. Soil fungistasis was evaluated in terms of reduction of radial growth of F. graminearum, and bacterial diversity was assessed using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA). A total of 120 bacterial isolates were obtained and evaluated for antibiosis, and production of volatile compounds and siderophores. No-tillage soil samples showed the highest level of F. graminearum fungistasis by sharply reducing the development of this pathogen. Of the cropping systems tested, the vetch + black oat/maize + cowpea system showed the highest fungistasis and the oat/maize system showed the lowest. The management system also affected the genetic profile of the bacteria isolated, with the systems from fungistatic soils showing greater similarity. Although there was no clear relationship between soil management and the characteristics of the bacterial isolates, we may conclude that antibiosis and the production of siderophores were the main mechanisms accounting for fungistasis.

Reação de genótipos de feijoeiro comum a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, Macrophomina phaseolina e Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli

Foi avaliado no presente trabalho o comportamento dos genótipos de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) PI 150414, PI 163117, PI 175829 branco, PI 175829 roxo, PI 175858, PI 197687, A 417, A 420, A 429, Xan 160, Xan 161, WISHBR 40 e IAC Carioca inoculados com Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, Macrophomina phaseolina e Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli, sob condições de telado/casa de vegetação. Verificou-se que os genótipos Xan 160, PI 150414, A 417, PI 175829 roxo, Xan 161, A 420, PI 163117 e PI 175829 branco foram resistentes a F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli e somente o PI 175829 branco apresentou bom nível de resistência a M. phaseolina. Com relação ao comportamento desses genótipos a X. campestris pv. phaseoli, eles foram altamente suscetíveis ao isolado Feij-4 e apenas o genótipo Xan 161 apresentou nível moderado de resistência foliar ao isolado Feij-41.

Fusarium oxysporum strains as biocontrol agents against Fusarium wilt: effects on soil microbial biomass and activity

Before planning the large-scale use of nonpathogenic strains of Fusarium oxysporum as biocontrol agents of Fusarium wilt, their behaviour and potential impact on soil ecosystems should be carefully studied as part of risk assessment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of antagonistic F. oxysporum strains, genetically manipulated (T26/6) or not (233/1), on soil microbial biomass and activity. The effects were evaluated, in North-western Italy, in two soils from different sites at Albenga, one natural and the other previously solarized, and in a third soil obtained from a 10-year-old poplar stand (Popolus sp.), near Carignano. There were no detectable effects on ATP, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, and biomass P that could be attributed to the introduction of the antagonists. A transient increase of carbon dioxide evolution and biomass C was observed in response to the added inoculum. Although the results showed only some transient alterations, further studies are required to evaluate effects on specific microorganism populations.

Fungos endofíticos isolados de ápices caulinares de pupunheira cultivada in vivo e in vitro

A perda de plantas micropropagadas ocorre, principalmente, pela presença de microrganismos, responsáveis pela morte das plantas no início da cultura ou em seu estabelecimento no campo. O trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação, por taxonomia clássica, e por meio de técnicas moleculares, de fungos presentes nos ápices caulinares de pupunheiras sadias, cultivadas no campo, e a comparação com os fungos isolados, em plantas micropropagadas há dois anos. Os isolados da microbiota fúngica endofítica, das plantas cultivadas in vitro, foram: Fusarium oxysporum, Neotyphodium sp. e Epicoccum nigrum; e das plantas in vivo, foram: Fusarium sp., F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum, Colletotrichum sp., Alternaria gaisen, Neotyphodium sp. e Epicoccum nigrum. As sete espécies de fungos foram reintroduzidas in vitro na planta hospedeira, demonstrando diferentes comportamentos. Neotyphodium sp. e E. nigrum estabeleceram uma interação endofítica com a planta, e as demais comportaram-se como patógenos, diminuindo o desenvolvimento das plântulas em relação às plantas sem inoculação. As espécies endofíticas apresentam potencial para o uso no controle biológico de patógenos de pupunha.

Identification of quantitative trait loci for resistance against soybean sudden death syndrome caused by Fusarium tucumaniae

The objective of this work was to identify genomic regions that underlie resistance to Fusarium tucumaniae sp. nov., the causing agent of sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean in South America, using a population with a genetic background different from that previously reported for Fusarium virguliforme sp. nov. (F. solani f. sp. glycines), also responsible for SDS in soybean. Although major genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SDS resistance have been identified, little is known about the same disease caused by Fusarium tucumaniae sp. nov., in South America. To identify genetic factors related to resistance to F. tucumaniae and DNA markers associated with them, a QTL analysis was performed using recombinant inbred lines. The map locations of the four loci, here identified, differed from those SDS resistance QTL previously described. It was screened a residual heterozygous line (RHL), which was heterozygous around the most effective QTL, RSDS1, and homozygous for the other genomic regions. The genetic effect of RSDS1 was confirmed using near-isogenic lines (NIL) derived from the RHL. The line which was homozygous for the Misuzudaizu genotype showed resistance levels comparable with that of the line homozygous for the Moshidou Gong 503 genotype.

Differential gene expression, induced by salicylic acid and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici infection, in tomato

The objective of this work was to determine the transcript profile of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), during Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici infection and after foliar application of salicylic acid. The suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique was used to generate a cDNA library enriched for transcripts differentially expressed. A total of 307 clones was identified in two subtractive libraries, which allowed the isolation of several defense-related genes that play roles in different mechanisms of plant resistance to phytopathogens. Genes with unknown roles were also isolated from the two libraries, which indicates the possibility of identifying new genes not yet reported in studies of stress/defense response. The SSH technique is effective for identification of resistance genes activated by salicylic acid and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici infection. Not only the application of this technique enables a cost effective isolation of differentially expressed sequences, but also it allows the identification of novel sequences in tomato from a relative small number of sequences.

Fusarium wilt incidence and common bean yield according to the preceding crop and the soil tillage system

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of preceding crops and tillage systems on the incidence of Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) yield. The cultivar BRS Valente was cultivated under center‑pivot irrigation in the winter seasons of 2003, 2004 and 2005, after several preceding crops established in the summer seasons. Preceding crops included the legumes Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Stylosanthes guianensis, and Crotalaria spectabilis; the grasses Pennisetum glaucum (millet), Sorghum bicolor (forage sorghum), Panicum maximum, and Urochloa brizantha; and a consortium of maize (Zea mays) and U. brizantha (Santa Fé system). Experiments followed a strip‑plot design, with four replicates. Fusarium wilt incidence was higher in the no‑tillage system. Higher disease incidences corresponded to lower bean yields in 2003 and 2004. Previous summer cropping with U. brizantha, U. brizantha + maize consortium, and millet showed the lowest disease incidence. Therefore, the choice of preceding crops must be taken into account for managing Fusarium wilt on irrigated common bean crops in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Resistance to Fusarium dry root rot disease in cassava accessions

The objective of this work was to identify sources of resistance to dry root rot induced by Fusarium sp. in cassava accessions. A macroconidial suspension (20 µL) of 11 Fusarium sp. isolates was inoculated in cassava roots, from 353 acessions plus seven commercial varieties. Ten days after inoculation, the total area colonized by the pathogen on the root pulp was evaluated by digital image analysis. Cluster analysis revealed the presence of five groups regarding resistance. The root lesion areas ranged from 18.28 to 1,096.07 mm² for the accessions BGM 1518 and BGM 556, respectively. The genotypes BGM 1042, BGM 1552, BGM 1586, BGM 1598, and BGM 1692 present the best agronomical traits.

Utilização de marcador molecular SCAR na identificação de Fusarium subglutinans, agente causal da malformação da mangueira

O gênero Fusarium é responsável por doenças em diversas plantas economicamente importantes. Entre estas doenças, destaca-se a malformação da mangueira, causada pelo fungo Fusarium subglutinans. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver oligonucleotídeos iniciadores para reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), específicos para o fungo F. subglutinans da mangueira. A amplificação de DNA de oito Fusarium spp. de diferentes hospedeiros, usando o oligonucleotídeo randômico UBC-41 (TTAACCGGGG), produziu um fragmento de aproximadamente 1.300 pb somente para o fungo da mangueira. Tendo em vista que padrões de bandeamento por RAPD não são considerados confiáveis devido à baixa reprodutibilidade dos resultados, o fragmento diferencial foi eluído do gel de agarose, purificado, clonado e seqüenciado. As seqüências nucleotídicas foram utilizadas para identificar e sintetizar quatro pares de oligonucleotídeos específicos, denominados Fs 5, Fs 13, Fs 14 e Fs 15. DNAs de Fusarium spp. de outros hospedeiros (alho, amendoim, cana-de-açúcar, ciclâmen, ervilha, melão e trigo), da planta de mangueira cv. Tommy Atkins sadia e de outros cinco isolados de F. subglutinans de mangueira sintomática, foram submetidos à amplificação com os pares de oligonucleotídeos. Fragmentos amplificados foram visualizados somente para F. subglutinans de mangueira, demonstrando assim a especificidade dos oligonucleotídeos SCAR desenhados.

Variabilidade genética de isolados de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense obtidos de bananais do norte de Minas Gerais

A banana é uma das frutas tropicais mais consumidas no mundo, respondendo por, aproximadamente, 10% do comércio mundial de frutas. O mal-do-panamá, causado por Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. cubense (E.F. Smith), é uma das principais doenças da bananeira. Os marcadores moleculares RAPD têm sido extremamente úteis para estudos de identificação taxonômica, análise de variabilidade da virulência em fungos fitopatogênicos, caracterização de raças e variabilidade inter e intraespecifica de populações de diferentes regiões. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade genética de 36 culturas monospóricas de isolados de F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense por meio de marcadores moleculares do tipo RAPD. Foram selecionados 13 primers RAPD, e a análise de dados foi realizada utilizando-se do coeficiente de similaridade de Nei e Li. A partir da amplificação dos primers, foram obtidas 178 bandas, sendo que 167 (93,82%) apresentaram polimorfismo entre, pelo menos, dois isolados e apenas 11 (6,18%) apresentaram monomorfismo, demonstrando alta variabilidade entre os isolados. As distâncias genéticas variaram de 5,7 a 54,6%, sendo a distância média de 30,2%, e a distância média relativa, de 55,3%. De acordo com a análise de agrupamento (UPGMA), não foram observadas correlações entre os isolados estudados. Os resultados sugerem alta variabilidade genética entre os isolados avaliados, não ocorrendo agrupamento de acordo com a origem geográfica de coleta.

VARIABILIDADE GENÉTICA DE ISOLADOS DE Fusarium solani e Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.passiflorae ASSOCIADOS AO MARACUJAZEIRO

Determinou-se a variabilidade genética de 37 isolados de Fusarium solani e 13 isolados de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae patogênicos ao maracujazeiro por meio do uso de marcadores ISSR e RAPD. Os isolados foram obtidos de maracujazeiros com sintomas de murcha, encontrados nas principais regiões produtoras do Norte Mineiro e no município de Sebastião Laranjeira – BA. Após obtenção de culturas monospóricas, os isolados tiveram seus DNAs extraídos e submetidos à reação de PCR. Foram selecionados nove primers ISSR e nove primersRAPD, e a análise de dados foi realizada, utilizando-se do coeficiente de similaridade de Jaccard. A partir da amplificação com os primers ISSR e RAPD, foram obtidos 121 e 126 locos, respectivamente, sendo quetodos apresentaram polimorfismo entre, pelo menos, dois isolados. Demonstraram-se, por meio das análises ISSR, índice de similaridade genética interespecífica de 0,15 e índices de variabilidade intraespecífica de 0,27 a 0,92 para F. solani e de 0,30 a 0,89 para F. oxysporum. f. sp. passiflorae. Já, por meio das análises RAPD, foram gerados índice de similaridade genética interespecífica de 0,11 e índices de variabilidade intraespecífica de 0,17 a 0,79 para F. solani e de 0,21 a 0,73 para F. oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae. Os isolados de F. oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae e F. solani agruparam-se em dois clustersdistintos, e observou-se uma alta variabilidade intraespecífica nas duas espécies.

Influência de parâmetros de processo na obtenção de sílica a partir de cinza da casca de arroz pela ação de Fusarium oxysporum

In this work, an experimental design was used to analyze the influence of process parameters on the production of extracellular enzymes such as β-glucosidase and peroxidase, and their possible effect on the obtention of soluble and nanostructured silica from rice husk ash by the action of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Specifically, pH, fermentation time and glucose concentration in the culture medium were varied. Statistical analysis indicated that the silica synthesis in the aqueous medium was strongly dependent on pH and time. Although the glucose concentration does not exert a direct influence on the biosynthesis of silica, it is an important parameter in the production of extracellular enzymes. To prevent enzyme inhibition and provide higher dissolution of silica, it is recommended to work at a pH close to neutral with a glucose concentration of 3 g L-1 for at least 144 h.