Mudança organizacional e satisfação no trabalho: um estudo com servidores públicos do estado de Minas Gerais

Resumo Um dos fatores importantes para compreender as causas da satisfação ou da insatisfação do trabalhador logo após um processo de mudança organizacional é identificar as reações do indivíduo a essa mudança na perspectiva de um contínuo, que varia entre resistência ativa em uma extremidade até cooperação total em outro extremo. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é compreender as implicações da mudança organizacional nos níveis de satisfação no trabalho, a partir das reações individuais à mudança. Com isso, foi realizado um survey no governo de Minas Gerais com 679 servidores para avaliar os impactos da avaliação de desempenho individual (ADI). Os dados obtidos por meio de questionários indicam que existe uma relação direta entre mudança e satisfação no setor público. Os resultados sugerem que os servidores que avaliam as mudanças de forma positiva e não resistem a elas estão mais satisfeitos com o trabalho.

Estudo exploratório de custos e conseqüências do pré-natal no Programa Saúde da Família

OBJETIVO: Avaliar custos e conseqüências da assistência pré-natal na morbimortalidade perinatal. MÉTODOS: Estudo avaliativo com dois tipos de análise - de implantação e de eficiência, realizado em 11 Unidades de Saúde da Família do Recife, PE, em 2006. Os custos foram apurados pela técnica activity-based costing e a razão de custo-efetividade foi calculada para cada conseqüência. As fontes de dados foram sistemas de informação do Ministério da Saúde e planilhas de custos da Secretaria de Saúde do Recife e do Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira. As unidades de saúde com pré-natal implantado ou parcial foram comparadas quanto ao seu custo-efetividade e resultados perinatais. RESULTADOS: Em 64% das unidades, o pré-natal estava implantado com custo médio total de R$ 39.226,88 e variação de R$ 3.841,87 a R$ 8.765,02 por Unidade de Saúde. Nas unidades parcialmente implantadas (36%), o custo médio total foi de R$ 30.092,61 (R$ 4.272,12 a R$ 11.774,68). O custo médio por gestante foi de R$ 196,13 com pré-natal implantado e R$ 150,46 no parcial. Encontrou-se maior proporção de baixo peso ao nascer, sífilis congênita, óbitos perinatais e fetais no grupo parcialmente implantado. CONCLUSÕES: Pré-natal é custo-efetivo para várias conseqüências estudadas. Os efeitos adversos medidos pelos indicadores de saúde foram menores nas unidades com pré-natal implantado. O custo médio no grupo parcialmente implantado foi mais elevado, sugerindo possível desperdício de recursos, uma vez que a produtividade das equipes é insuficiente para a capacidade instalada.

SEROPREVALENCE OF CHAGASIC INFECTION IN YOUNG INDIVIDUALS IN A BLOOD CENTER IN THE STATE OF SAO PAULO, BRAZIL

SUMMARY This study aimed at estimating the number of cases of non-negative serological reactions to Chagas disease in blood donors at the Blood Center of Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, from 2003 to 2010 and at relating them to their cities of origin. Five hundred and seventy-four non-negative results for Chagas disease were evaluated. Of these, 371 (64.8%) were reagent, and 203 (35.4%) were inconclusive. The prevalence of Chagas disease in blood donors was 0.05%. There were, on average, 72 cases/year, and a prevalence of males was observed (64.8%). Forty-three (7.49%) individuals were 18 to 30 years old; 92 (16.02%) were 31 to 40; 147 (25.61%) 41 to 50, and 292 (50.87%) were older than 50 years. It was observed that 29.3% of females with reagent serology were at their fertile age (18 and 45 years). The majority of donors were originally from cities in the southwestern and central regions of São Paulo, but individuals from other states contributed with 20%. The provenance of most donors was the city of Botucatu/SP, followed by the city of Taquarituba/SP. Therefore, the profile of donors at this blood center favors the occurrence of a larger number of non-negative serological reactions. Although there has been a significant reduction in the number of new cases/year for this disease, it is still a public-health problem, and results suggest the need for new epidemiological assessments in the studied region.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SMOKING, CRACK COCAINE ABUSE AND THE DISCONTINUATION OF COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN RECIFE, PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL

Despite the effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), nonadherence to medication has become a major threat to its effectiveness. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported irregular use of antiretroviral therapy and the factors associated with such an irregularity in PLWHA. A cross-sectional study of PLWHA who attended two referral centers in the city of Recife, in Northeastern Brazil, between June 2007 and October 2009 was carried out. The study analyzed socioeconomic factors, social service support and personal habits associated with nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy, adjusted by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of PLWHA who reported irregular use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) was 25.7%. In the final multivariate model, the irregular use of cART was associated with the following variables: being aged less than 40 years (OR = 1.66, 95%-CI: 1.29-2.13), current smokers (OR = 1.76, 95%-CI: 1.31-2.37) or former smokers (OR = 1.43, 95%-CI: 1.05-1.95), and crack cocaine users (OR = 2.79, 95%-CI: 1.24-6.32). Special measures should be directed towards each of the following groups: individuals aged less than 40 years, smokers, former smokers and crack cocaine users. Measures for giving up smoking and crack cocaine should be incorporated into HIV-control programs in order to promote greater adherence to antiretroviral drugs and thus improve the quality of life and prolong life expectancy.

Characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients in a Northeastern region of Brazil

The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical, epidemiological and bacteriological features present in 60 pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were also infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to compare these with 120 TB patients who were not infected with HIV. The patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV coinfection were mostly male (p = 0.001), showed a higher frequency of weight loss >10 kilos (p <0.001), had a higher rate of non-reaction result to the tuberculin skin test (p <0.001), a higher frequency of negative sputum smear examination for acid-fast bacilli (p = 0.001) and negative sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (p = 0.001). Treatment failure was more common in those who were HIV positive (p <0.000). No higher frequency of resistance to antituberculosis drugs was found to be associated with TB/HIV coinfection (p = 0.407). Association between extrapulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis was more frequent in those seropositive to HIV than those without HIV virus, 30% and 1.6% respectively. These findings showed a predominance of atypical clinical laboratory features in co-infected patients, and suggest that health care personnel should consider the possibility this diagnosis.

Presença de Cryptosporidium spp em crianças com diarréia aguda em uma creche pública de Recife, Estado de Pernambuco

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a freqüência de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp em amostras fecais de crianças, de 1 a 14 anos, de uma creche pública localizada em uma comunidade carente da cidade do Recife, Pernambuco. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de 28 de junho de 2006 a 3 de abril de 2007, e envolveu 182 crianças. Das amostras analisadas 59 (32,4%) foram positivas quanto à presença de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp, e a faixa etária mais acometida foi a de 3 a 5 anos de idade (54,2%). A alta freqüência de amostras positivas para Cryptosporidium spp obtidas neste estudo comprovam que creches são ambientes propícios a essa ocorrência devido ao contato direto entre criança-criança, crianças e funcionários. A maior via de infecção por Cryptosporidium spp é a transmissão interpessoal, que é bem ilustrada em creches. A imaturidade, deficiências do sistema imune e hábitos higiênicos inadequados são fatores que também contribuem para esse tipo de infecção.

Characterization of mannose-binding lectin plasma levels and genetic polymorphisms in HIV-1-infected individuals

INTRODUCTION: The present study investigated the association between mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene polymorphism and serum levels with infection by HIV-1. METHODS: Blood samples (5mL) were collected from 97 HIV-1-infected individuals resident in Belém, State of Pará, Brazil, who attended the Special Outpatient Unit for Infections and Parasitic Diseases (URE-DIPE). CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and plasma viral load were quantified. A 349bp fragment of exon 1 of the MBL was amplified via PCR, using genomic DNA extracted from controls and HIV-1-infected individuals, following established protocols. MBL plasma levels of the patients were quantified using an enzyme immunoassay kit. RESULTS: Two alleles were observed: MBL*O, with a frequency of 26.3% in HIV-1-infected individuals; and the wild allele MBL*A (73.7%). Similar frequencies were observed in the control group (p > 0.05). Genotype frequencies were distributed according to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both groups. Mean MBL plasma levels varied by genotype, with statistically significant differences between the AA and AO (p < 0.0001), and AA and OO (p < 0.001) genotypes, but not AO and OO (p = 0.17). Additionally, CD4+ T-lymphocytes and plasma viral load levels did not differ significantly by genotype (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that MBL gene polymorphism or low plasma MBL concentrations might have a direct influence on HIV-1 infection, although a broader study involving a large number of patients is needed.

Endomyocardial fibrosis associated with mansoni schistosomiasis

Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people worldwide. EMF is the most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy, caused by deposition of fibrous tissue on endocardial surfaces. EMF is a major cause of death in areas where it is endemic, but the pathogenesis of the disease is poorly understood. Schistosomiasis mansoni is a parasitic disease endemic in Brazil, where EMF has also been described. The association between EMF and schistosomiasis has been suggested in various publications, seeking a possible correlation between endocardial and periportal fibroses. This report describes a case of EMF associated with schistosomiasis.

Chikungunya virus infection: report of the first case diagnosed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Initially diagnosed in Africa and Asia, the Chikungunya virus has been detected in the last three years in the Caribbean, Italy, France, and the United States of America. Herein, we report the first case for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2010.

The epidemiological scenario of feline sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Introduction Sporotrichosis is a mycosis affecting both humans and animals. Within the context of the ongoing sporotrichosis epidemic in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, sick cats plays an important role in the zoonotic transmission. The aim of this study was to update the number of feline cases diagnosed at the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (2005-2011). Methods The medical records of the cats followed were reviewed; the inclusion criterion was the isolation of Sporothrix spp. in culture. Results In total, 2,301 feline cases were identified. Conclusions These results should alert sanitary authorities to the difficulties associated with sporotrichosis control.

Dificuldades no diagnóstico de TDAH em crianças

O transtorno do déficit de atenção e/ou hiperatividade (TDAH) é uma doença de alta prevalência em crianças em idade escolar. Erroneamente entendido anteriormente como um diagnóstico de baixa morbidade, o TDAH é reconhecido atualmente como uma condição importante, não só pelo forte impacto funcional e social como também pela alta prevalência de comorbidades psiquiátricas. Déficits cognitivos globais e transtornos invasivos do desenvolvimento assim como transtornos do aprendizado são condições complexas que, quando estão associadas aos sintomas de TDAH, têm seus quadros agravados, requerendo maior atenção e estratégias de tratamento mais individualizadas. O objetivo deste artigo é uma discussão sobre esses diagnósticos diferenciais que representam um desafio na prática clínica.

ADHD: the impact when not diagnosed

ADHD is a highly prevalent disorder in childhood with social, academic and familial difficulties when not diagnosed and treated correctly. The aim of this case report is to demonstrate the impairment of ADHD among generations of the same family.

A Brazilian version of the "Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes" (ChIPS)

OBJETIVE: The advance of research in child and adolescent psychiatry in Brazil heavily depends on the existence of instruments for the investigation of psychiatric syndromes adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: This article describes a careful process of translation of the Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes for the purpose of use in research in Brazil. The Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes has a version for parents (P-ChIPs) and a version for children (ChIPS). In this article, the sections of P-ChIPS referring to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder, mania/hypomania, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and psychotic disorders were translated to Brazilian Portuguese. The sections of the ChIPS referring to substance use disorders, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disoder, separation anxiety disorder, post-traumatic disorders and depression/dysthimia were also adapted. Each section was translated by two independent translators and later discussed in a committee composed of experts in the field of Psychiatry and a professional of the field of linguistics. RESULT: A final version containing an interview for the main psychiatric syndromes was defined. CONCLUSION: The translated P-ChIPS is a helpful instrument in children and adolescent clinical evaluation.

Retardo mental: periculosidade e responsabilidade penal

O objetivo do presente artigo é discutir os conceitos de periculosidade e responsabilidade penal, por meio do relato de caso de uma paciente com diagnóstico de retardo mental que cometeu homicídio. Ela foi submetida à medida de segurança detentiva em hospital psiquiátrico de custódia e segurança, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Este relato demonstra a importância da psicopatologia e da psiquiatria na prática forense, auxiliando o magistrado na determinação da responsabilidade penal do indivíduo portador de transtorno mental ou retardo mental. O estudo do comportamento violento em indivíduos com transtornos psiquiátricos pode contribuir para o seu entendimento, prevenção e tratamento.