Variação do regime de umidade do solo durante o ciclo fenológico de plantas de batata

Neste trabalho foram analisadas as relações entre a produção, o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a evapotranspiração de uma cultura de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) submetida à três regimes de umidade, definidos pelos valores assumidos pelo potencial matricial da água do solo antes de se proceder as irrigações (-0,5; -1,0 e -5,0 bares) em três estádios de desenvolvimento das plantas. Com respeito à produção de tubérculos, ficou evidenciado que por ocasião da tuberização e desenvolvimento de um grande número de tubérculos, as plantas revelaram uma maior sensibilidade à redução da umidade do solo. Assim, ocorrendo deficits moderados (-1,0 bar) no período inicial de desenvolvimento, a produção não foi significativamente afetada. Isto foi atribuído, em parte, à recuperação parcial do crescimento vegetativo no estádio subseqüente, quando foram restabelecidas condições mais adequadas de umidade no solo. O mesmo não se verificou no tratamento submetido a deficits mais severos (-5,0 bares) no estádio inicial. Neste caso, o crescimento foi quase irreversivelmente reduzido, contribuindo para diminuir a produção e a eficiência de utilização de água pelas plantas. A redução da umidade do solo, a partir dos 60 dias após a emergência das plantas, não afetou a produção de tubérculos. Este procedimento concorreu para aumentar significativamente a eficiência de utilização de água. Além disso, havendo suspensão total da irrigação neste período, a senescência foi antecipada em 16 dias, em relação aos tratamentos submetidos a níveis de umidade mais elevados. O desenvolvimento vegetativo e a produção não foram igualmente afetados pela redução da umidade do solo. Conseqüentemente, o crescimento das plantas não parece se constituir em um índice absoluto da produção de tubérculos de batata.

Dependência do crescimento das plantas ao regime de umidade do solo

A produção de uma planta resulta do desenvolvimento integrado de inúmeros processos fisiológicos que, por sua vez, apresentam considerável individualidade nas interrelações com o meio ambiente. Neste trabalho foi observado o crescimento de plantas de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.), em condições de campo, quando submetidas a três regimes de umidade do solo, individualizados em três estádios fenológicos. O desenvolvimento vegetativo foi avaliado através de estimativas semanais da área foliar. Os resultados mostraram que ao final do primeiro estágio (cerca de 25 dias após a emergência das plantas) o desenvolvimento vegetativo nos tratamentos irrigados quando o potencial matricial da água do solo atingia -0,5 bar, superou, em cerca de 34%, àquele verificado nas plantas submetidas a déficits híbridos moderados (-1,0 bar) e, em aproximadamente 80%, aquelas sujeitas a déficits mais severos (-5,0 bares). Entretanto, a limitação do crescimento no primei 6 ro caso, foi parcialmente recuperada após o restabelecimento de condições mais adequadas de umidade no solo, no estádio intermediário. O mesmo não foi verificado onde ocorreram déficits hídricos mais severos no estádio inicial, quando o crescimento foi quase irreversivelmente reduzido. A intensa desidratação imposta após o completo desenvolvimento vegetativo apressou a senescência das plantas em relação aos tratamentos melhores supridos com água.

Nutrição mineral do trigo I: Produção de matéria seca sob regime de sequeiro e irrigado em latossolo roxo

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a produção de matéria seca na planta pelos cultivares de trigo BH 1146, de porte alto e com tolerância a deficiência hídrica e IAC 24 - Tucuruí, de porte baixo e com média tolerância e deficiência hídrica, sendo ambas de ciclo médio, em duas disponibilidades de água, sequeiro e irrigado. 0 experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Roxo, distrófico-argiloso, adubado com 20 kg de N e 90 kg de P2O5 por hectare. Para determinação do peso da matéria seca produzida das plantas, foram coletados ao 10 dias de idade, início de perfilhamento; aos 30 dias, elongamento do colmo; aos 50 dias, emborrachamento; aos 70 dias floração, aos 90 dias, grão leitoso; e aos 110 dias, maturação. Os resultados mostram que a irrigação determina mais acúmulo de matéria seca por planta e matéria Seca por área, nas duas cultivares e em todas as idades.

Introduction and spreading of Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848) (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Planorbidae) in Guadeloupe, French West Indies

The finding in 1985 of a well-established population of Biomphalaria straminea in a pond in Grande Terre of Guadeloupe constitutes a new species record for the freshwater molluscan fauna of that island. The following years a rapid extension of the species was documented on Grande Terre and Marie Galante. However, it was never found in the neighboring island of Basse Terre. The invasion of the whole hydrographic system of this island by Melanoides tuberculata during the last decade and the current presence of well-established and dense populations of this snail may explain the failure of the colonization by B. straminea.

Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of French Guiana: cytotaxonomy and a preliminary list of species

The objectives of the present study were to broaden the survey of simuliid species in French Guiana and to cytologically analyze the species in the Simulium perflavum species group. Twelve species of Simulium were collected from which S. goeldii, S. quadrifidum, S. trombetense, S. near incrustatum, S. metallicum (s.l.) sp1, S. metallicum (s.l.) sp2 and S. ochraceum (s.l.) are reported for the first time for this region. The only species collected in the S. perflavum group was S. rorotaense; 34 larvae of this species were cytologically analyzed, all of which had the standard sequence. S. metallicum (s.l.), S. ochraceum (s.l.), S. guianense (s.l.) and S. oyapockense (s.l.) are involved with transmission of onchocerciasis in Central and South America, however, in French Guiana these species were not found biting humans during the sampling period. With the few collections made during this study, we increase the number of simulid species known in French Guiana from 6 to 13. It is clear that more simuliid species can be expected to be found when more sampling is done, including collections in other ecoregions in French Guiana.

Invading freshwater snails and biological control in Martinique Island, French West Indies

Eight alien freshwater snail species were introduced into Martinique Island during the last 50 years. The introduced snails include four planorbids (Biomphalaria straminea, Helisoma duryi, Amerianna carinata and Gyraulus sp.), three thiarids (Melanoides tuberculata, M. amabilis and Tarebia granifera) and one ampullarid (Marisa cornuarietis). Four of these species rapidly colonized the whole Martinican hydrographic system whereas the other four remained restricted to some particular sites. The invasion processes were documented during the last 20 years and showed (i) a rapid invasion of the island by several morphs of M. tuberculata at the beginning of the 80's; (ii) the introduction of T. granifera in 1991 and M. amabilis in 1997; and (iii) the rapid spread of these last two species throughout the island. In the years following its introduction, M. tuberculata was used in biological control experiments against the snail hosts of schistosomiasis, B. glabrata and B. straminea. Experiments were conducted with success in several groups of water-cress beds which constituted the latest transmission sites for schistosomiasis at the beginning of the 80's. A malacological survey carried out in 2000 all over the island showed the absence of B. glabrata but the presence of some residual populations of B. straminea. Long-term studies carried out in Martinique have shown that the thiarids are able to maintain relatively stable populations over a long period of time, thus preventing recolonization by the snail hosts. Within this context the invasion of the hydrographic system of Martinique by thiarid snails has resulted in an efficient and sustainable control of the intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis.

Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in French Guiana

A survey was carried out on 1487 individuals to assess the seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in French Guiana. The overall prevalence of T. cruzi specific IgG was 0.5%. In multivariate analysis, residence in areas where housing is favorable for the presence of triatomine bugs was the only factor associated with the presence of T. cruzi antibodies. These results have implications for public health since blood donors are not routinely screened for T. cruzi infection in French Guiana.

The human immunodeficiency virus preventive vaccine research at the French National Agency for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome research

The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic is of unprecedented gravity and is spreading rapidly, notably in the most disadvantaged regions of the world. The search for a preventive vaccine is thus an absolute priority. For over 10 years the French National Agency for AIDS research (ANRS) has been committed to an original program combining basic science and clinical research. The HIV preventive vaccine research program run by the ANRS covers upstream research for the definition of immunogens, animal models, and clinical research to evaluate candidate vaccines. Most researchers in 2004 believe that it should be possible to obtain partial vaccine protection through the induction of a strong and multiepitopic cellular response. Since 1992, the ANRS has set up 15 phases I and II clinical trials in order to evaluate the safety and the capacity of the candidate vaccines for inducing cellular immune responses. The tested candidate vaccines were increasingly complex recombinant canarypox viruses (Alvac) containing sequences coding for certain viral proteins, utilized alone or combined with other immunogens (whole or truncated envelope proteins). ANRS has also been developing an original strategy based on the utilization of lipopeptides. These comprise synthetic fragments of viral proteins associated with lipids that facilitate the induction of a cellular immune response. These approaches promptly allowed the assessment of a prime-boost strategy combining a viral vector and lipopeptides.

Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) associated with changing patterns in the transmission of the human cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana

Between March 2000 and December 2001 a survey of the sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) of French Guiana was carried out during 14 nights of captures with CDC light-traps and Malaise traps, and resulted in the collection of 2245 individuals of 38 species. The most abundant species were Lutzomyia (Trichophoromyia) ininii Floch & Abonnenc, Lu.(Psychodopygus) squamiventris maripaensis Floch & Abonnenc, and Lu .(Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata Mangabeira. Half of the collected sand flies females were dissected under field conditions and five species were found harboring Leishmania-like parasites. The Leishmania (Kinetoplastidae: Trypanosomatidae) species were identified by molecular typing, and for the first time Lu. (Nys.) flaviscutellata was found harboring Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis and Lu. (Tri) ininii harboring unknown Leishmania. The first record for French Guiana of Lu. (Psy.) squamiventris maripaensis harboring L. (V.) naiffi, was also reported. The patterns of diversification of the human cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission in French Guiana are discussed.

A new species of the genus Panstrongylus from French Guiana (Heteroptera; Reduviidae; Triatominae)

Panstrongylus mitarakaensis n. sp. is described from French Guiana. Morphological characters are provided. This small species, less robust than other Panstrongylus species, shows a pronotum shape similar to species of the "P. lignarius complex". However, others characters such as the postocular part of head, the obsolete tubercle on the anterior lobe of pronotum, and the lateral process on the antenniferous tubercle distinguish it from the species in that complex. The taxonomic key of the genus Panstrongylus is actualized.

Anopheles darlingi bionomics and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae in Amerindian villages of the Upper-Maroni Amazonian forest, French Guiana

French Guiana is one of the areas in South America most affected by malaria and where the disease has become a serious public health problem. In spite of this situation, little recent entomological data are available from the main localities where the disease occurs, even though they are crucial for development of an effective vector control strategy. A longitudinal entomological survey was carried out from March 2000-February 2002 in three Amerindian villages, namely Twenké, Taluène and Cayodé, located in the Amazonian forest of the Upper-Maroni area, to assess anopheline mosquitoes and malaria transmission dynamics. Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) was the most abundant mosquito species caught during the study. This efficient American malaria vector was active the entire year, but showed an evident peak of abundance during the main rainfall season, from April-June, with an average human biting rate of 255.5 bites per person per night. Parity rates were homogeneous all year, indicating no significant seasonal variability in female survival rates. Estimated vectorial capacity indices were higher during the rainy season, even though the risk of transmission was present throughout the year (VCI > 1). A total of 14 An. darlingi were found infected with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium malariae. The annual circumsporozoite indices were 0.15, 0.14 and 0.05, and the entomological inoculation rates were 22.8, 27.4 and 14.4 infected bites per person per year in Twenké, Taluène and Cayodé, respectively. An. darlingiwas endo-exophagic and rather exophilic in these localities. The species was collected throughout the night but was more aggressive between 21:30-03:30 h and after 05:30 h. Parity rates were homogeneous during the entire night. Impregnated hammock and/or bed nets, coupled with the use of mosquito repellents, as well as the early treatment of malarial cases, appear to be the most suitable tools for fighting malaria in these Amerindian villages since the spraying of residual insecticides is inefficient because of vector biology and the housing structure.

The triatominae species of French Guiana (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)

An annotated list of the triatomine species present in French Guiana is given. It is based on field collections carried out between 1993-2008, museum collections and a literature review. Fourteen species, representing four tribes and six genera, are now known in this country and are illustrated (habitus). Three species are recorded from French Guiana for the first time: Cavernicola pilosa, Microtriatoma trinidadensis and Rhodnius paraensis. The two most common and widely distributed species are Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius pictipes. The presence of two species (Panstrongylus megistus and Triatoma maculata) could be fortuitous and requires confirmation. Also, the presence of Rhodnius prolixus is doubtful; while it was previously recorded in French Guiana, it was probably mistaken for R. robustus. A key for French Guiana's triatomine species is provided.