Risco de salinização das terras do baixo Acaraú (CE)

Em determinadas condições de relevo, do clima e de uso, com certa frequência pode acontecer acúmulo de sais nos solos, dando lugar à formação dos solos salinos e sódicos - também denominados de solos afetados por sais. A fim de orientar as práticas de manejo e uso das terras da região do Baixo Acaraú, CE, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho gerar um mapa de risco de salinização. Para obtenção das classes de vulnerabilidade, foram avaliados os temas pedologia, geologia, geomorfologia e uso e cobertura das terras e informações de declividade e altimetria, tratados em ambiente SIG com o método multicritério aditivo. Foram definidas quatro classes de risco de salinização: baixo, moderado, alto e altíssimo ou solos naturalmente salinos/sódicos. Foi constatado que 35,47 % da área corresponde à classe de baixo risco de salinização; 26,22 %, à de risco moderado; 8,23 %, à de risco alto; e 19,65 %, à de risco altíssimo.

Efeito da qualidade da água de irrigação sobre os atributos físicos de um neossolo flúvico do Município de Quixeré, CE - Brasil

A qualidade da água usada na irrigação é um fator decisivo para a produtividade dos cultivos e para a qualidade do solo no semiárido brasileiro. Foram avaliados os efeitos das concentrações salinas da água de duas fontes distintas (rio e poço raso) sobre os atributos físicos: argila dispersa em água, grau de floculação, densidade e porosidade do solo, estabilidade e diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados estáveis em água de um Neossolo Flúvico Ta eutrófico, cultivado com a bananeira Musa sp. cv. Pacovan, durante os anos 2000/2001. A densidade do solo, a argila dispersa em água e o grau de floculação mostraram-se sensíveis aos incrementos de sais no solo irrigado com água da fonte poço. Os movimentos de contração e expansão do solo estudado, muito provavelmente, influenciaram as variações observadas na macroporosidade e estabilidade de agregados, pois as concentrações salinas das águas das duas fontes não foram suficientemente altas para alterar esses atributos físicos. O curto espaço de tempo em que o solo foi submetido à ação de agentes salinizadores pode ter diminuído e, ou, mascarado os efeitos dos sais sobre os processos de floculação e dispersão.

Comportamento da cajazeira enxertada sobre umbuzeiro em Pacajus-CE

A cajazeira é uma fruteira da família Anacardiaceae, explorada extrativamente, cujos frutos são nuculânios amarelos, de sabor agridoce, perfumados, ricos em carotenóides, açúcares, vitaminas A e C, denominados de taperebá, cajá-mirim ou cajá e muito utilizados na alimentação humana. Os problemas mais limitantes ao cultivo da cajazeira são a inexistência de clones recomendados para cultivo comercial e o elevado porte da planta. A cajazeira enxertada sobre umbuzeiro apresenta compatibilidade e afinidade entre as partes enxertadas e pouco interfere na forma de crescimento da planta, que é muito semelhante à de planta oriunda de semente, ou seja, tendência em formar caule de haste única e copa alta. A cultura ainda exige estudos sobre as modalidades e épocas de realização das podas para o controle do crescimento da planta e formação de copas que se enquadrem dentro de modelos de exploração intensiva.

Caracterização física de frutos do pequizeiro nativos da chapada do Araripe-CE

O trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização física de frutos de pequizeiros (Caryocar coriaceum Wittm.) nativos da Chapada do Araripe, sul do Estado do Ceará, a fim de quantificar a variabilidade entre as plantas e identificar materiais de interesse agroindustrial e para melhoramento genético. Frutos de 35 plantas foram caracterizados através de 24 parâmetros físicos no fruto inteiro, casca, amêndoa, polpa e semente. Os resultados (média de 25 frutos) foram avaliados via estatísticas descritivas (medidas de tendência central e variabilidade dos dados) e métodos de análise multivariada (análise de agrupamento e análise de componentes principais). os frutos provenientes das plantas 01; 02; 03; 05; 07; 14; 22 e 26 apresentaram as melhores características para processamento. A análise de agrupamento resultou na identificação de cinco grupos de plantas com características fenotípicas similares. os resultados mostraram a existência de considerável variabilidade na espécie.

Sistemas interfaceados de análise por injeção em fluxo e eletroforese capilar (FIA - CE): desafios, aplicações e perspectivas

A review about the state-of-the-art of flow injection analysis (FIA) -- capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems is presented. The basic principles of flow injection and capillary electrophoresis are briefly revised. The main aspects of the FIA-CE hybridization, including advantages and shortcomings, are discussed. Some applications involving all different designs are also presented. This review covers the literature from 1997 up to 2000.

Determinação indireta de N-acetil-L-cisteína por injeção em fluxo empregando Ce(IV) e ferroína

An indirect flow injection spectrophotometric procedure is proposed for the determination of N-acetyl-L-cysteine in pharmaceutical formulations. In this system, ferroin ([Fe(II)-(fen)2]2+) in excess, with a strong absorption at 500 nm, is oxidized by cerium(IV) yielding cerium(III) and [Fe(III)-(fen)2]3+ (colorless), thus producing a baseline. When N-acetyl-L-cysteine solution is introduced into the flow injection system, it reacts with cerium(IV) increasing the analytical signal in proportion to the drug concentration. Under optimal experimental conditions, the linearity of the analytical curve for N-acetyl-L-cysteine ranged from 6.5x10-6 to 1.3x10-4 mol L-1. The detection limit was 5.0x10-6 mol L-1and recoveries between 98.0 and 106% were obtained. The sampling frequency was 60 determinations per hour and the RSD was smaller than 1.4% for 2.2x10-5 mol L-1 N-acetyl-L-cysteine.

Phase diagram and complex patterns in the modeling of the bromate-oxalic acid-Ce-acetone oscillating reaction

Simulations have been carried out on the bromate - oxalic acid - Ce(IV) - acetone oscillating reaction, under flow conditions, using Field and Boyd's model (J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 3707). Many different complex dynamic behaviors were found, including simple periodic oscillations, complex periodic oscillations, quasiperiodicity and chaos. Some of these complex oscillations can be understood as belonging to a Farey sequence. The many different behaviors were systematized in a phase diagram which shows that some regions of complex patterns were nested with one inside the other. The existence of almost all known dynamic behavior for this system allows the suggestion that it can be used as a model for some very complex phenomena that occur in biological systems.

Laüe back-reflection method for crystallographic orientation of a martensitic Cu-Zn-Al single crystal of the monoclinic system

A martensitic single crystal Cu-23.95Zn-3.62(wt.%)Al alloy was obtained melting pure Cu, Zn and Al using Bridgman's method. The martensitic phase (monoclinic) can present up to 24 variants, and orienting the surface according to a certain plane is a very hard task. The single crystal was submitted to 8 tons of tension (stress) along the longitudinal direction to reduce the number of variants and facilitate the surface orientation according to the desired plane. This single crystal was oriented using the Laüe back-reflection method to give surfaces with the following oriented crystallographic planes: (010), (120) and (130). It was observed that the tension stress was applied along the [010] direction.

Eletroforese capilar acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CE-MS): vinte anos de desenvolvimento

CE-MS has been increasingly used for analysis of a vast array of compounds. This article reviews the different electrophoretic modes, interfaces and mass analyzers that are commonly used in the CE-MS coupling, as well as the technique advantages and performance characteristics. A large compilation of CE-MS applications is also presented. Therefore, this review is both a guide for beginners and a collection of key references for people who are familiar to the technique. Furthermore, this is the first CE-MS review published in a Brazilian journal and marks the installation of the first two commercial CE-MS units in Sao Paulo State.

Estratégias de pré-concentração em eletroforese capilar (CE): parte 1. Manipulação da velocidade eletroforética do analito

Capillary electrophoresis has become a well-established and routine-based separation technique. It is based on the differences between charged analyte mobility in aqueous or organic electrolytes. Its major limitation is the sensitivity due to small sample injection volumes and the narrow diameter of the capillaries, especially when UV detection is used. There are a number of ways to increase the concentration sensitivity. This report shows some on-line preconcentration strategies to perform it in free solution capillary electrophoresis that are based on manipulation of the analyte electrophoretic velocity during the sample introduction (stacking, field amplification and transient isotachophoresis).

Determination of cetirizine in tablets and compounded capsules: comparative study between CE and HPLC

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed and validated for determination of cetirizine dihydrochloride in tablets and compounded capsules. The electrophoretic separation was performed in an uncoated fused-silica capillary (40 cm x 50 μm i.d.) using 20 mmol L-1 sodium tetraborate buffer (pH 9.3) as background electrolyte, a hydrodinamic sample injection at 50 mBar for 5 s, 20 KV applied voltage at 25 °C, and detection at 232 nm. The proposed method was compared with the high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method previously validated for this drug, and statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the techniques.

Ce - promoted catalyst from hydrotalcites for CO2 reforming of methane: calcination temperature effect

Ce-promoted Ni-catalysts from hydrotalcites were obtained. The effect of calcination temperature on the chemical and physical properties of the catalysts was studied. Several techniques were used to determine the chemical and physical characteristics of oxides. The apparent activation energies of reduction were determined. Catalytic experiments at 48 L g-1h-1 without pre-reduction in CO2 reforming of methane were performed. The spinel-like phase in these oxides was only formed at 1000 ºC. The reduction of Ni2+ in the oxides was clearly affected by the calcination temperature which was correlated with catalytic performance. The catalyst calcined at 700 ºC showed the greatest activity.

Prochloraz residue levels in ginger submitted to Sportak 450 CE" postharvest treatment

A preliminary study was conducted to determine the residue levels of prochloraz in ginger samples treated with Sportak 450 CE® (prochloraz as active ingredient) under laboratory conditions and cold-storage for 15 days at 10°C and 89% RH. Sampling was carried out at 10 and 15 days after Sportak 450 CE® dip treatment (450 and 900 µg mL-1). Pesticide residues were determined by GCECD. During the study, residue levels in ginger ranged between 3.6 and 10.6 mg Kg-1 for prochloraz.

Determination of carbon monoxide using a coated quartz crystal sensor

Carbon monoxide was detected and determined by a piezoelectric quartz crystal sensor coated with nickel(II)-phthalocyanine 50 % (v/v) solution in glycerine. Studies on the effect of temperature, flow rate, and some possible interferents were carried out. Calibration curves, sensor stability (lifetime) and the precision of measurements were also verified. The resulting selectivity is probably due to the coordinative binding between the electronically unsatured metal complexes and the analyte. The analytical curve is linear in the concentration range 0.10 to 1.0 % (v/v).

Crystal structures of 5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoates of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)

The crystal and molecular structures of [bis(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate)tetraaquamanganese(II)], [pentaaqua(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoato)cobalt(II)] (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate), [pentaaqua(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoato)nickel(II)] (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate) and [aquabis(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate)zinc(II)] monohydrate were determined by a single-crystal X-ray analysis. Mn(H2O)4L2 (where L = C8H6ClO3) crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c. [Co(H2O)5L]L and [Ni(H2O)5L]L both are isostructural, space group P212121. The crystals of [Zn(H2O)L2] H2O are monoclinic, space group Pc. Mn(II) ion is positioned at the crystallographic symmetry center. Mn(II) and Co(II) ions adopt the distorted octahedral coordination but Zn(II) tetrahedral one.The carboxylate groups in the complexes with M(II) cations function as monodentate, bidentate and/or free COO-groups. The ligands exist in the crystals as aquaanions. The complexes of 5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoates with Mn(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) form bilayer structure.