Defensivos químicos (especialmente novos produtos) no combate ao ácaro rajado Tetranychus urticae koch, 1836, em cultura de algodão

Este experimento vem dar continuidade às pesquisas de combate ao ácaro rajado do algodoeiro Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836, tendo por objetivo prinicipal encontrar produtos eficientes contra esse aracnídeo. Nos sete tratamentos realizados no campo, inclufda a testemunha, foram utilizados quatro produtos: bifentrina (50 e 70 g/ha), bromopropilato (500 g/ha), carbamato UC 81341 (100 e 150 g/ha) e clofentzina (500 g/ha). A análise dos resultados demostrou que a clofentezina foi o único tratamento eficaz, pois apresentou ótimos resultados contra o ãcaro e um efeito residual relativamente longo.

Resultados de combate ao "ácaro rajado" Tetranychus urticae koch, 1836, em algodoeiro

Devido aos grandes prejuízos causados pelo "ácaro rajado" 'Tetranychus urticaKoch, 1836, ã cotonicu1tura brasileira , foi realizado o presente trabalho. Vários produtos foram experimentados ,totalizando oito tratamentos: clofentezina (25O e 750 g/ha com uma aplicação cada e 25O g/ha com duas aplicações), fempropatrina (75 e 150 g/ha), binapacril (800 g/ha), cipermetrina + profenofós (50 g + 500 g/ha) e testemunha. A análise dos resultados mostra que as três dosagens de clofentezina constituíram os únicos tratamentos viáveis desta seleção, apresentando ótimos resultados contra o ácaro e efeito residual relativamente longo.

Trabalho experimental de combate ao acaro rajado Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 com formulações aplicadas por "electrodyn"

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o combate experimental ao ácaro rajado Tetranyohus urtioae Koch, 1836 em cultura de algodão. Dois produtos, mediante pulverização eletrodinâmica, foram experimentados: bromopropilato e bifentrina, o primeiro em duas dosagens e o segundo, em três. Aos dias da aplicação, a bifentrina mostra os melhores resultados, embora não se diferencie es tatisticamente do bromopropilato. Aos 09 dias, os melhores são as duas dosagens mais fortes da bifentrina apesar de não apresentar diferença estatística dos demais tratamentos (exceto da testemunha).

Ensaio de combate ao ácaro rajado Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836, com defensivos químicos, incluídas substâncias biológicas

Com a finalidade de dar continuidade às pesquisas de combate ao ácaro rajado do algodoeiro Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836, foi realizado o presente trabalho. Quatro produtos, dois deles em duas dosagens, totalizando sete tratamentos com a testemunha, foram experimentados: hexitiazox (50 e 100g); clofentezina (150 e 250g); turingiensina (255g) e uma mistura feita pouco antes da aplicação, tendo clofentezina e alquenol multimetílico (150g + 5,28g). As quantidades são de ingrediente ativo por hectare. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que após 02 dias da pulverização, a turingiensina conduziu a bons resultados; aos 08 dias da aplicação, os resultados variaram de bons a ótimos. Depois, as chuvas contínuas e intensas baixaram muito a população de ácaros, o que determinou o encerramento do trabalho.

Combate ao ácaro rajado Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 em algodão, com defensivos químicos

Com o objetivo de se verificar a ação de vários defensivos agrícolas contra o ácaro rajado do algodão, um campo experimental foi instalado. Os tratamentos e suas quantidades de ingredientes ativos, por hectare, foram: A) testemunha; B) dicofol, 369,6g; C) dicofol, 739,2g; D) propargite, 1.080g; E) silaneofane, 200g; F) bifentrina, 60g; G) abamectina, 7,2g. Resultados ótimos não foram obtidos com nenhum tratamento: todavia, o propargite mostrou resultados relativamente bons após 03, 06 e 12 dias da pulverização e a bifentrina e abamectina somente aos 06 dias.

Sôbre Auris bilabiata melanostoma (Moricand, 1836) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Bulimulidae)

O autor redescreve Auris bilabiata melanostoma (Moricand), utilizando exemplares vivos colecionados no Estado do Rio. Além do estudo da genitália, câmara paleal e rádula, analisa variações das conchas de várias proveniências. Chama a atenção para a necessidade de estudos comparativos das partes moles para uma conclusão definitiva, sôbre a validade das duas subespécies (bilabiata s. st. e melanostoma).

Sôbre uma nova espécie do gênero Lecithochirium Luehe, 1901: (Trematoda, Hemiuroidea)

In this paper a new species of the genus Lecithochirium Luehe, 1901, is described. To simplify the study of this genus, we divided it in 3 groups according principally to the relation among the suckers. L. manteri sp. n., comes nearest to L. texanum, L. priacanthi, and L. microstomum, but differes mainly from them by the great size of the suckers, pharynx and eggs.

Genetic characterization of St. Louis encephalitis virus isolated from human in São Paulo, Brazil

The molecular characterization of SPH253157, a new strain of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), isolated in 2004 from the first case of human infection recognized in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is reported. The patient, presenting a febrile illness without neurological involvement, was hospitalized as a probable case of dengue fever. Genomic RNA was isolated from the supernatant of C6/36 cells infected with acute phase-serum specimen of the patient and the envelope gene was amplified by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The complete nucleotide sequence of the envelope gene of this isolate was directly sequenced from the amplified products and compared with other Brazilian and American SLEV strains. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out under maximum likelihood criterion with outgroups both included and excluded. Outgroups comprised four flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis group. Phylogeny also included Bayesian analysis. The results indicated that the new SLEV isolate belongs to lineage III, being closely related to an Argentinean strain recovered from Culex sp. in 1979. It is concluded that there are at least 3 lineages of SLEV in Brazil.

Serologic evidence of the recent circulation of Saint Louis encephalitis virus and high prevalence of equine encephalitis viruses in horses in the Nhecolândia sub-region in South Pantanal, Central-West Brazil

As in humans, sub-clinical infection by arboviruses in domestic animals is common; however, its detection only occurs during epizootics and the silent circulation of some arboviruses may remain undetected. The objective of the present paper was to assess the current circulation of arboviruses in the Nhecolândia sub-region of South Pantanal, Brazil. Sera from a total of 135 horses, of which 75 were immunized with bivalent vaccine composed of inactive Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) and Western equine encephalitis virus(WEEV) and 60 were unvaccinated, were submitted to thorough viral isolation, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and neutralization tests for Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), EEEV, WEEV and Mayaro virus (MAYV). No virus was isolated and viral nucleic-acid detection by RT-PCR was also negative. Nevertheless, the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in horses older than seven months was 43.7% for SLEV in equines regardless of vaccine status, and 36.4% for WEEV and 47.7% for EEEV in unvaccinated horses. There was no evidence of MAYV infections. The serologic evidence of circulation of arboviruses responsible for equine and human encephalitis, without recent official reports of clinical infections in the area, suggests that the Nhecolândia sub-region in South Pantanal is an important area for detection of silent activity of arboviruses in Brazil.

Seroconversion for west Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses among sentinel horses in Colombia

We prospectively sampled flavivirus-naïve horses in northern Colombia to detect West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) seroconversion events, which would indicate the current circulation of these viruses. Overall, 331 (34.1%) of the 971 horses screened were positive for past infection with flaviviruses upon initial sampling in July 2006. During the 12-month study from July 2006-June 2007, 33 WNV seroconversions and 14 SLEV seroconversions were detected, most of which occurred in the department of Bolivar. The seroconversion rates of horses in Bolivar for the period of March-June 2007 reached 12.4% for WNV and 6.7% for SLEV. These results comprise the first serologic evidence of SLEV circulation in Colombia. None of the horses sampled developed symptoms of encephalitis within three years of initial sampling. Using seroconversions in sentinel horses, we demonstrated an active circulation of WNV and SLEV in northern Colombia, particularly in the department of Bolivar. The absence of WNV-attributed equine or human disease in Colombia and elsewhere in the Caribbean Basin remains a topic of debate and speculation.

Serological detection of St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus in equines from Santa Fe, Argentina

St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) present ecological and antigenic similarities and are responsible for serious human diseases. In addition, WNV is a significant pathogen in terms of equine health. The purpose of our study was to analyse the seroprevalence of SLEV and WNV in equine sera collected in Santa Fe Province, Argentina. The seroprevalence determined using the plaque reduction neutralisation test was 12.2% for SLEV, 16.2% for WNV and 48.6% for a combination of both viruses. These results provide evidence of the co-circulation of SLEV and WNV in equines in Santa Fe.

Virulence variation among epidemic and non-epidemic strains of Saint Louis encephalitis virus circulating in Argentina

Saint Louis encephalitis virus caused an outbreak of febrile illness and encephalitis cases in Córdoba, Argentina, in 2005. During this outbreak, the strain CbaAr-4005 was isolated from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. We hypothesised that this epidemic variant would be more virulent in a mouse model than two other non-epidemic strains (78V-6507 and CorAn-9275) isolated under different epidemiological conditions. To test this hypothesis, we performed a biological characterisation in a murine model, including mortality, morbidity and infection percentages and lethal infection indices using the three strains. Mice were separated into age groups (7, 10 and 21-day-old mice) and analysed after infection. The strain CbaAr-4005 was the most infective and lethal of the three variants, whereas the other two strains exhibited a decreasing mortality percentage with increasing animal age. The strain CbaAr-4005 produced the highest morbidity percentages and no significant differences among age groups were observed. The epidemic strain caused signs of illness in all inoculated animals and showed narrower ranges from the onset of symptoms than the other strains. CbaAr-4005 was the most virulent for Swiss albino mice. Our results highlight the importance of performing biological characterisations of arbovirus strains likely to be responsible for emerging or reemerging human diseases.

Molecular identification of Saint Louis encephalitis virus genotype IV in Colombia

Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is a member of the Japanese-encephalitis virus serocomplex of the genus Flavivirus. SLEV is broadly distributed in the Americas and the Caribbean Islands, where it is usually transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Culex and primarily to birds and mammalian-hosts. Humans are occasionally infected by the virus and are dead-end hosts. SLEV causes encephalitis in temperate regions, while in tropical regions of the Americas, several human cases and a wide biological diversity of SLEV-strains have been reported. The phylogenetic analysis of the envelope (E) protein genes indicated eight-genotypes of SLEV with geographic overlap. The present paper describes the genotyping of two SLEV viruses detected in mosquito-pools collected in northern Colombia (department of Cordoba). We used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to amplify a fragment of theE-gene to confirm the virus identity and completeE-gene sequencing for phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of the two-SLEV viruses found circulating in Córdoba. This is the first report of SLEV genotype IV in Colombia (Córdoba) in mosquitoes from a region of human inhabitation, implicating the risk of human disease due to SLEV infection. Physicians should consider SLEV as a possible aetiology for undiagnosed febrile and neurologic syndromes among their patients who report exposure to mosquito-bites.