Screening for depressive symptoms in older adults in the Family Health Strategy, Porto Alegre, Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of depression in older adults and associated factors. METHODS Cross-sectional study using a stratified random sample of 621 individuals aged ≥ 60 from 27 family health teams in Porto Alegre, RS, Southern Brazil, between 2010 and 2012. Community health agents measured depression using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Scores of ≥ 6 were considered as depression and between 11 and 15 as severe depression. Poisson regression was used to search for independent associations of sociodemographic and self-perceived health with both depression and its severity. RESULTS The prevalence of depression was 30.6% and was significantly higher in women (35.9% women versus 20.9% men, p < 0.001). The variables independently associated with depression were: female gender (PR = 1.4, 95%CI 1.1;1.8); low education, especially illiteracy (PR = 1.8, 95%CI 1.2;2 6); regular self-rated health (OR = 2.2, 95%CI 1.6;3.0); and poor/very poor self-rated health (PR = 4.0, 95%CI 2.9;5.5). Except for education, the strength of association of these factors increases significantly in severe depression. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of depression was observed in the evaluations conducted by community health agents, professionals who are not highly specialized. The findings identified using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale in this way are similar to those in the literature, with depression more associated with low education, female gender and worse self-rated health. From a primary health care strategic point of view, the findings become still more relevant, indicating that community health agents could play an important role in identifying depression in older adults.

Terceira Vara da Infância e da Juventude de Porto Alegre: um estudo da aplicação da análise administrativa na modernização do Estado

Este artigo descreve a experiência de aplicação da ferramenta de análise administrativa na modernização da gestão pública, especificamente na Terceira Vara da Infância e da Juventude da Comarca de Porto Alegre (RS). Foi realizada uma pesquisa-ação, com os objetivos de qualificar os procedimentos de gestão; agilizar o atendimento aos clientes e padronizar os principais processos administrativos, com vistas à futura municipalização do atendimento das medidas socioeducativas de meio aberto. A realização dos trabalhos sugeriu que, apesar das estruturas estatais fortemente burocráticas, é possível fazer uso de técnicas de racionalização de processos administrativos em setores específicos do Estado, com resultados significativos para os usuários do sistema e com baixo custo de implantação.

Molecular characterization of clinical multiresistant isolates of Acinetobacter sp. from hospitals in Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Hospitals around the world have presented multiresistant Acinetobacter sp. outbreaks. The spread of these isolates that harbor an increasing variety of resistance genes makes the treatment of these infections and their control within the hospital environment more difficult. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and dissemination of Acinetobacter sp. multiresistant isolates and to identify acquired resistance genes. METHODS: We analyzed 274 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter sp. from five hospitals in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. We evaluated the susceptibility to antimicrobial, acquired resistance genes from Ambler's classes B and D, and performed molecular typing of the isolates using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) technique. RESULTS: A high (68%) percentage of multiresistant isolates of Acinetobacter sp. was observed, and 69% were resistant to carbapenems. We identified 84% of isolates belonging to species A. baumannii because they presented the gene blaOXA-51. The gene blaOXA-23 was detected in 62% of the isolates, and among these, 98% were resistant to carbapenems. Using the ERIC-PCR technique, we identified clones of Acinetobacter sp. spread among the four hospitals analyzed during the sampling period. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate the dissemination of Acinetobacter sp. isolates among hospitals and their permanence in the hospital after one year.

Tratamento da síndrome de Budd-Chiari por meio da colocação de tips e de "stent" venoso supra-hepático

OBJETIVOS: Descrever o uso do "shunt" intra-hepático portossistêmico (TIPS) e do "stent" venoso supra-hepático no manejo da síndrome de Budd-Chiari, enfocando suas indicações, aspectos técnicos e benefícios do procedimento. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: De janeiro de 1999 a março de 2002, nove casos de síndrome de Budd-Chiari foram encaminhados ao Serviço de Hemodinâmica do Hospital São Lucas, Porto Alegre, RS. A obstrução venosa supra-hepática foi constatada em todos os casos por meio de ultra-sonografia com Doppler em cores. A criação de TIPS foi realizada entre o sistema venoso supra-hepático ou a veia cava inferior e a veia porta, posicionando-se a endoprótese entre as duas abordagens. Doppler em cores pós-procedimento foi efetuado em todos os pacientes em períodos seriados. RESULTADOS: Três casos foram tratados inicialmente com inserção de "stent" venoso por apresentarem estenose preponderante em veias supra-hepáticas. Em dois desses casos ocorreu trombose do "stent", sendo necessária colocação de TIPS. Os demais seis casos foram tratados primariamente com TIPS. Dos oito "shunts" criados, trombose da endoprótese foi constatada em três casos, resolvidas com limpeza dos trombos e dilatação com balão em um caso e inserção de novas próteses nos demais. Embolização com molas de colaterais venosas ectasiadas foi efetuada em um paciente. CONCLUSÕES: A colocação de TIPS constitui-se numa estratégia terapêutica segura e efetiva na síndrome de Budd-Chiari, promovendo uma significativa melhora clínica e hemodinâmica dos pacientes, evitando procedimentos mais invasivos e podendo, em casos sem cirrose estabelecida, servir de tratamento definitivo da hipertensão portal.

Th-1 and Th-2 cytokine production in infants with virus-associated wheezing

Wheezing associated with respiratory viral infections in infancy is very common and results in high morbidity worldwide. The Th1/Th2 pattern of immune response in these patients remains unclear and previous studies have shown controversial results. The aim of the present study was to compare the type of Th1/Th2 cytokine response between infants with acute bronchiolitis, recurrent wheezing and upper respiratory infections from a developing country. Infants younger than 2 years of age admitted to Hospital São Lucas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, between May and November 2001, with an acute episode of wheezing associated with viral respiratory infection were selected. Subjects with upper respiratory infections from the emergency department were selected for the control group. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels from nasal aspirates were determined by ELISA from peripheral mononuclear cell cultures. Twenty-nine subjects with acute bronchiolitis, 18 with recurrent wheezing and 15 with upper respiratory infections were enrolled. There were no differences in family history of atopy or parental smoking between groups. Oxygen requirement was similar for the acute bronchiolitis and recurrent wheezing groups. The percentage of positive tests for the cytokines studied and the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio was similar for all groups. Comparison of the polarized Th1/Th2 cytokine results for the various groups showed no specific pattern of cytokine production. Infants with wheezing from a developing country do not show any specific predominant pattern of Th1/Th2 cytokine production, suggesting that multiple factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of this illness.

Intestinal parasitism and socio-environmental factors among Mbyá-Guarani indians, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Disturbing data reveal the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their relationship with socio-environmental factors among Mbyá-Guarani Indians. The prevalence was determined by spontaneous sedimentation in water, centrifugation-floatation, and Kato-Katz. A socioeconomic questionnaire was submitted to each family. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 88.7%, and 45.5% were polyparasitized. There was 90.5% prevalence of enteric parasites in children (1-12- year-old), and 85% among 13-65-year-old individuals, indicating that both age groups are extensively parasitized. The parasite load was low to moderate for geohelminths and 75% of the families did not have latrine, thus the practice of defecation occurred outdoors. These findings suggest that the multiple intestinal parasitism in the Mbyá-Guarani community is high to the point of being the rule, and that it relates essentially to the traditional lifestyle and health habits. It is urgently necessary to implement the association of anti-parasitic treatment with sanitation improvement. This should be done simultaneously with health education activities for this population.

Fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis: inquérito domiciliar no Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil). Metodologia e resultados preliminares

As doenças crionicas não-transmissíveis são causa importante de morte no Brasil, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. Existem inúmeros fatores de risco relacionados a este tipo de doenças, cuja remoção, ou atenuação, pode contribuir para o declínio da mortalidade. Descreve-se a metodologia do primeiro estudo muiticêntrico abrangente realizado na América Latina sobre a questão dos fatores de risco de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis. No Brasil o estudo foi realizado nos municípios de São Paulo, SP e Porto Alegre, RS. São apresentados resultados preliminares para o Município de São Paulo quanto à prevalência de hipertenção arterial (22,3%), tabagismo (37,9%), obesidade (18,0%), alcoolismo (7,7%) e sedentarismo (69,3%). Os resultados obtidos são comparados com dados existentes para o Brasil e outros países, e discute-se a relação entre a magnitude dos diversos fatores de risco e a mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares em São Paulo e alguns países desenvolvidos.

Perfil sociodemográfico e condições de saúde auto-referidas de idosos de Porto Alegre

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre sexo e grupo etário com variáveis socioeconômicas e de saúde dos idosos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado no Distrito Noroeste de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, em 2004. Foram estudados indivíduos acima de 60 anos (N=292), selecionados por amostra probabilística em dois estágios. Os dados de variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas foram coletados por inquérito domiciliar. As condições de saúde foram auto-referidas. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, de qui-quadrado de Pearson e tendência linear. RESULTADOS: Entre os idosos, 67,8% eram do sexo feminino, 84% encontravam-se na faixa dos 60 aos 79 anos, 81% consideravam-se saudáveis. Em comparação com os homens, as mulheres moravam mais sozinhas (p=0,046), sem companheiro (p<0,001), tinham menor escolaridade (p=0,021); relatavam mais problemas de saúde (p=0,003) e uso de medicação sistemática (p=0,016); realizavam menos atividades físicas (p=0,015) e eram mais dependentes nas atividades de vida diária (p<0,001), recebiam menos aposentadoria (p<0,001), exerciam menos atividades remuneradas (p=0,002), mas se percebiam mais apoiadas pela rede social informal (p=0,023), consumiam menos bebidas alcoólicas (p=0,003) e não eram fumantes (p<0,001). Os mais idosos tinham menor escolaridade (p<0,001), piores condições econômicas (p=0,004), recebiam menos aposentadoria (p<0,001), não tinham companheiro (p<0,001), eram mais dependentes nas atividades de vida diária (p<0,001), mas se percebiam mais apoiados pela rede social informal (p=0,014) e não eram fumantes (p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Foram evidenciadas diferenças quanto a gênero e grupo etário para variáveis socioeconômicas e de saúde, sendo piores para as mulheres e para os idosos mais velhos.

Environmental lead poisoning among children in Porto Alegre state, Southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of lead poisoning in children and to identify associated factors, as well as possible local sources of contamination. METHODS: A cross-sectional prevalence study conducted in 2006 with a random sample of 97 children age zero to five years from a neighborhood in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. Blood lead levels were measured and a questionnaire administered to collect information on sociodemographics, recycling and dwelling. A preliminary environmental evaluation was carried out with direct analysis of soil and indirect analysis of air pollution with bioindicators to identify possible sources of contamination. To analyze lead concentrations from the different collection sites, for each type of material studied, ANOVA was performed with a Brown-Forsythe adjustment for heteroscedasticity and with Dunnett's T3 procedure for multiple comparisons of unequal variances. RESULTS: Blood lead levels > 10.0 µg/dL was found in 16.5% of children. Recycling of waste at home, low father's education level, and increased age of children were associated with increase blood lead levels. High lead levels were found in soil, and there was little indication of lead air pollution. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of lead poisoning was identified, and the potential sources of contamination in this community appear related to waste recylcing activities. Studies should be conducted with other populations of Brazilian children and evaluate potential sources of local and general contamination, to accurately characterize this issue in Brazil.

Airborne fungi in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Knowledge of anemophilous fungi in a given city or region is important for the ecological diagnosis and specific treatment of allergic manifestations induced by inhaled allergens. In order to diagnose the presence of anemophilous fungi, several qualitative and quantitative techniques are used depending on the study place. This study of fungal air spores was performed with a Rotorod Sampler®, an equipment which samples the air through a plastic rod attached to an electric engine that makes it spin fast enough to collect the particles in the air. The samples were collected once a week during 24 hours using the standard cycle of the manufacturers. A total of 52 samples were obtained from April 2000 through March 2001. The results revealed prevalence of ascosporos (50.49%), Cladosporium (17.86%), Aspergillus/Penicillium (15.03%), basidiosporos (3.84%), rusts (3.82%), and Helminthosporium (2.49%), and a lesser frequency of Botrytis (1.22%), Alternaria (1.19%), smuts (0.90%), Curvularia (0.87%), Nigrospora (0.61%), and Fusarium (0.08%). Also, 1.59% of the spores detected here could not be identified by the systematic key used. More fungal spores were observed during the summer than during the autumn.

Lack of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among patients at a primary-healthcare unit in Porto Alegre, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a pathogen in individuals without traditional risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: MRSA nasal carriage was assessed in individuals consulting at a Primary Health Unit in Brazil. RESULTS: A total of 336 individuals were included: 136 were tested only for MRSA and 200 for any S. aureus. No MRSA was found among the 336 individuals and 23 (11.5%) of 200 were colonized by S. aureus. DISCUSSION: Low prevalence rates have been found in non-hospitalized individuals, but MRSA surveillance should be encouraged to monitor clinical and molecular epidemiology of CA- MRSA.

SIXTEEN YEARS OF PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR IN METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL

SUMMARY Pityriasis versicolor is the most common of the diseases caused by Malasseziayeasts. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor and its etiological aspects in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A retrospective crosssectional study with data from patients of a reference hospital from 1996 to 2011 was performed. Collected data included: date, age, gender, ethnicity, anatomical region of lesion and the direct mycological examination results. Among the positive results in the direct mycological examination, 5.8% (2,239) were positive for pityriasis versicolor. The angular coefficient (B) was -0.3%/year, showing a decrease over the years. The disease was more prevalent in men (7.1% of men versus 5.1% of women that underwent the direct mycological examination); younger age (median 31 years old); "pardo" and black people (3.7% more than expected in the sample); trunk (73.44% of the affected anatomic sites). Lesions in rare sites (groin, genitals, legs, feet and hands) were also observed in this study. In conclusion, due to the decrease in the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor, long-term epidemiological studies in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil, are needed to continue the monitoring of this disease.

SIXTEEN YEARS OF DERMATOMYCOSIS CAUSED BY Candida spp. IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF PORTO ALEGRE, SOUTHERN BRAZIL

The yeasts of the genus Candida infect skin, nails, and mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal and the genitourinary tract. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dermatomycoses caused by Candida spp., and their etiological aspects in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A retrospective study with data obtained from tertiary hospital patients, from 1996 to 2011, was performed. The analyzed parameters were date, age, gender, ethnicity, anatomical region of lesions, and the direct examination results. For all the statistical analyses, a = 0.05 was considered. Among positive results in the direct mycological examination, 12.5% of the total of 4,815 cases were positive for Candida spp. The angular coefficient (B) was -0.7%/ year, showing a decrease over the years. The genus Candida was more prevalent in women (15.9% of women versus 5.84% of men), and in addition, women were older than men (54 versus 47 years old, respectively). There was no difference between ethnic groups. The nails were more affected than the skin, with 80.37% of the infections in the nails (72.9% in fingernails and 7.47% in toenails). Our study corroborates the literature regarding the preference for gender, age, and place of injury. Moreover, we found a decrease in infection over the studied period.

Identificação de locais com potencial de transmissão de dengue em Porto Alegre através de técnicas de geoprocessamento

Ainda pouco se conhece sobre as condições socioambientais que favorecem a permanência do Aedes aegypti em áreas urbanas e sua capacidade de transmissão de dengue. A proposta desse trabalho é localizar os casos da doença e a presença do vetor, e identificar fatores sócio-ambientais que caracterizam esses locais, através de técnicas de geoprocessamento, procurando desenvolver um modelo de prevenção de dengue. O vetor foi encontrado principalmente nas zonas sul e leste da cidade, apresentando uma grande dispersão no município, enquanto a maior parte dos casos está localizada na parte central da cidade. Os setores que apresentaram casos possuem características de alta renda. Por outro lado, nos setores com a presença de vetor são verificadas a predominância de casas e boa infraestrutura de saneamento. A diferença dos padrões de distribuição de casos e vetor assegurou para o ano de 2002 a ausência detransmissão do vírus no município.

Fobia social: estudo da prevalência em duas escolas em Porto Alegre

A fobia social é freqüente entre adolescentes, sendo importante a sua identificação e a determinação de potenciais prejuízos. OBJETIVOS: Relatar a prevalência e o impacto na escolaridade da fobia social em uma amostra de adolescentes. MÉTODOS: O inventário de fobia social (SPIN) foi administrado em 525 alunos dos ensinos fundamental e médio, de ambos os sexos, em uma escola pública e em uma particular, na cidade de Porto Alegre, Brasil, porquanto 32 foram excluídos por respostas incompletas. Foi aplicado também um questionário para identificação das características sociodemográficas da amostra. RESULTADOS: De acordo com o SPIN, 114 dos 493 alunos (23,12%) obtiveram escores iguais ou superiores a 19 pontos no referido inventário, indicando a presença de sintomas compatíveis com o diagnóstico de fobia social. As meninas tenderam a apresentar maior freqüência de transtorno de ansiedade social em relação aos meninos (p = 0,053). Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre repetência e fobia social. CONCLUSÕES: Os sintomas compatíveis com o diagnóstico de fobia social são prevalentes em adolescentes e, em virtude de seu curso crônico, podem causar sérios prejuízos nestes indivíduos. Neste estudo, não foi possível correlacionar fobia social com repetência escolar. No entanto, é de fundamental importância a identificação e o tratamento precoce deste transtorno de ansiedade.