Aspectos ético-jurídicos da responsabilidade civil do médico em prática liberal

É feita atualização de conceitos ético-jurídicos referentes à responsabilidade civil do trabalho médico efetuado em prática liberal. São analisados tópicos que norteiam a formação do vínculo contratual entre o médico e seu cliente assim como os princípios da noção de culpa, elemento básico da responsabilidade civil tanto para os atos técnicos quanto no domínio do humanismo médico. São destacadas soluções apresentadas para a questão, em sistemas jurídicos europeus.

Outpatient health service utilization and associated factors: a population-based study

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that lead people to visit a doctor in Brazil and assess differences between socioeconomic groups. METHODS: A cross-sectional study comprising 1,260 subjects aged 15 or more was carried out in southern Brazil. Demographic, socioeconomic, health needs and regular source of care data were analyzed concerning visits to a doctor within two months from the interview. Adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Adjusted PR showed that women having stressful life events, health insurance, and a regular doctor increased the outcome. A dose-related response was found with self-reported health, and the probability of visiting a doctor increased with health needs. Analysis in the chronic disease group revealed that uneducated lower income subjects had a 62% reduction in the chance of visiting a doctor compared to uneducated higher income ones. However, as it was seen a significant interaction between income and education, years of schooling increased utilization in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest the existence of health inequity in the poorest group that could be overcome with education. Specific measures reinforcing the importance of having a regular doctor may also improve access in the underserved group.

Participação da sociedade civil no seguimento das ações frente à Aids no Brasil

A Declaração de Compromisso sobre o HIV/Aids das Nações Unidas recomenda que os governos realizem análises periódicas das suas ações frente à epidemia do HIV/Aids, com a participação da sociedade civil. Para isso, devem ser criados mecanismos e instrumentos específicos. O presente trabalho examina algumas das respostas do governo brasileiro a esta recomendação. Foi feita uma análise da proposta de seguimento contida na Declaração e sua adequação à realidade brasileira, em relação à participação da sociedade civil. Discutiram-se os limites e as potencialidades do MONITORAIDS, matriz de indicadores construída pelo Programa Nacional de DST/Aids para monitoramento da epidemia. Os resultados mostraram que a complexidade do MONITORAIDS dificulta sua utilização pelo conjunto de atores envolvidos na luta contra a Aids. Sugere-se que se estabeleçam mecanismos que facilitem a apropriação desse sistema por todos aqueles comprometidos com o enfrentamento da epidemia no País.

Estratégias de controle da tuberculose no Brasil: articulação e participação da sociedade civil

Apesar dos últimos anos não registrarem mudanças significativas nos indicadores da tuberculose no Brasil, há clara modificação no cenário político do enfrentamento dessa doença, no qual se destaca o aparecimento da sociedade civil. São feitas considerações sobre as condições que contribuíram para o seu aparecimento, tais como a origem, a composição, as ações, os parceiros e as perspectivas da mobilização social. Em função de iniciativas para o controle da tuberculose no âmbito internacional e de empreendimentos para incentivar a mobilização social nos níveis estaduais e municipais, o governo federal passou a imprimir uma política mais consistente e coerente, passando também a incluir a sociedade civil em suas ações. Mesmo sendo um ator reconhecido pelo poder público e considerado estratégico para o êxito das ações de controle da tuberculose, a participação comunitária requer incentivos e apoio constante de outros setores.

Risk factors for cesarean section by category of health service

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the rate of cesarean section and differences in risk factors by category of health service, either public or private. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out including all pregnant women in labor admitted to hospitals in the city of Rio Grande, Southern Brazil, between January 1 and December 31, 2007. A pre-coded and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect on social, demographic, obstetric and newborn care information. Two regression models were constructed: one for public users and the other one for private ones. Poisson regression was used in each model in the multivariate analysis. Prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each adjusted factor. RESULTS: The rate of cesarean section was 43% and 86% among public and private users. Sociodemographic factors and twin births have a more significant impact among public users as well as number of pregnancies (25% vs. 13% reduction in public and private users, respectively) and previous cesarean section (86% vs. 24% increase in public and private users, respectively). Prenatal care visits and hospital admissions affected the outcome only in women users of public services. CONCLUSIONS: Cesarean section rates were high in both groups studied, but it was twice as high among women cared in the private sector. Associated factors differ in magnitude by category of service used.

Validity and reliability of a health care service evaluation instrument for tuberculosis

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the validity and reliability of an instrument that evaluates the structure of primary health care units for the treatment of tuberculosis.METHODS This cross-sectional study used simple random sampling and evaluated 1,037 health care professionals from five Brazilian municipalities (Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte; Cabedelo, state of Paraíba; Foz do Iguaçu, state of Parana; Sao José do Rio Preto, state of Sao Paulo, and Uberaba, state of Minas Gerais) in 2011. Structural indicators were identified and validated, considering different methods of organization of the health care system in the municipalities of different population sizes. Each structure represented the organization of health care services and contained the resources available for the execution of health care services: physical resources (equipment, consumables, and facilities); human resources (number and qualification); and resources for maintenance of the existing infrastructure and technology (deemed as the organization of health care services). The statistical analyses used in the validation process included reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis.RESULTS The validation process indicated the retention of five factors, with 85.9% of the total variance explained, internal consistency between 0.6460 and 0.7802, and quality of fit of the confirmatory factor analysis of 0.995 using the goodness-of-fit index. The retained factors comprised five structural indicators: professionals involved in the care of tuberculosis patients, training, access to recording instruments, availability of supplies, and coordination of health care services with other levels of care. Availability of supplies had the best performance and the lowest coefficient of variation among the services evaluated. The indicators of assessment of human resources and coordination with other levels of care had satisfactory performance, but the latter showed the highest coefficient of variation. The performance of the indicators “training” and “access to recording instruments” was inferior to that of other indicators.CONCLUSIONS The instrument showed feasibility of application and potential to assess the structure of primary health care units for the treatment of tuberculosis.

Screening for pulmonary tuberculosis in Teresópolis, RJ, Brazil: the search for respiratory symptomatic patients in emergency service of "Hospital das Clínicas de Teresópolis Costantino Ottaviano, Fundação Educacional Serra dos Órgãos"

The aim of the present study was to investigate the detection percentage of tuberculosis among patients that are respiratory symptomatic (TB suspects). In this work, we present the preliminary results of research carried out at "Hospital das Clínicas de Teresópolis Costantino Ottaviano da Fundação Educacional Serra dos Órgãos (FESO)" from November 2003 to April 2004. Among the 40 respiratory symptomatic individuals identified and referred to the Tuberculosis Control Program in Teresópolis, two (5.0%) were characterized as smear-positive. These results confirm reports in the literature and underscore the need for and importance of this strategy.