Effects of iron-ore particles on propagule release, growth and photosynthetic performance of Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh (Phaeophyta, Fucales)

The effect of iron-ore particles on the propagule release and growth of Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh was tested under treatments with different concentrations of iron-ore particles: 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 g.L-1 and a solution of 10.0 g.L-1 of filtered iron-ore. Filtered seawater was used as control. Photosynthesis vs. irradiance (P-I) curves were calculated for S. vulgare in the presence of iron-ore and in seawater. There was no significant difference in the number of propagules released by the receptacles or in the percentage of zygote formation among the treatments. The released propagules acted like aggregation centers for the particles, those more heavily coated with iron (10.0 g.L-1) exhibiting the highest sinking velocity (32.6 ± 9.8 mm.s-1). No difference in the percentage of embryo survival was detected during the first week in culture. After four weeks the embryos grew in all treatments. Maximum frond development (5.3 ± 0.8 mm) was observed in treatment of seawater enriched with Provasoli's medium (PES) while initial filoids did not develop in three treatments without PES and with iron-ore (0.1 g.L-1, 1.0 g.L-1 and 10.0 g.L-1). The values for Pmax, alpha and respiration showed no significant differences between the P-I curves. The calculated value for I K was 106.26 µmol.m-2.s-1 to the control curve and 981.49 µmol.m-2.s-1 to the iron-ore curve. The results indicate that the iron-ore particles in high concentration reduce the growth of S. vulgare as they recovered the embryos, juveniles and young plants. In contrast, the presence of the particles did not affect the release of gametes, percentage of zygote formation or the percentage of embryo survival.

Quantitative variables applied to phenological studies of Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh (Phaeophyceae - Fucales) from Ilha Grande Bay, State of Rio de Janeiro

The suitability of quantitative variables for phenological studies was evaluated in a population of the brown seaweed Sargassum vulgare from "Praia das Gordas", Angra dos Reis, Ilha Grande Bay, state of Rio de Janeiro. From June 1998 to May 1999, twenty adult individuals were randomly sampled at bimonthly intervals. Fifteen variables related to the vegetative and reproductive development of perennial and non-perennial parts of the individuals were quantified. Variables related to the non-perennial parts were more useful than those related to the perennial parts, because they showed a clear variation over the year. Vegetative development declined from June to October, and increased from October to February, when maximum median values of thallus height, total dry mass, non-perennial parts dry mass, and degree of branching were reached. This pattern coincided with those described for other species of the genus from warm temperate regions. Thallus height, a usually employed character in other phenological studies of Sargassum, showed lower coefficient of variation (53.2%) than those related to dry mass (72.0% to 182.3%). Peak of reproduction occurred from June to August, according to the following variables: fertile primary lateral branches number and dry mass and receptacles dry mass. Non-perennial parts dry mass and receptacles dry mass are recommended for phenological studies of S. vulgare. This methodological procedure avoids the sampling of the whole individual and warrants its regeneration from the perennial parts.

Interference of heating on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil

Origanum vulgare L. (oregano), Lamiaceae, essential oil has a variety of biological properties and its antimicrobial activity has received a renewed interest for use in food conservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interference of heating on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of O. vulgare essential oil. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil kept at room temperature and exposed to different heating temperatures (60, 80, 100 and 120 °C during 1 hour) was evaluated by observing antimicrobial effectiveness at absolute concentration and determining MIC values by the solid medium diffusion procedure. The essential oil chemical composition analysis was performed by GC-MS. O. vulgare essential oil showed interesting antimicrobial activity on all assayed microbial strains (Candida albicans, C.krusei, C. tropicalis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enterica, Serratia marcencens), noted by large growth inhibition zones (30-42 mm). Heating treatment showed no significant interference (p < 0.05) on the essential oil antimicrobial activity, noted by the development of microbial growth inhibition zones with similar or close diameters when evaluating the essential oil kept at room temperature and after exposure to different thermal treatments. MIC values oscillated between 10and 40 µL.mL-1 (20µL.mL-1 for most strains). However, no significant difference (p < 0.05) was noted among the MIC values found for the essential oil aliquots exposed to different temperatures. Moreover, heating did not significantly (p < 0.05) affect the chemical composition of O. vulgare essential oil. Monoterpenes, terpenic compounds and sesquiterpenes were found in the essential oil, with carvacrol (68.06-70.27%) and p-cymene (12.85-15.81%) being the compounds found in the highest amounts. These results showed the thermal stability and intense antimicrobial properties of O. vulgare essential oil and support its possible concomitant use with heating temperatures in order to reach microbial safety in foods.

Physicochemical evaluation and fatty acids profile of broiler chicken fed broiler diets containing barley brewer (Hordeum vulgare)

The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and the fatty acids (FA) profile of broiler chicken (breast and thigh/on-thigh) fed diets containing 10 and 20% of barley and a control diet. The FAs were evaluated by gas chromatography. There was not a significant difference (p > 0.05) in the breast chemical composition. In the thigh/on-thigh cut, the ration containing 20% of barley reduced the ashes (p < 0.05). Regarding the saturated FA composition, only the breast myristic acid treated with 10% of barley was reduced (p < 0.05). None of the diets influenced the polyunsaturated (PUFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) FA's content (p > 0.05). As for the ω6/ω3 ratio, the highest one was observed in the 20% barley fed animals, in both cuts, being considered the worst quality. It can be concluded that the 20% barley ration was worse than the others and the 10% barley ration was better than the control ration, especially when considering the saturated FA quantity that was reduced.

Origanum vulgare L. essential oil as inhibitor of potentially toxigenic Aspergilli

Origanum vulgare L. essential oil has been known as an interesting source of antimicrobial compounds to be applied in food conservation. In this study, the effect of O. vulgare essential on the growth of A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. fumigatus, A. terreus and A. ochraceus was assessed. The essential oil had a significant inhibitory effect on all assayed fungi. MIC was 0.6 µL.mL-1 for all fungi, while MFC was in the range of 1.25-2.5 µL.mL-1. The radial mycelial growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus was strongly inhibited over 14 days at 0.6, 1.25 and 2.5 µL.mL-1 of oil in solid medium. The mycelial mass of all fungi was inhibited over 90% at 0.6 and 0.3 µL.mL-1 in liquid medium, while it was 100% at 1.25 µL.mL-1. The oil in a range of concentrations (0.6 to 2.5 µL.mL-1) was effective in inhibiting the viability and spores germination in a short time of exposure. The main morphological changes caused by the essential oil in A. parasiticus observed under light microscopy were absence of conidiation, leakage of cytoplasm, loss of pigmentation, and disrupted cell structure. These results demonstrated that O. vulgare essential oil produced a significant fungitoxic effect supporting its possible rational use as anti-mould compound in food conservation.

Antioxidant potential of oregano (Oreganum vulgare L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.): application of oleoresins in vegetable oil

Studies have been carried out in order to increase the stability of vegetable oils due to economic and health protection reasons. There is a growing interest in the addition of natural antioxidants; especially herbs and spices. For this reason, this study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant potential of the oleoresins of oregano, basil, and thyme, as well as their behavior when applied to soybean oil under various concentrations. Firstly, the antioxidant activity was determined by the β-carotene/linoleic acid system and by the quantification of total phenolic compounds. Next, different concentrations of oleoresins (500 to 3000 mg.kg-1) were added to the soybean oil, and its antioxidant potential was analyzed using the oxidative stability through a Rancimat equipment. The value of 3000 mg.kg-1 of thyme and oregano oleoresins was the concentration that presented the greatest oxidative stability to soybean oil making them a natural alternative to vegetable oil conservation.

Influência dos diferentes períodos de colheita na expressão de isoenzimas em sementes de cevada

O objetivo foi avaliar os padrões isoenzimáticos de Esterase (EST - EC 3.1.1.1), Fosfatase Ácida (ACP - EC 3.1.3.2), Malato Desidrogenase (MDH - EC 1.1.1.37), Álcool Deshidrogenase (ADH - EC 1.1.1.1) e Glutamato Oxalacetato Transaminase (GOT - EC 2.6.1.1), em sementes e plântulas de dois cultivares de cevada (MN 721 e Scarlett). As sementes foram fornecidas pela empresa Westermann, localizada no município de Piratini, Rio Grande do Sul, onde foi realizado o cultivo da cevada em 2007. Foram colhidas em três épocas com diferentes percentuais de umidade, secas a 13% de umidade e armazenadas em câmara fria. Os cinco sistemas isoenzimáticos analisados apresentaram variações na expressão, principalmente quando comparados entre sementes e plântulas. Concluiu-se que há variação no padrão de expressão das enzimas EST, ACP, MDH, ADH e GOT entre sementes e plântulas. A expressão das enzimas EST e GOT foi pouco e muito influenciada pela época de colheita, respectivamente.

Algumas propriedades farmacológicas de hidrolatos de plantas do nordeste brasileiro

Um dos aspectos mais interessantes do nosso programa de plantas medicinais foi a descoberta do efeito farmacológico do codestilado da coleta para obtenção de óleos essenciais (hidrolatos). Na presente pesquisa foram testados os efeiros de varios hidrolatos no reto abdominal de sapo, no duodeno de coelho, no útero de rata e em corações de anfíbios. Apresentaram efeitos consideráveis hidrolatos de Endro (Foenculum vulgare) alecrim de tabuleiro (Lippia gracilis) velame (Croton sp.), marmeleiro branco (Croton nepetifolius) e Vandelia sp. Foram destituídas de efeitos nesses ensaios: Laranja (Citrus araticum), Azeitona (Sizygium jambolana), Melosa (Hyptis crenata), Maracujá (Passiflora edulis). Pau d'óleo (Copaifera langsdorfii), limãozinho (Fagara sp.), Bananinha (Dugvetia sp.), Hyptis sp., Samba coité (Hyptis sp. -10), Cravo de defunto (Tagetes minuta), Camarazinho (Lippia sp.-15), Ata brava (Annona sp.-01), Araticum (Annona coreacea) e Tipi (Petiveria alliacea).

Screening of some plants used in the Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases

Extracts of 13 Brazilian medicinal plants were screened for their antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts. Of these, 10 plant extracts showed varied levels of antibacterial activity. Piper regnellii presented a good activity against Staphylococus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, a moderate activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a weak activity against Escherichia coli. Punica granatum showed good activity on S. aureus and was inactive against the other standard strains. Eugenia uniflora presented moderate activity on both S. aureus and E. coli. Psidium guajava,Tanacetum vulgare, Arctium lappa, Mikania glomerata, Sambucus canadensis, Plantago major and Erythrina speciosa presented some degree of antibacterial activity. Spilanthes acmella, Lippia alba, and Achillea millefolium were considered inactive. Five of the plant extracts presented compounds with Rf values similar to the antibacterial compounds visible on bioautogram. Of these, three plants belong to the Asteraceae family. This may mean that the same compounds are responsible for the antibacterial activity in these plants. Anticandidal activity was detected in nine plant extracts (P. guajava, E. uniflora, P. granatum, A. lappa, T. vulgare, M. glomerata, L. alba, P. regnellii, and P. major). The results might explain the ethnobotanical use of the studied species for the treatment of various infectious diseases.

Lixiviação de potássio da palha de espécies de cobertura de solo de acordo com a quantidade de chuva aplicada

Os restos vegetais deixados na superfície do solo em sistemas de semeadura direta, além de proteger o solo da erosão, constituem considerável reserva de nutrientes que podem ser disponibilizados para a cultura principal, subseqüente. Avaliou-se a lixiviação de K da palha de seis espécies vegetais com potencial de uso como plantas para cobertura do solo de acordo com a quantidade de chuva recebida após o manejo. Milheto (Pennisetum americanum, var. BN-2), sorgo de guiné (Sorghum vulgare), aveia preta (Avena strigosa), triticale (Triticum secale), crotalária juncea (Crotalaria juncea) e braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens) foram cultivados em vasos com terra, em casa de vegetação, em Botucatu (SP). Aos 45 dias da emergência, as plantas foram cortadas na altura do colo, secas em estufa e submetidas a chuvas simuladas de 4,4, 8,7, 17,4, 34,9 e 69,8 mm, considerando uma quantidade de palha equivalente a 8,0 t ha-1. A máxima retenção de água pela palha corresponde a uma lâmina de até 3,0 mm, independentemente da espécie, praticamente não ocorrendo lixiviação do potássio com chuvas da ordem de 5 mm. A máxima liberação de K por unidade de chuva ocorre com lâminas de até 20 mm, decrescendo a partir deste ponto. A quantidade de K liberado da palha logo após o manejo depende da espécie vegetal, não ultrapassando, no entanto, 24 kg ha-1 com chuvas da ordem de 70 mm, apresentando correlação positiva com a concentração do nutriente no tecido vegetal. O triticale e a aveia são mais eficientes na ciclagem do potássio.

Lixiviação de potássio da palha de plantas de cobertura em diferentes estádios de senescência após a dessecação química

O manejo químico de espécies de cobertura do solo é prática usual em sistemas de semeadura direta, e a mineralização de nutrientes dos restos vegetais deixados na superfície do solo pode ser intensificada pela ação da água da chuva ao longo da senescência das plantas submetidas ao herbicida. Avaliou-se a lixiviação de K da palha de seis espécies vegetais com potencial de uso como plantas de cobertura do solo, utilizando chuvas simulada em diferentes estádios após a dessecação química. Milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), sorgo de guiné (Sorghum vulgare), aveia preta (Avena strigosa), triticale (Triticum secale), crotalária juncea (Crotalaria juncea) e braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens) foram cultivados em vasos, em casa de vegetação, em Botucatu (SP). Aos 50 dias da emergência, as plantas foram manejadas com herbicida pós-emergente não-seletivo e submetidas à chuva simulada de 30 mm, aos 2, 4, 8 e 16 dias da dessecação, considerando uma quantidade de palha equivalente a 8,0 t ha-1 de matéria seca. As quantidades de K lixiviado das palhas aumentaram, à medida que o estado de senescência das plantas evoluiu após o manejo químico. No que diz respeito à nutrição potássica da cultura subseqüente, a palha do triticale apresentou-se como a melhor alternativa, uma vez que disponibilizou um montante de mais de 9 kg ha-1 de K até 16 dias após a dessecação química das plantas.

Soil fertility, nutrition and yield of maize and barley with gypsum application on soil surface in no-till

Annual crop yield and nutrition have shown differentiated responses to modifications in soil chemical properties brought about by gypsum application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gypsum application rates on the chemical properties of a Latossolo Bruno (Clayey Oxisol), as well as on the nutrition and yield of a maize-barley succession under no-till. The experiment was set up in November 2009 in Guarapuava, Parana, Brazil, applying gypsum rates of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 Mg ha-1 to the soil surface upon sowing maize, with crop succession of barley. Gypsum application decreased the levels of Al3+ and Mg2+ in the 0.0-0.1 m layer and increased soil pH in the layers from 0.2-0.6 m depth. Gypsum application has increased the levels of Ca2+ in all soil layers up to 0.6 m, and the levels of S-SO4(2-) up to 0.8 m. In both crops, the leaf concentrations of Ca and S were increased while Mg concentrations have decreased as a function of gypsum rates. There was also an effect of gypsum rates on grain yield, with a quadratic response of maize and a linear increase for barley. Yield increases were up to 11 and 12 % in relation to control for the maximum technical efficiency (MTE) rates of 3.8 and 6.0 Mg ha-1 of gypsum, respectively. Gypsum application improved soil fertility in the profile, especially in the subsurface, as well as plant nutrition, increasing the yields of maize and barley.

Hordein polypeptide patterns in relation to malting quality in Brazilian barley varieties

Since there is evidence that malting quality is related to the storage protein (hordein) fraction, in the present work the hordein polypeptide patterns from 13 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties of different malting quality were analysed in order to explore the feasibility of using hordein electrophoresis to assist in the selection of malting barleys. The formation of clusters separating the varieties with higher malting quality from the others with lower quality suggests that there is a relationship between the general hordein polypeptide pattern and malting quality in the varieties analysed. By the Sperman's correlation test three hordein bands correlated negatively with malting quality in the germplasm studied.

Reação de cultivares de cevada a Drechslera teres, e variabilidade patogênica de isolados do Sul do Brasil

Objetivou-se avaliar a reação de 58 cultivares de cevada a Drechslera teres, agente causal da mancha-em-rede, bem como a variabilidade patogênica e freqüência de sintomas do patógeno. A reação das cultivares foi estimada com auxílio de uma escala de notas de 0 a 4, em que zero (0) representa a ausência de sintomas, e 4 representa os sintomas típicos da mancha-em-rede. O mesmo método foi utilizado para avaliar a variabilidade patogênica de 25 isolados oriundos do Sul do Brasil. Seis isolados de boa capacidade de esporulação foram utilizados para comparar o número de lesões e a severidade da doença. As cultivares diferiram quanto à reação a D. teres, e identificaram-se as três cultivares, BR 2, EMBRAPA 43 e PFC 8590, como fontes de resistência moderada à doença. Em testes de 25 isolados de D. teres, inoculados na concentração de 1,7x10(4) conídios/mL, detectaram-se diferenças significativas entre os isolados, evidenciando diferenças na sua virulência. Pelo sistema de nomenclatura de Limpert & Müller, foi possível diferenciar padrões de virulência de isolados oriundos de diferentes regiões do Sul do Brasil. O número de lesões e a severidade foram intimamente relacionadas com o local de origem do isolado.

Genetic analysis of aluminum tolerance in Brazilian barleys

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major factor limiting barley growth in acid soils, and genotypes with adequate level of tolerance are needed for improving barley adaptation in Brazil. To study the inheritance of Al tolerance in Brazilian barleys, cultivars Antarctica 1, BR 1 and FM 404 were crossed to sensitive Kearney and PFC 8026, and intercrossed. Parental, F1, F2 and F6 generations were grown in nutrient solution containing 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 mM of Al and classified for tolerance by the root tip hematoxylin staining assay. Tolerant by sensitive F2 progenies segregated three tolerant to one sensitive, fitting the 3:1 ratio expected for a single gene. The F6 populations segregated one tolerant to one sensitive also fitting a monogenic ratio. The F2 seedlings from crosses among tolerant genotypes scored the same as the parents. Since the population size used would allow detection of recombination as low as 7%, the complete absence of Al sensitive recombinants suggests that tolerance in these cultivars is most probably, controlled by the same gene. Thus, the potential for improving Al tolerance through recombination of these genotypes is very low and different gene sources should be evaluated.