Amperometric biosensor for ascorbic acid

A L-ascorbic acid biosensor based on ascorbate oxidase has been developed. The enzyme was extracted from the mesocarp of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) by using 0.05 mol L-1 phosphate buffer, pH 5.8 containing 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl. After the dialysis versus phosphate buffer 0.05 mol L-1 pH 5.8, the enzyme was immobilized onto nylon net through glutaraldehyde covalent bond. The membrane was coupled to an O2 electrode and the yielding reaction monitored by oxygen depletion at -600 mV using flow injection analysis optimized to 0.1 mol L-1 phosphate buffer pH 5.8, as the carrier solution and flow-rate of 0.5 mL min-1. The ascorbic acid calibration curve was linear from 1.2x10-4 to 1.0x10-3 mol L-1. The evaluation of biosensor lifetime leads to 500 injections. Commercial pharmaceutical samples were analyzed with the proposed method and the results were compared with those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Study of complexes of cadmium with some L-amino acids and vitamin-C by voltammetric technique

Voltammetric technique was used to study the binary and ternary complexes of cadmium with L-amino acids and vitamin-C (L-ascorbic acid) at pH =7.30 ± 0.01, µ = 1.0M KNO3 at 25ºC and 35ºC. Cd (II) formed 1:1:1, 1:1:2 and 1:2:1 complexes with L-lysine, L-ornithine, L-threonine, L-serine, L-phenylglycine, L-phenylalanine, L-glutamic acid and L-aspartic acid used as primary ligands and L-ascorbic acid used as secondary ligand. The trend of stability constant of complexes was L-lysine < L-ornithine < L-threonine < L-serine < L-phenylglycine < L-phenylalanine < L-glutamic acid < L-aspartic acid which can be explained on the basis of size, basicity and steric hindrance of ligands. The values of stability constant (log β) varied from 2.23 to11.33 confirm that these drugs i.e. L-amino acids or in combination with L-ascorbic acid or their complexes could be used against Cd (II) toxicity. The study has been carried out at 35ºC also to determine the thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (ΔH), Free energy change (ΔG) and entropy change (ΔS) respectively.

Efeitos de três herbicidas pós-emergentes aplicados em diferentes horas do dia sobre ervas daninhas e plantas de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]

O presente trabalho foi realizado na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS em 1978/79, com o objetivo de determinar a influência das condições ambientais ocorrentes em cinco horários de aplicação sobre três herbicidas pós-emergentes pulverizados sobre três espécies daninhas e sobre a cultura da soja. No experimento foram utilizados os produtos químicos acifluorfen, bentazon e dinoseb e as espécies daninhas Bidens pilosa L., Euphorbia heterophylla L. (em dois estádios de desenvolvimento), e Sida rhombifolia L. (em um estádio), como plantas teste. A ocorrência de baixa temperatura contribuiu para a redução do controle de Bidens pilosa L. com acifluorfen, enquanto condições de elevada umidade relativa do ar, contribuíram para aumentar o grau de controle de Euphorbia heterophylla L., principalmente quando pulverizada com dinoseb. Por outro lado, quanto mais eficiente foi o produto químico sobre determinada espécie, menor foi a interferência que sofreu dos fatores ambientais nos resultados alcançados no controle.

Comportamento do girassol quando cultivado em área tratada com o herbicida 2,4-D¹

Com o objetivo de determinar o período adequado de semeadura da cultura do girassol (Helianthus annuus), em relação à aplicação de 2,4-D, foi realizado um experimento em condições de campo da área experimental da Embrapa Soja, Londrina-PR, durante o ano agrícola 1995/96. Os tratamentos estabelecidos foram doses do herbicida 2,4-D (0,0, 536 e 1.005 g e.a. ha-1 ) e épocas de semeadura da cultura. Dessa forma, a semeadura foi realizada um dia antes da aplicação do produto (-1 dia), no dia da aplicação (0 dia) e a 1, 4, 7, 10 e 13 dias depois da aplicação do herbicida. Os resultados indicaram que o girassol sofreu injúrias mais severas nas três primeiras épocas de semeadura (-1, 0 e 1). Aumentando o tempo entre a aplicação das doses do herbicida e a semeadura do girassol, observaram-se menores danos causados à cultura. O experimento permitiu concluir que áreas tratadas com o 2,4-D nas doses de 536 e 1.005 g e.a. ha-1 podem ser cultivadas com girassol, desde que se mantenha um intervalo mínimo de quatro dias entre a aplicação do herbicida e a sua semeadura.

Infusions of AP5 into the basolateral amygdala impair the formation, but not the expression, of step-down inhibitory avoidance

We evaluated the effects of infusions of the NMDA receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) on the formation and expression of memory for inhibitory avoidance. Adult male Wistar rats (215-300 g) were implanted under thionembutal anesthesia (30 mg/kg, ip) with 9.0-mm guide cannulae aimed 1.0 mm above the BLA. Bilateral infusions of AP5 (5.0 µg) were given 10 min prior to training, immediately after training, or 10 min prior to testing in a step-down inhibitory avoidance task (0.3 mA footshock, 24-h interval between training and the retention test session). Both pre- and post-training infusions of AP5 blocked retention test performance. When given prior to the test, AP5 did not affect retention. AP5 did not affect training performance, and a control experiment showed that the impairing effects were not due to alterations in footshock sensitivity. The results suggest that NMDA receptor activation in the BLA is involved in the formation, but not the expression, of memory for inhibitory avoidance in rats. However, the results do not necessarily imply that the role of NMDA receptors in the BLA is to mediate long-term storage of fear-motivated memory within the amygdala.

Galactosaminoglycans from normal myometrium and leiomyoma

In many tumors, the amount of chondroitin sulfate in the extracellular matrix has been shown to be elevated when compared to the corresponding normal tissue. Nevertheless, the degree of chondroitin sulfate increase varies widely. In order to investigate a possible correlation between the amount of chondroitin sulfate and tumor size, several individual specimens of human leiomyoma, a benign uterine tumor, were analyzed. The glycosaminoglycans from eight tumors were extracted and compared with those from the respective adjacent normal myometrium. The main glycosaminoglycan found in normal myometrium was dermatan sulfate, with small amounts of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate. In leiomyoma, both dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate were detected and the total amounts of the two galactosaminoglycans was increased in all tumors when compared to normal tissue. In contrast, the heparan sulfate concentration decreased in the tumor. To assess the disaccharide composition of galactosaminoglycans, these compounds were incubated with bacterial chondroitinases AC and ABC. The amounts of L-iduronic acid-containing disaccharides remained constant, whereas the concentration of D-glucuronic acid-containing disaccharides increased from 2 to 10 times in the tumor, indicating that D-glucuronic acid-containing disaccharides are responsible for the elevation in galactosaminoglycan concentration. This increase is positively correlated with tumor size.

Stimulatory effects of adenosine on prolactin secretion in the pituitary gland of the rat

We investigated the effects of adenosine on prolactin (PRL) secretion from rat anterior pituitaries incubated in vitro. The administration of 5-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine (MECA), an analog agonist that preferentially activates A2 receptors, induced a dose-dependent (1 nM to 1 µM) increase in the levels of PRL released, an effect abolished by 1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine, an antagonist of A2 adenosine receptors. In addition, the basal levels of PRL secretion were decreased by the blockade of cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathways, with indomethacin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), respectively. The stimulatory effects of MECA on PRL secretion persisted even after the addition of indomethacin, but not of NDGA, to the medium. MECA was unable to stimulate PRL secretion in the presence of dopamine, the strongest inhibitor of PRL release that works by inducing a decrease in adenylyl cyclase activity. Furthermore, the addition of adenosine (10 nM) mimicked the effects of MECA on PRL secretion, an effect that persisted regardless of the presence of LiCl (5 mM). The basal secretion of PRL was significatively reduced by LiCl, and restored by the concomitant addition of both LiCl and myo-inositol. These results indicate that PRL secretion is under a multifactorial regulatory mechanism, with the participation of different enzymes, including adenylyl cyclase, inositol-1-phosphatase, cyclooxygenase, and lipoxygenase. However, the increase in PRL secretion observed in the lactotroph in response to A2 adenosine receptor activation probably was mediated by mechanisms involving regulation of adenylyl cyclase, independent of membrane phosphoinositide synthesis or cyclooxygenase activity and partially dependent on lipoxygenase arachidonic acid-derived substances.

Erythrocytes may contain a ouabain-insensitive K+-ATPase which plays a role in internal K+ balance

Erythrocytes are useful in evaluating K+ transport pathways involved in internal K+ balance. Several forms of H+,K+-ATPase have been described in nephron segments active in K+ transport. Furthermore, the activity of a ouabain-insensitive isoform of H+,K+-ATPase expressed in collecting duct cells may be modulated by acid-base status. Various assays were performed to determine if a ouabain-insensitive K+-ATPase is present in rat erythrocytes and, if so, whether it plays a role in internal K+ balance. Kinetic studies demonstrated that maximal stimulation of enzyme activity was achieved with 2.5 mM K+ at pH 7.4. Subsequent experiments were performed on erythrocyte membranes collected from animals submitted to varying degrees of K+ homeostasis: control rats, K+-depleted rats, K+-loaded rats, and rats rendered hyperkalemic due to acute renal failure. As observed in the collecting duct cell studies, there was a significant decrease in the activity of ouabain-insensitive K+-ATPase in the erythrocytes of both K+-loaded and metabolically alkalotic K+-depleted rats. However, this enzyme activity in erythrocyte membranes of rats with metabolic acidosis-related hyperkalemia was similar to that of control animals. This finding may be interpreted as resulting from two potentially modulating factors: the stimulating effect that metabolic acidosis has on K+-ATPase and the counteracting effect that hyperkalemia and uremia have on metabolic acidosis. In summary, we present evidence of a ouabain-insensitive K+-ATPase in erythrocytes, whose activity is modulated by acid-base status and K+ levels.

Propriedades físico-químicas de polifenoloxidase de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

As atividades de polifenoloxidases do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivares: (Aruã, Aporé, A774, Carioca, Diamante Negro, Ouro Branco, Pérola, RAO 33 e Rudá) foram investigadas sob condições de cinética enzimática. O pH ótimo para o extrato bruto das nove cultivares foi em pH 7,2 utilizando catecol como substrato. Nenhuma atividade PPO foi observada na presença do ácido gálico ou D,L- DOPA.

Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from naturally fermented sausages and their technological properties for application as starter cultures

In the present study, technological properties of L. plantarum strains isolated from naturally fermented sausages manufactured in the South region of Brazil were investigated in order to obtain a starter culture. The technological properties evaluated were the following: ability to growth at different pH values, at different temperatures, in different salt concentrations and in the presence of commercial curing salt, fast production of acid, determination of D - and L - lactic acid; nitrate reductase activity; antagonistic activity and stability of the isolated cultures after fermentation, concentration, and freeze-drying process. The isolated strains showed effectiveness to improve technological properties as starter cultures.

Vinegar rice (Oryza sativa L.) produced by a submerged fermentation process from alcoholic fermented rice

Considering the limited availability of technology for the production of rice vinegar and also due to the potential consumer product market, this study aimed to use alcoholic fermented rice (rice wine (Oryza sativa L.)) for vinegar production. An alcoholic solution with 6.28% (w/v) ethanol was oxidized by a submerged fermentation process to produce vinegar. The process of acetic acid fermentation occurred at 30 ± 0.3°C in a FRINGS® Acetator (Germany) for the production of vinegar and was followed through 10 cycles. The vinegar had a total acidity of 6.85% (w/v), 0.17% alcohol (w/v), 1.26% (w/v) minerals and 1.78% (w/v) dry extract. The composition of organic acids present in rice vinegar was: cis-aconitic acid (6 mg/L), maleic acid (3 mg/L), trans-aconitic acid (3 mg/L), shikimic + succinic acid (4 mg/L), lactic acid (300 mg/L), formic acid (180 mg/L), oxalic acid (3 mg/L), fumaric acid (3 mg/L) and itaconic acid (1 mg/L).

Relações entre fluxos e gradientes sobre floresta

Uma analise sobre a vinculação entre os fluxos de vapor d' água e de calor sensível com os correspondentes gradientes de umidade especifica e temperatura, observados acima da floresta, é desenvolvida para as condições de Instabilidade, atmosféricas estas parametrizadas por melo do comprimento de estabilidade de Monin-Obukhov, L; as relações entre fluxos e gradientes são explicitadas através das funções adimensionais, e (ΦV e ΦT, que têm como variável independente comum, a razão adimensional associada à altura de observação acima do plano referencial, (z-d/L. As integrais dessas funções, apropriadas aos estudos que tratam com estimativas de evaporação de floresta são também desenvolvidas. As informações utilizadas neste trabalho foram obtidas em campanhas intensivas do "Experimento Micrometeorológico na Região Amazônica", realizadas nos meses de setembro-outubro de 1983 e julho-agosto de 1984, na Reserva Florestal Ducke, Manaus-AM.

Action of growth regulators on flowering and pod production of soybean cultivar Davis

This research deals with the effects of growth regulators on flowering and pod formation in soybean plant (Glycine max cv. Davis). Under greenhouse conditions, soybean plants were sprayed with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) 20 ppm, Agrostemmin (1g/10 ml/3 l) gibberellic acid (GA) 100 ppm, and (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) 2,000 ppm. Application of TIBA increased number of flowers. 'Davis' soybean treated with CCC and TIBA presented a tendency to produce a lower number of pods.

Carência de macronutrientes e de boro em plantas de urucu

Plantas de urucu (Bixa orellana L. var. Peruana) foram cultivadas em vasos contendo como substrato silica moida e irrigadas periodicamente com solução completa (todos os nutrientes) e com omissão de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S e B. Uma vez evidenciados os sintomas de desnutrição as plantas foram coletadas e divididas em folhas superiores, folhas inferiores, caule e raiz. O material seco foi analisado para os elementos em questão. Foi obtido o quadro sintomatológico das carências e foram encontrados os seguintes níveis analíticos em folhas do tratamento completo e dos tratamentos com omissão: N% 3,04 - 1,89; P% 0,16 - 0,04; K% 2,67 - 0,15; Ca% 1,10 - 0,50; Mg% 0,28 - 0,19; S% 0,24 - 0,16; B ppm 42,00 - 19,00.