Análise florística e estrutural de uma floresta em diferentes estágios sucessionais no município de Castanhal, Pará

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a sucessão florestal pela análise florística e estrutural de floresta em três estágios sucessionais (4, 8 e 12 anos), localizadas no município de Castanhal-PA. Consideraram-se duas classes de DAP: Classe I (DAP>1cm) e classe II (DAP<1cm). Para a classe I, foram utilizadas 12 parcelas de 10m x 10m, na floresta sucessional de 12 anos e 4 parcelas de 10m x 10m nas de 4 e 8 anos. Para a classe II, foram utilizadas 48 subparcelas de 1m x 1m na floresta de 12 anos e 16 subparcelas de 1m x 1m nas de 4 e 8 anos. Na classe I, foram identificadas 18, 30 e 73 espécies e 12, 18 e 21 indivíduos/ha, respectivamente, nas florestas de 4, 8 e 12. Na classe II, foram identificadas 17, 21 e 62 espécies; e 50, 26 e 47 indivíduos/m², também, respectivamente, nas florestas de 4, 8 e 12 anos. Na classe I, Lacistema pubescens, Vismia guianensis e Myrcia silvatica apresentaram maiores abundâncias e dominâncias relativas. Na classe II, Lacistema pubescens, Vismia guianensis, Miconia ciliata, Myrcia bracteatae Banara guianensis também apresentaram elevado número de indivíduos. Myrcia silvatica apresentou maior abundância nos três estágios. A similaridade entre as floresttas na classe I foi de aproximadamente 60% e na classe II, 42%. Os resultados sugerem que as florestas apresentaram características de três fases de desenvolvimento da floresta: fase de iniciação (4 anos), fase de exclusão (8 anos) e o início da fase de reiniciação do sub-bosque (12 anos).

Ingresso e mortalidade em uma floresta em diferentes estágios sucessionais no município de Castanhal, Pará

O presente trabalho descreve o ingresso e a mortalidade em uma floresta em diferentes estágios sucessionais, no município de Castanhal, Pará. A área de estudo está localizada na Estação Experimental da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. As parcelas foram implantadas em áreas de florestas sucessionais de diferentes idades (4, 8 e 12 anos). Nas florestas sucessionais de 4 e 8 anos foram utilizadas quatro parcelas de 10m x 10m e na floresta de 12 anos foram, 12 parcelas de 10m x 10m. Realizaram duas medições de todos os indivíduos com DAP>1cm, em intervalos de 12 meses, nas florestas sucessionais de 4 e 8 anos; e intervalo de 18 meses na floresta de 12 anos. Foram calculadas as taxas de ingresso e de mortalidade. Na floresta de 4 anos o ingresso foi maior que a mortalidade. Nas florestas sucessionais de 8 e 12 anos as densidades diminuíram, perdendo mais indivíduos por mortalidade do que ganhando por ingresso. Lacistema pubescens, Myrcia silvatica, Vismia guianensis, Rollinia exsucca e Miconia ciliata apresentaram muitos indivíduos mortos nas florestas estudadas.

Comparações florísticas e estruturais entre comunidades de palmeiras em fragmentos de floresta primária e secundária da Área de Proteção Ambiental Raimundo Irineu Serra - Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil

O presente estudo compara a composição e estrutura das comunidades de palmeiras da Área de Proteção Ambiental Raimundo Irineu Serra - APARIS, localizada no perímetro urbano do Município de Rio Branco-Acre. Foram selecionadas três áreas de floresta secundária em estágios sucessionais distintos: 7,5 anos, 27,5 anos, 37,5 anos de idade, e um fragmento de floresta primária. Em cada área foram instaladas cinco parcelas de 20 X 20m, onde foram analisadas a composição florística, estrutura horizontal e estrutura populacional das palmeiras. Foram identificados 1.034 indivíduos, incluídos em 12 gêneros e 19 espécies de palmeiras. A área de floresta primária apresentou maior diversidade. Na análise da estrutura populacional de cada área, comprovamos a existência de uma escassez de plântulas (≤ 50 cm de altura) e adultos reprodutivos. A fragmentação alterou a composição e diminuiu a riqueza e a diversidade de palmeiras na área da APARIS, enquanto, está favorecendo a dominância de certas espécies como A. phalerata.

Seven new species of Latonigena (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) from South America

In this paper seven new species of Latonigena Simon, 1893 are described, including the first descriptions of males of this genus. Latonigena beni sp. nov. is described from Bolivia and Brazil and six species are described exclusively from Brazil: L. colombo sp. nov. from Paraná; L. lami sp. nov. from Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul; L. santana sp. nov., L. sapiranga sp. nov. and L. taim sp. nov. from Rio Grande do Sul; L. turvo sp. nov. from Tocantins, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. Latonigena africana Tucker, 1923 is transferred to Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 with basis on the morphological characters.

Use of tree species by White-throated treerunner (Pygarrhichas albogularis King) in a secondary native forest of southern Chile

ABSTRACT In forest ecosystems, numerous species of insectivorous birds use certain tree species as feeding and nesting substrates. Between 2009 and 2010, the use of different floristic components as feeding substrate by the Pygarrhichas albogularis King, 1831 was evaluated in a southern Chilean secondary native forest. From a total of 13 trees and bush species, six tree species were used by P. albogularis as a feeding substrate. Tree use was limited to intermediate heights (11-20 m) and, mainly, to the trunk (40% of observations) and secondary branches (26%). Pygarrhichas albogularis showed a disproportionated use of N. dombeyi and an important use of trees with a greater age structure (DBH 81-100 cm). Nothofagus dombeyi presented a significantly greater tree bark crevice depth than E. cordifolia. In turn, covariance between crevice depth and invertebrate supply in tree bark was positive and significant. We consider bark depth and invertebrate supply to be the proximate causes explaining P. albogularis disproportionated use of Nothofagus dombeyi.

Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Petiveria alliacea (guiné) in animals

Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) is a bush widely distributed in South America including Brazil, where it is popularly known as "guiné", pipi", "tipi" or "erva-de-tipi". Brazilian folk medicine attributes to the hot water infusion of its roots or leaves the following pharmacologicalproperties: antipyretic, antispasmodic, abortifacient, antirrheumatic, diuretic, analgesic and sedative. The present study has evaluated the alleged effects of P. alliacea on central nervous system (CNS), particularly, the sedative and analgesic properties of root crude aqueous extract of this plant in mice and rats. This extract showed an antinociceptive effect in acetic acid - acetylcholine - and hypertonic saline - induced abdominal constrictions, but not in hot-plate and tail flick tests P. alliacea did not produce any CNS depressor effect. Thus its antinociceptive action in animals can be responsible by its poplar use as an analgesic.

Gauging differential health among the sexes at Windover (8Br246) using the Western Hemisphere Health Index

Assessment of intrapopulation human health provides information concerning social structure, division of labor, and lifestyle. Differential health among the sexes can provide clues to social roles, resource acquisition and status within prehistoric populations. Windover (8Br246) is an Archaic mortuary pond located in eastern central Florida. Its occupation spans over 500 years and dates to 7000 years BP. Over 168 well-preserved individuals were excavated, providing a glimpse into life during Florida's Archaic. Through the application of the Western Hemisphere Health Index, we find that males within the group experienced better overall health than females. Males outscore females in quality of life, percent of maximum scores, stature, anemia, dental disease, and infection. Females out-score males in enamel hypoplasia and degenerative joint disease. Causative factors for observed differential health are examined and include activity levels, sexual division of labor, access to resources, and the physiological demands of childbearing.

Spatial and temporal changes in Lutzomyia longipalpis abundance, a Leishmania infantum vector in an urban area in northeastern Argentina

This study aimed to analyse changes in the spatial distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Posadas, an urban area located in northeastern Argentina. Data were obtained during the summer of 2007 and 2009 through two entomological surveys of peridomiciles distributed around the city. The abundance distribution pattern for 2009 was computed and compared with the previous pattern obtained in 2007, when the first human visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported in the city. Vector abundance was also examined in relation to micro and macrohabitat characteristics. In 2007 and 2009, Lu. longipalpis was distributed among 41.5% and 31% of the households in the study area, respectively. In both years, the abundance rates at most of the trapping sites were below 30 Lu. longipalpis per trap per night; however, for areas exhibiting 30-60 Lu. longipalpis and more than 60 Lu. longipalpis, the areas increased in both size and number from 2007-2009. Lu. longipalpis was more abundant in areas with a higher tree and bush cover (a macrohabitat characteristic) and in peridomiciles with accumulated unused material (a microhabitat characteristic). These results will help to prioritise and focus control efforts by defining which peridomiciles display a potentially high abundance of Lu. longipalpis.

Leaf area of common bean genotypes during early pod filling as related to plant adaptation to limited phosphorus supply

Low phosphorus supply markedly limits leaf growth and genotypes able to maintain adequate leaf area at low P could adapt better to limited-P conditions. This work aimed to investigate the relationship between leaf area production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes during early pod filling and plant adaptation to limited P supply. Twenty-four genotypes, comprised of the four growth habits in the species and two weedy accessions, were grown at two P level applied to the soil (20 and 80 mg kg-1) in 4 kg pots and harvested at two growth stages (pod setting and early pod filling). High P level markedly increased the leaf number and leaf size (leaf area per leaf), slightly increased specific leaf area but did not affect the net assimilation rate. At low P level most genotypic variation for plant dry mass was associated with leaf size, whereas at high P level this variation was associated primarily with the number of leaves and secondarily with leaf size, specific leaf area playing a minor role at both P level. Determinate bush genotypes presented a smaller leaf area, fewer but larger leaves with higher specific leaf area and lower net assimilation rate. Climbing genotypes showed numerous leaves, smaller and thicker leaves with a higher net assimilation rate. Indeterminate bush and indeterminate prostrate genotypes presented the highest leaf area, achieved through intermediate leaf number, leaf size and specific leaf area. The latter groups were better adapted to limited P. It is concluded that improved growth at low P during early pod filling was associated with common bean genotypes able to maintain leaf expansion through leaves with greater individual leaf area.

Changes in the Structure of a Nigerian Soil under Different Land Management Practices

Quantification of soil physical quality (SPQ) and pore size distribution (PSD) can assist understanding of how changes in land management practices influence dynamics of soil structure, and this understanding could greatly improve the predictability of soil physical behavior and crop yield. The objectives of this study were to measure the SPQ index under two different land management practices (the continuous arable cropping system and natural bush fallow system), and contrast the effects of these practices on the structure of PSD using soil water retention data. Soil water retention curves obtained from a pressure chamber were fitted to van Genuchten’s equation, setting m (= 1-1/n). Although values for soil bulk density were high, soils under the continuous arable cropping system had good SPQ, and maintained the capacity to support root development. However, soils under the natural bush fallow system had a worse structure than the continuous arable system, with restrictions in available water capacity. These two management systems had different PSDs. Results showed the inferiority of the natural bush fallow system with no traffic restriction (which is the common practice) in relation to the continuous arable cropping system in regard to physical quality and structure.

Growth regulators, culture media and antibiotics in the in vitro shoot regeneration from mature tissue of citrus cultivars

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) combinations, basal media and beta-lactam antibiotics on in vitro organogenesis from mature stem segments of 'Pêra', 'Valência' and 'Bahia' sweet oranges and 'Cravo' rangpur lime. For induction of shoot regeneration, the segments of the four cultivars were placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing the following BAP/NAA concentrations: 0.0/0.0; 0.25/0.0; 0.25/0.25; 0.5/0.0; 0.5/0.5; 1.0/0.0; 2.0/0.0; 2.0/0.25; 2.0/0.5; and 2.0/1.0 mg L-1. In order to test the influence of the culture media on shoot-bud induction, (MS), Murashige and Tucker (MT), and woody plant medium (WPM) formulations were evaluated, associated with the best combination of plant growth regulators obtained in the previous experiment. The influence of four beta-lactam antibiotics (timentin, cefotaxime sodium salt, meropenem trihydrate and augmentin) on shoot regeneration was determined. Better regeneration responses were achieved when internodal segments were cultured onto MS-based medium with 500 mg L-1 cefotaxime with the following BAP/NAA concentrations: 0.5 + 0.25 mg L-1 for 'Cravo', 1.0 + 0.25 mg L-1 for 'Valência' and 'Bahia', and 1.0 + 0.5 mg L-1 for 'Pêra'. Genotype, growth regulators, basal media and beta-lactam antibiotics affect the morphogenetic response in mature tissues of citrus.

Otimização de protocolos para regeneração de plantas in vitro de tangerina 'Cleópatra' (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.)

O sucesso de técnicas biotecnológicas no melhoramento in vitro de citros está condicionado à existência prévia de uma metodologia eficiente de regeneração de plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer um sistema para regeneração de plantas in vitro, via organogênese de tangerina Cleópatra (Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tan.). Experimentos avaliando concentrações de BAP (benzilaminopurina) e condições de cultivo, posição e polaridade do segmento de epicótilo, no meio de cultura, foram desenvolvidos para maximizar a regeneração. Para a indução das brotações, segmentos de epicótilo (1,0 cm de comprimento) foram cultivados em meio de cultura MT (Murashige & Tucker, 1969). Após 45 dias, foram avaliados: percentual de explantes responsivos e nº. de gemas/ explante responsivo. Para enraizamento, foram utilizados os meios MT e MT/2, com ou sem ANA (ácido naftalenoacético) na concentração 1,0 mg L-1. Após 60 dias, avaliou-se o percentual de brotos que emitiram raízes. A máxima proliferação de gemas foi obtida em condições de escuro, por 30 dias, utilizando-se da concentração 2,0 mg L-1 de BAP. Não houve efeito significativo da posição do explante na resposta organogenética. Os segmentos apicais e mediais mostraram-se mais eficientes que os basais. A concentração de 1,0 mg L-1 de BAP com o cultivo em condições de escuro, por 30 dias, na fase de indução de brotações combinada com ausência de auxina no meio MT/2, na fase de indução de raízes, assegurou melhor índice de enraizamento dos brotos regenerados.

Adequação de nutrientes do meio MT para o cultivo de embriões imaturos de tangerineira 'Cleópatra'

Este trabalho teve como objetivo ajustar a concentração de macronutrientes, micronutrientes e vitaminas do meio de cultura Murashige & Tucker (MT), de modo a permitir a germinação de embriões imaturos, menores que 3 mm, de tangerineira 'Cleópatra'. As sementes foram obtidas a partir de frutos com 4 a 5 meses após a antese, cujos embriões não germinam nos meios de cultura atualmente indicados para citros. Inicialmente, os embriões foram cultivados em meio de cultura básico contendo sacarose e ágar, seguindo uma seqüência de etapas, procedendo-se a ajustes da concentração normal dos macronutrientes (1/1, ½ e ¼), micronutrientes (1/1, ½, ¼ e 1/1, 3/2, 2/1) e vitaminas (2/1, 1/1 e ½) do meio MT. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema fatorial 3 (concentrações do MT) x 4 (comprimentos de embriões), com 10 repetições. As variáveis, porcentagem de germinação de embriões, porcentagem de plântulas normais e comprimentos dessas plântulas foram avaliadas 30 dias após a inoculação dos embriões em meio de cultura. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando-se de metade da concentração normal de macronutrientes, não havendo necessidade de alterar as concentrações de micronutrientes e vitaminas.

Characterization and treatment of sisal fiber residues for cement-based composite application

Sisal fiber is an important agricultural product used in the manufacture of ropes, rugs and also as a reinforcement of polymeric or cement-based composites. However, during the fiber production process a large amount of residues is generated which currently have a low potential for commercial use. The aim of this study is to characterize the agricultural residues by the production and improvement of sisal fiber, called field bush and refugo and verify the potentiality of their use in the reinforcement of cement-based composites. The residues were treated with wet-dry cycles and evaluated using tensile testing of fibers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Compatibility with the cement-based matrix was evaluated through the fiber pull-out test and flexural test in composites reinforced with 2 % of sisal residues. The results indicate that the use of treated residue allows the production of composites with good mechanical properties that are superior to the traditional composites reinforced with natural sisal fibers.

Diagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection by Polymerase Chain Reaction in wild mammals

Visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Leishmania infantum (synonym: Leishmania chagasi) and transmitted by the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis in Brazil. It is an endemic zoonosis in several regions of the country, including Belo Horizonte (State of Minas Gerais). In urban areas, the domestic dog is susceptible and considered the most important animal reservoir. However, L. infantum has been previously diagnosed in other species, including captive primates and canids. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of the agent DNA in captive animals as well as some free ranging animals from the Zoo-Botanical Foundation of Belo Horizonte by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Eighty one blood samples from primates, carnivores, ruminants, edentates, marsupial, and a monogastric herbivore were analyzed. Three primates Alouatta guariba (brown howler monkey), and two canids Speothos venaticus (bush dog) were positive, demonstrating the importance of leishmaniasis control in endemic areas for preservation of wildlife species in captivity.