Efeitos de misturas de bentazon e paraquat no controle de plantas daninhas e na cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (nota prévia)

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi estudar a seletividade da mistura bentazon (3-isopropil-2,1, 3-benzothiodiazinona-(4)-2,2-dióxido) com paraquat (1,1' -dimetil-4,4'-bipiridilio dicloreto) para as cultivares de feijão 'Carioca' e 'Moruna'; alêm do efeito dessa mistura no controle de algumas plantas daninhas e possíveis efeitos sinergisticos resultantes das diferentes misturas. O experimento está sendo conduzido em condições de campo na área experimental do Departamento de Agricultura e Horticultura da ESALQ em Piracicaba-SP, como tambêm em casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. O critério de avaliação adotado foi o de "percentagem de injúria", às cultivares e às espécies de plantas daninhas, através de avaliação visual. A verificação de sinergismo foi feita utilizando-se a fórmula de Gowing citada por Colby (1). De acordo com ess e método, ve rificou -se que, para ambas as cultivares de feijão, a injúria observada foi menor que a esperada, o que caracterizou um evidente antagonismo entre as misturas desses herbicidas, em relação à cultura. Em relação ao capim-colchão (Digitaria sanguinalis (L .) Scop.) todas as misturas ensaiadas foram também antagonísticas. O sinergismo entre esses produtos ficou bastante caracterizado no controle da guanxuma (Sida glaziovii K. Sch.) e beldroega (Portulacca oleracea L.) principalmente nas doses de 0,48 + 0,05 kg/ha de bentazon + paraquat, respectivamente, notadamente ao 6.º e 8.º dia após a aplicação. Quanto ao fedegoso (Cassia tora L.) a mistura que mostrou antagonismo significativo foi 0,96 kg/ha de bentazon + 0,10 Kg/ha de paraquat.

Interação entre herbicidas inibidores da accase e diferentes formulações de glyphosate no controle de capim-amargoso

O glyphosate é um herbicida não seletivo que inibe a produção de aminoácidos aromáticos essenciais à sobrevivência de plantas. Esse herbicida é disponibilizado no mercado em distintas formulações que podem apresentar diferenças no controle de espécies. A mistura de herbicidas é uma ferramenta importante no controle de plantas daninhas resistentes, sendo uma opção à mistura de inibidores da ACCase ao herbicida glyphosate. Este trabalho contou com a aplicação de diferentes misturas de quatro graminicidas e três formulações de glyphosate em dois estádios vegetativos de plantas de capim-amargoso resistente a esse herbicida. O controle químico foi avaliado por notas visuais de controle, aos 7, 14 e 28 dias após a aplicação, e pela medida de biomassa fresca das plantas, aos 28 dias depois da aplicação. As misturas foram avaliadas como antagonísticas, sinergísticas ou aditivas, segundo o modelo proposto por Colby. Dos tratamentos utilizados, conclui-se que todos são efetivos no manejo da resistência de Digitaria insularis, com exceção do uso de glyphosate isolado, porém o controle deve ser feito em estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento da planta. Em estádios mais desenvolvidos, o melhor controle se deu na associação de quizalofop às formulações sal de amônio e sal potássico de glyphosate; contudo, outras medidas de controle, além da associação de produtos, devem ser tomadas.

The growing competition in Brazilian science: rites of passage, stress and burnout

Brazil's scientific community is under pressure. Each year there is an increase in its contribution to international science and in the number of students who are trained to do research and teach at an advanced level. Most of these activities are carried out in state and federal universities, but with government funding that has decreased by more than 70% since 1996. Interviews with graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and professors in one university department with a strong research tradition illustrate the level of stress engendered by the conflict between increasing competition and diminishing resources, and serve to underscore the negative effects on creativity and on the tendency to choose science as a career.

The mental health of graduate students at the Federal University of São Paulo: a preliminary report

We present data regarding the care provided to graduate level health professionals at the mental health center of the Federal University of São Paulo. From September 1996 to September 2003, 146 graduate students (99 in the Master's degree program and 47 in the Doctoral program) were attended. This population was predominantly female (68.5%), with a mean (± SD) age of 28.6 ± 4.42 years, not married (71.9%). Most of the subjects were professionals who had not graduated from the Federal University (78.1%). The students who sought help for psychological and/or psychiatric problems were classified into two categories: situational-adaptive crises and psychopathological crises. The main diagnoses were depression and anxiety disorders (44%) causing 4.5% of the subjects to be temporarily suspended from their graduate studies; 19.2% reported that they had used psychotropic drugs within the previous month, and 47.9% referred to sleep disturbances. Suicidal tendencies were mentioned by 18% of those interviewed. Students with emotional disturbances and academic dysfunctions should be recognized at an early stage, and it is fundamental for them to have access to mental health programs that provide formal, structured and confidential care. Thus, it is important that professors and advisors in graduate programs build a warm and affective learning environment. If we consider the expressive growth in Brazilian scientific production resulting from the implementation of an extensive national system of graduate education, it is important to focus efforts on enhancing and upgrading the mental health care system.

Study of the comprehension of the scientific method by members of a university health research laboratory

In Brazil, scientific research is carried out mainly at universities, where professors coordinate research projects with the active participation of undergraduate and graduate students. However, there is no formal program for the teaching/learning of the scientific method. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the comprehension of the scientific method by students of health sciences who participate in scientific projects in an academic research laboratory. An observational descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using Edgar Morin complexity as theoretical reference. In a semi-structured interview, students were asked to solve an abstract logical puzzle - TanGram. The collected data were analyzed using the hermeneutic-dialectic analysis method proposed by Minayo and discussed in terms of the theoretical reference of complexity. The students’ concept of the scientific method is limited to participation in projects, stressing the execution of practical procedures as opposed to scientific thinking. The solving of the TanGram puzzle revealed that the students had difficulties in understanding questions and activities focused on subjects and their processes. Objective answers, even when dealing with personal issues, were also reflected on the students’ opinions about the characteristics of a successful researcher. Students’ difficulties concerning these issues may affect their scientific performance and result in poorly designed experiments. This is a preliminary study that should be extended to other centers of scientific research.