Infestation and natural parasitism of aphids in single and mixed pastures of black oats and ryegrass

Some species of aphids are major pests on cereal crops and grass pastures. Usually these pests are not adequately controlled in pasture lands that become sources of aphid infestations to cereal crops. The dynamics of aphids and the incidence of natural enemies are less known in pasture systems than in cereal fields. The objective of this work was to assess the aphid infestation and natural aphid parasitism in different pasture composition. Three hypotheses were tested: 1- the aphid species composition in pastures may vary according to the cereal species in the field; 2- the mixture of two plant species can modify the amount and diversity of aphids; 3- the plant species composition of pasture fields influences the parasitism of aphids. Empirical data were obtained from three Poaceae fields: black oats (Avena strigosa L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), and a mixed field of black oats and ryegrass. The most abundant aphid species was Rhopalosiphum padi followed by Sitobion avenae. Plant species composition increases the amount and the parasitism rates of aphids. The mixture of heavily infested black oats with a poorly infested ryegrass resulted in reduction of aphid infestation in comparison with heavily-infested single plant species field. This is possible because the conditions are favorable for the development of parasitoid populations. Aphidius colemani was the main parasitoid found in these areas.

Atributos microbianos do solo após a adição de lodo anaeróbio da estação de tratamento de efluentes de parboilização do arroz

O cultivo do arroz é destaque na região Sul, com 60 % da produção total desse cereal no país. A parboilização do arroz é um tratamento hidrotérmico que cozinha parcialmente os grãos ainda em casca, melhorando seu valor nutricional. Desse processo resulta um efluente rico em matéria orgânica e nutrientes, que pode ser utilizado como adubo orgânico na agricultura. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade de um solo com base nas alterações de alguns atributos microbianos decorrentes do acréscimo de lodo anaeróbio da estação de tratamento de efluentes de parboilização do arroz. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro em casa de vegetação, por meio do cultivo de milho em um Argissolo acrescido de lodo (base seca) nas doses de 2,15; 4,31; 8,62; 12,93; e 17,24 g kg-1, em que foram analisados os teores de C orgânico total (COT) e N total (NT)do solo e da biomassa microbiana. O segundo foi desenvolvido em laboratório, utilizando-se vasos respirométricos, com o mesmo solo e tratamentos do experimento anterior, onde se analisou a atividade da microbiota do solo pela determinação da respiração basal. Como tratamentos controle foram utilizados: solo sem adubação e solo adubado com NPK. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento completamente casualizado com quatro repetições. A atividade microbiana do solo e o C (CM) e N (NM) da biomassa microbiana aumentaram com as doses de lodo e proporcionaram diminuição no quociente metabólico do solo. A aplicação do lodo não alterou as relações COT/NT, CM/NM, CM/COT e NM/NT, em comparação com o tratamento NPK. A aplicação do lodo ao solo aumentou os teores de COT e causou diminuição nos teores de N mineral (NH4+ e NO3-), quando comparados aos do tratamento NPK. O lodo originado da parboilização do arroz pode ser aplicado ao solo, em doses recomendadas, com benefícios à atividade e à biomassa microbiana.

Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizers in no-till wheat and maize in southern Brazil

Crop residues on the soil surface of no-till systems can intensify ammonia volatilization from N fertilizers applied to cereal crops. This study assessed the magnitude of N losses through ammonia volatilization from urea applied to no-till winter (wheat) and summer crops (maize) on a Typic Hapludox in the south-central region of Paraná, southern Brazil. In addition, the potential of alternative N sources (urea with urease inhibitor, liquid fertilizer, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate) and different urea managements (fertilizer applied in the morning or afternoon) were evaluated. Two experiments with maize and wheat were carried out for two years, arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Nitrogen volatilization losses were assessed with a semi-open static collector until 21 days after fertilization. In winter, the losses were low (<5.5 % of applied N) for all N sources, which were not distinguishable, due to the low temperatures. In the summer, volatilization rates from urea were higher than in the winter, but did not exceed 15 % of applied N. The main factor decreasing N losses in the summer was the occurrence of rainfall in the first five days after fertilization. Urea with urease inhibitor, nitrate and ammonium sulfate were efficient to decrease ammonia volatilization in maize, whereas the application time (morning or afternoon) had no influence.

Influência do manejo do solo e da rotação de culturas na qualidade industrial do trigo

A qualidade industrial do trigo é afetada por fatores genéticos e ambientais, como solo, clima, tratos culturais, e outros. O presente trabalho teve como finalidade avaliar o efeito de sistemas de manejo de solo e de rotação de culturas sobre características que definem a qualidade industrial de trigo (peso do hectolitro, peso de mil grãos, extração experimental de farinha, alveografia, teste de microssedimentação com lauril sulfato de sódio e número de queda). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. A parcela principal foi constituída pelos sistemas de manejo de solo (plantio direto, preparos convencionais de solo com arado de discos e de aivecas, e cultivo mínimo), e a subparcela, pelos sistemas de rotação de culturas (monocultura, um inverno e dois invernos sem trigo). O preparo convencional de solo com arado de discos e o cultivo mínimo reduziu o número de queda; o sistema de rotação com dois invernos sem trigo elevou o peso do hectolitro; a monocultura desse cereal reduziu o peso do hectolitro, elevou a força geral de glúten e a microssedimentação com lauril sulfato de sódio; a interação sistemas de manejo de solo, rotação de culturas e ano de cultivo afetou o peso de mil grãos e, o ano de cultivo teve grande influência em todas as características de qualidade industrial de trigo estudadas.

Effect of intercropping wheat with forage legumes on wheat production and ground cover

The use of winter legumes in southern Brazil is hindered by the slow growth of these species during establishment exposing soil surface to erosion. Introduction of these species along with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied as a means of increasing ground cover during their initial establishment period, without reducing wheat grain yield. Two experiments were conducted in nearby areas, one in each year. Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cultivar Quiñequelli, white clover (T. repens L.), and arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi) did not reduce cereal yield in either year. Wheat yield was reduced by intercropped red clover cultivar Kenland and by subclover (T. subterraneum L.) in the first year. No grain yield differences due to intercropping with any legume were detected in the second year, when rainfall was below normal. Intercropping with wheat showed to be a practical alternative to enhance ground cover at establishing forage legumes.

Influence of micronutrients on dry matter yield and interaction with other nutrients in annual crops

The objective of this work was to determine the influence of Zn, Mn and Cu on shoot dry matter yield and uptake of macro and micronutrients in upland rice, common bean and corn. Six greenhouse experiments were conducted using a Dark Red Latosol (Typic Haplusthox). Treatments consisted of application of Zn at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 120 mg kg-1, of Mn at 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 and 640 mg kg-1 and of Cu application at 0, 2, 4, 8, 32, 64 and 96 mg kg-1. Zinc increased yield of rice, Mn increased yields of corn and bean and Cu improved yields of rice and bean. Uptake of N, Ca, and Cu in rice was decreased by zinc treatment. In common bean, uptake of N, Mg, and Cu was increased by zinc application, whereas, uptake of P was decreased. Manganese increased uptake of Mg, Zn and Fe and decreased uptake of Ca, in corn. Uptake of K, Zn and Mn was increased and uptake of P and Cu was decreased by Mn application, in bean. Copper had positive and negative interactions in the uptake of macro and micronutrients, depending on crop species and nutrients involved.

Effects of plant population and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and efficiency of maize-bean intercropping

Nitrogen supply and plant population are basic parameters for cereal-legume intercropping. In order to study plant population and nitrogen fertilizer effects on yield and yield efficiency of maize-bean intercropping, a field experiment was established. Three bean plant populations and three nitrogen levels were used. Maize dry matter accumulation decreased with increases in bean plant population. Competitive effect of intercrop beans on maize yields was high at higher plant populations, being decreased by nitrogen fertilizer; application of 50 kg ha-1 N was very efficient in increasing maize cob yield. Intercropping significantly decreased harvest index of beans in all plant population and nitrogen fertilizer situations. The efficiency of intercropping, compared to sole cropping, was evidenced by the values obtained for Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) for biomass, cob and pod yields that increased with increases in bean plant populations and nitrogen fertilizer levels.

Nitrogen fixation by groundnut and velvet bean and residual benefit to a subsequent maize crop

Chemical fertilisers are rarely avaiable to poor farmers, for whom the nitrogen (N) is often the most limiting element for cereal grain production. The objective of this study was to quantify the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) crops using the 15N natural abundance (delta15N) technique and to determine their residual effect and that of a natural fallow, on growth and N accumulation by two rustic maize varieties. The contribution of BNF calculated from delta15N data was 40.9, 59.6 and 30.9 kg ha-1, for groundnut, velvet bean and the natural fallow, respectively. The only legume grain harvested was from the groundnut, which yielded approximately 1.000 kg ha-1. The subsequent maize varieties ("Sol de Manhã" and "Caiana Sobralha") yielded between 1.958 and 2.971 kg ha-1, and were higher after velvet bean for both maize varieties and "Sol da Manhã" groundnut, followed by "Caiana" after groundnut and, finally, the natural fallow. For a small-holder producer the most attractive system is the groundnut followed by maize, as, in this treatment, both groundnut and maize grain harvest are possible. However, a simple N balance calculation indicated that the groundnut-maize sequence would, in the long term, deplete soil N reserves, while the velvet bean-maize sequence would lead to a build up of soil nitrogen.

MN 716: nova cultivar de cevada com estabilidade de produção e qualidade cervejeira

A cevada MN 716, lançada em 2004, é uma das cultivares recomendadas para cultivo com maior estabilidade de produção. Nos anos em que participou do ensaio para determinação de seu valor de cultivo e uso, apresentou excelente produtividade de grãos, com média superior a 3.000 kg ha-1, e desempenho equilibrado quanto à qualidade, com destaque para seu teor de beta-glucanas e índice enzimático. A cultivar constitui um avanço do melhoramento desse cereal no Brasil, aliando características de interesse do produtor e da indústria.

Occurrence of Aceria tosichella in Brazil

The objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of Aceria tosichella Keifer (Prostigmata: Eriophyidae), the wheat curl mite, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Samples to detect A. tosichella specimens were collected in wheat, corn, oat crops and potential host grasses in 46 localities, in October 2006, August and October 2007. Samples of wheat were also collected in experimental greenhouses at Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil. A. tosichella specimens were found in wheat samples from Passo Fundo, Palmeira das Missões, São Luís Gonzaga, and Santo Antônio das Missões, RS, Brazil. Symptoms due to A. tosichella infestations were observed only in greenhouse conditions. This is the first report of A. tosichella in Brazil and the second in South America.

Determinação da concentração de paclobutrazol por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e espectroscopia

Paclobutrazol is a plant growth retardant which is used world-wide for increasing the yield of cereal crops. However, this compound remains active in the soil for several years and can severely affect the growth and development of subsequent crops, mainly by reducing vegetative vigor. The aim of this work was to develop and validate methods for the determination of paclobutrazol concentrations by both high performance liquid chromatography and spectroscopy. Both methods were satisfactory and showed appropriately low quantification limits. The determination by spectroscopy has, however, the advantage of being a method significantly less expensive than high performance liquid chromatography.

Validação de métodos cromatográficos por clae para análise das vitaminas B1, B2, B6 e niacina naturalmente presentes em farinha de cereais

Complex B vitamins are present in some cereal foods and the ingestion of enriched products contributes to the recommended dietary intake of these micronutrients. To adapt the label of some products, it is necessary to develop and validate the analytical methods. These methods must be reliable and with enough sensitivity to analyze complex B vitamins naturally present in food at low concentration. The purpose of this work is to evaluate, with validated methods, the content of vitamins B1, B2, B6 and niacin in five cereal flours used in food industry (oat, rice, barley, corn and wheat).

Emprego de metodologia enzimática na obtenção de extratos protéicos de farinha de trigo

An enzymatic method was used for obtaining protein extracts from wheat flour using an alkaline protease. Some parameters were evaluated aiming the optimization of this method: temperature (40-50 ºC); time (2-5 h); physical treatment of the sample (no treatment, ultra-turrax/16,000 rpm/5 min and ultrasound/120 W/10 min); enzyme:substrate ratio (E:S) of 5:100 - 10:100 and concentration of wheat flour (1:3, 1:5 and 1:10 w/v). The results showed that the best condition for protein extraction was that using the sample concentration of 1:3 (w/v), ultra-turrax, E:S of 10:100, at 40 ºC, 2 h, having reached an extraction yield of 88.53%.

Cytopathological characterization of Mal de Río Cuarto virus in corn, wheat and barley

The Mal de Río Cuarto disease is caused by Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV) transmitted by Delphacodes kuscheli. Comparative studies were carried out on the cytopathological alterations produced by MRCV in corn (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), as seen with a transmission electron microscope. Corn plants were infected with viruliferous D. kuscheli collected from the endemic disease area (i.e. Río Cuarto County, Córdoba, Argentina). For the viral transmission to small grain cereal plants, laboratory rared insects were used. In this case, the inoculum source was wheat and barley plants infected with MRCV isolate grown in a greenhouse. Leaf samples with conspicuous symptoms were collected: enations and size reduction in corn; crenatures, swelling veins and dark green color in small grain cereals. Viral infection was corroborated by DAS-ELISA. Viroplasms containing complete and incomplete virus particles and fibrillar material were found in the cytoplasm of infected cells in all species. Mature virions were between 60 and 70 nm diameter. In wheat and barley, viroplasms and dispersed particles were observed only in phloem, while in corn virions were also found in cells of the bundle sheath. Crystalline arrays of particles were detected in corn enation constitutive cells. Tubular inclusions were found only in wheat samples. The three species showed abnormalities in the chloroplasts of affected cells. The results showed that MRCV cytopathology has similarities with other viruses from the genus Fijivirus, family family Reoviridae, but slight differences depending upon the host plant.

Doenças do milho causadas por fungos do gênero Stenocarpella

Os fungos Stenocarpella macrospora e Stenocarpella maydis podem causar podridão de semente, morte de plântula, podridão da base do colmo e da espiga e mancha foliar em milho, sendo comumente detectados nos grãos ardidos quando as espigas são infectadas. Os danos no rendimento e na qualidade de grãos causados especificamente por Stenocarpella ainda não foram devidamente quantificados. Os patógenos são encontrados praticamente em todas as regiões produtoras de milho do Brasil. A doença ocorre com maior intensidade em lavouras de monocultura, principalmente em pequenas propriedades rurais, e em lavouras produtoras de semente, onde o cereal é freqüentemente cultivado na mesma área. Os restos culturais de milho e as sementes infectadas constituem-se na principal fonte de inóculo primário. O inóculo constituído de picniosporos, produzido nos resíduos culturais, é disseminado à curta distância pelo vento e respingos d'água. A disseminação à longa distância ocorre pelas sementes. A infecção das plantas pode ser sistêmica, com inóculo na forma de micélio oriundo das sementes, e/ou pela penetração direta com germinação dos conídios nos sítios de infecção, como bainha foliar, lâmina foliar, pedúnculo e palha da espiga. A temperatura ótima para crescimento do micélio e germinação dos conídios de ambas espécies ocorre na faixa de 23 ºC a 28 ºC. As principais estratégias de controle baseiam-se na eliminação e/ou redução da fonte de inóculo primário, como uso de semente sadia, tratamento de sementes com fungicida do grupo dos benzimidazóis e rotação de culturas. Pouca informação existe sobre a tolerância da doença em híbridos comerciais no Brasil. A adubação equilibrada do solo e evitar elevada densidade de plantas também podem reduzir a infecção.