Toxoplasmose humana: meningoencefalomielite toxoplasmica: ocorrência em adulto e recemnascido

Desde 1914, com o trabalho inicial de Castellani, pesquisadores de diversos países teem assinado o encontro de toxoplasmose humana, o que foi até recentemente objeto de controvérsias. Como resultado dos trabalhos de Torres, Levaditi & coL, Wolf, Cowen & Paige, Pinkerton & Henderson e Sabin, a questão do parasitismo do homem por Toxoplasma, deve ser encarada considerando-se que teem sido descritos casos duvidosos e casos não duvidosos: a) Duvidosos, são os casos referidos por Castellani (Ceilão, 1914); Fedorovitch (Mar Negro, 1916); Chalmers & Kamar (Sudão, 1920); e Bland (Londres, 1930-31). b) Não duvidosos são os relatados por Janku (Praga, 1923); Torres, (Rio de Janeiro, 1927); Wolf & Cowen (New-York, 1937); Richter (Chicago, 1936: diagnósticado por Wolf & Cowen em 1938); Wolf, Cowen & Paige (New-York, 1939); Hertig (Massachusetts, 1935: diagnósticado por Pinkerton & Weinman em 1940); Pinkerton & Weinman (Lima-Peru, 1940); Sabin (dois casos, Cincinnati, 1941); Pinkerton & Henderson (dois casos, St. Louis, 1941); Paige, Cowen & Wolf (três casos, New-York, 1942); e De Lange (Amsterdam, 1929: diagnósticado por Paige, Cowen & Wolf em 1942). Destes relatos considerados como casos não duvidosos de toxoplasmose humana, 10 representam uma doença congênita (Torres e Paige, Wolf & Cowen) ocorrendo em crianças recemnascidas ou de poucos meses de vida. Como nas vezes em que foi possivel examinar as mães dessas crianças tratava-se de mulheres com aspecto sadio, concluiu-se que a moléstia, embora sumamente grave e mortal, pode apresentar uma forma inaparente. Em dois casos, provas de soro proteção demonstraram essa infecção materna inaparente, pelo encontro de anticorpos neutralizantes para Toxoplasma (Paige, Cowen & Wolf). Nada obstante não ter sido feito um estudo microscópico detalhado em todos os casos, a doença caracteriza-se por uma meningoence falomielite granulomatosa (Wolf & Cowen), associada frequentemente à miocardite e corioretinite. Os sintomas apresentados pelos pacientes, foram: febre, convulsões, distúrbios respiratórios, hidrocefalia, cianose, vômitos, labidade de temperatura, etc., sendo sinal diagnóstico de máxima importância, o encontro de focos de calcificação cerebral profunda e corioretinite em recem nascido (Dyke, Wolf, Cowen, Paige & Caffey) . Em dois casos de toxoplasmose verificados em pacientes de seis e oito anos respectivamente, foi encontrada uma encefalite clinicamente atípica, sendo que um deles sarou (Sabin). Os três casos restantes foram descritos em adultos; num deles as lesões não eram típicas (havia concomitância de infecção por Bartonella bacilliformis) e nos outros dois, a doença assumiu uma "forma exantemática", simulando as febres maculosas (Pinkerton & Henderson), sendo o achado mais importante microscopicamente, uma pneumonia intersticial. Alem da semelhança clínica, tambem os focos de encefalite encontrados nessa "forma exantemática" da toxoplasmose, são semelhantes aos descritos nas...

Terceira contribuicäo ao conhecimento do gênero Archytas Jaennicke, 1867: (Diptera, Tachinidae)

Twelve species of the genus Archytas Jennicke, 1867, eight of which described as new are studied and figured in detail. Definitions of the species are based mainly on characters of male genitalia. The male genital characters are the most significant for separation of the species and most demonstrative of their affinities. By examining a long series of species of this genus we came to the conclusion that the presence of one pair of median marginal bristles on the third abdominal tergite seems to be characteristic of the genus. This caracter apparently so important, is not however considered fundamental. The most significant example is found in Archytas lenkoi sp. n. and Archytas vexor Curran, 1928. In A. lenkoi we can find one or two pairs or thay may, less frquently, be absent. In A. vexor these bristles are lacking. The shape of the male copulatory apparatus of Jurinia nitidiventris Curran, 1928 refered to by CURRAN in his "Revision of Archytas", is not characteristic of any species of the group and so, is not considered in this paper. To help in the identification, the species studied here are divided into groups. The analis group" includes: A. apicifer (Walker, 1894), A. californiae (Walker, 1856), A. nivalis Curran, 1928, a. giacomellii (Blanchard, 1941), A. basifulvus (Walker, 1849), A. incasanus Townsend, 1912 and A. cirphis Curran, 1927. The identification of members of these group is extremely difficult owing both to their similarity in colour pattern and to their variability. They all have black testaceous or dark brown abdomen, the last segment pale or brownish pollinose; second segment without bristles; third with a pair of strong marginals, fourth and fifth with two rows of discals on apical third. The final determination often rests upon the structure of the male copulatory apparatus. Fortunately in this group, many of the forcipes superiores and palpi genitalium are strikingly different from one another. The "zikani group" includes: A. zikani sp. n., A seabrai sp. n., A. duckei sp. n. and A. vernalis Curran, 1928. This group may be characterized as follows: forcipes interiores absent; forcipes superiores strongly chitinized an dilated at anex. Within this group, the forcipes of. A. seabrai sp. n. do not present an aberrant form. The "dissimilis group" will be studied in forthcoming papers. The limits of the genus Archyta Jaen. are not as yet sharply difined, the evaluation of the significance of each character used in the definition remaining as most difficult problem. The distinction between Archytas and other related genera is very difficult, chiefly because it is based on variable characters. In this paper we place the genera Parafabricia Towsend, 1931, Itachytas Blanchard, 1940, Archynemochaeta Blanchard, 1941, Proarchytoides Blanchard, 1941 and Archytodejeania Blanchard, 1941 in the synonymy of Archytas Jaen. The detailed examination of the characters used in their definition, proved them to be fundamentally proposed on basis of chaetotasy, these characters alone being precarious, because of the considerabel intraspecifical variation. The type of the new species are in the Oswaldo Cruz Institute collection. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and paratypes in the collections of the followings institutions: Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria de Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo; Instituto de Ecologia e Experimemtação Agrícolas; Departamento de Defesa Sanitária Vegetal; Campos Seabra collection; and Barbiellini collection.

Algumas observações de laboratório sobre biologia e ecologia de Pomacea haustrum (Reeve, 1856)

Observações de laboratório sobre o pilideo Pomacea haustrum (Reeve, 1856) competidor-predador de planorbineos hospedeiros intermediários da esquistossomose mansoni mostraram que: Machos e fêmeas atingem maturidade sexual após um ano de idade, copulando preferencialmente pela manhã e ovipondo à noite. O tempo gasto nestes atos é variável; no caso da oviposição ele depende do número de ovos a serem postos. Os ovos são arredondados, com diâmetro médio de 3mm e coloração rósea que vai se alterando à medida que os embriões se desenvolvem. Com um período de incubaçãod e 15 a 23 dias, condicionado pela temperatura ambiente, eles resistem até 5 a 6 dias imersos em água sem danos aos embriões; independem de luz para eclodir. Os exemplares recém-eclodido têm, em média, 2,4 por 1,7mm de altura e diâmetro, respectivamente. Criados em isolamento crescem e sobrevivem mais que quando criados em grupo. Resistem pelo menos 90 dias fora d'água, mantendo-se neste período dentro das conchas, com o opérculo hermeticamente fechado, em anidrobiose. Nesta fase, podem morrer por ataque de larvas de dípteros.

Algumas observações de campo sobre biologia e ecologia de Pomacea haustrum (Reeve, 1856) (Mollusca, Pilidae)

Algumas observações de campo sobre o pilídeo Pomacea haustrum (Reeve, 1856), predador-competidor de planorbíneos hospedeiros intermediários da esquistossomose mansoni mostraram que: Cópula e oviposição são realizadas, preferencialmente, à noite e de madrugada. As desovas - cujas dimensões e formas dependem do número de ovos e tipos dos suportes - sao ovipostas, na maioria das vezes, de 6 a 10 cm acima do nível da água eclodindo após 9 a 30 dias de incubação; o número médio de ovos por desova foi de 236. A alimentação habitual deste molusco consiste de algas confervóides, além de vegetais aquáticos natantes e submersos; entretanto, e comum a utilização de outros materiais como alimento.Tem como habitat a zona marginal mais rasa das coleções hídricas onde e encontrado, predominando, aparentemente, nos ambientes lênticos. A distribuição espacial esta condicionada por determinadas características dos biótopos. Algumas aves aquáticas - anatídeos, ralídeos, etc.- revelaram-se importantes inimigos naturais, atacando além das desovas exemplares jovens e adultos; em determinadas condições podem constituir fator impeditivo da implantação e colonização de novos biótopos.

The life cycle of Dendritobilharzia anatinarum cheatum, 1941 (Trematoda, Schistosomatidae)

The life cycle of Dendritobilharzia anatinarum was completed experimentally in the laboratory. Cairina moschata domestica (domestic duck) and Biomphalaria straminea served respectively as definitive and intermediate hosts. Eggs passed in duck faeces hatch miracidia in 10 minutes when placed in water. Eight days after the snail infection, the mother sporocyst contains daughter sporocysts ready to migrate. Cercariae are present within the daughter sporocysts 23 days after infection and emerge from the snail on the 25th day. They actively penetrate the skin of the duck and after a prepatent of 39 days, sexually mature trematodes are present in the blood vessels of the bird. The adult parasite is predominantly in the renal-portal system and to a lesser degree in the lungs and mesentery. A detailed morphological description of the egg. miracidium, sporocyst and cercaria is presented.

Descrição da fêmea, genitália do macho e larva de Ocyptamos sativus (Curran, 1941) (Diptera: Syrphidae)

The female, male genital apparatus and larva of Ocyptamus sativus are described. A short report of the predatory habits of this species is made.

Potential Vectors of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) in Itacoatiara, Oceanic Region of Niterói Municipality, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Dirofilaria immitis is a widespread mosquito-borne parasite that causes dirofilariasis, a commonly diagnosed disease of dogs that is rarely reported in cats and humans. A mosquito survey was conducted in Itacoatiara in the State of Rio de Janeiro, from March 1995 to February 1996, using canine, feline and human baits. A total of 3,667 mosquitoes were dissected for D. immitis larvae, representing 19 species and 10 genera. From those, Ae. scapularis, Ae taeniorhynchus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. declarator, Cx. saltanensis and Wy. bourrouli were found infected with D. immitis parasites, and among those, only the first three harbored infective larvae. The majority of larvae were found in the Malpighian tubules (889/936), and larval melanization was observed in the two Aedes species. In descending order, the best vectors were Ae. scapularis, Ae. taeniorhynchus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus which alternate seasonally in importance. Cx. quinquefasciatus is suggested to be a vector to cats. The potential transmission of D. immitis parasites by these three vectors to man is discussed.

Worm burdens in outbred and inbred laboratory rats with morphometric data on Syphacia muris (Yamaguti, 1935) Yamaguti, 1941 (Nematoda, Oxyuroidea)

Syphacia muris worm burdens were evaluated in the rat Rattus norvegicus of the strains Wistar (outbred), Low/M and AM/2/Torr (inbred), maintained conventionally in institutional animal houses in Brazil. Morphometrics and illustration data for S. muris recovered from Brazilian laboratory rats are provided for the first time since its proposition in 1935.

Vectorial competence of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) Rio de Janeiro Strain, to Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy 1856)

Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy 1856), a nematode parasite, is the etiologic agent of canine heartworm disease and mosquitoes are essential intermediate hosts. Mosquito susceptibility to the worms differ with species, strains and also among individuals of the same strain. To evaluate the degree of susceptibility of Rio de Janeiro laboratory raised strain of Aedes aegypti, we fed mosquitoes on canine blood with different densities of microfilariae (mf). There was no significant difference in the rate of development among the three different densities of mf. Infective larvae were found in the head and proboscis of all mosquitoes provided bloodmeals with different densities of mf after the 11th day post-infection. The infection rate of mosquitoes after ingestion of blood containing 3,000 mf/ml, 5,000 mf/ml and 7,000 mf/ml were 55.3%, 66.7% and 100%, respectively. The vector efficiency indices ranged from 1.6 to 9.3. The finding of L3 stage larvae, high infection rates and vector efficiency indices suggest that Ae. aegypti, Rio de Janeiro laboratory strain, is a potential vector of D. immitis, although of low efficiency.

Genetic characterization of St. Louis encephalitis virus isolated from human in São Paulo, Brazil

The molecular characterization of SPH253157, a new strain of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), isolated in 2004 from the first case of human infection recognized in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is reported. The patient, presenting a febrile illness without neurological involvement, was hospitalized as a probable case of dengue fever. Genomic RNA was isolated from the supernatant of C6/36 cells infected with acute phase-serum specimen of the patient and the envelope gene was amplified by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The complete nucleotide sequence of the envelope gene of this isolate was directly sequenced from the amplified products and compared with other Brazilian and American SLEV strains. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out under maximum likelihood criterion with outgroups both included and excluded. Outgroups comprised four flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis group. Phylogeny also included Bayesian analysis. The results indicated that the new SLEV isolate belongs to lineage III, being closely related to an Argentinean strain recovered from Culex sp. in 1979. It is concluded that there are at least 3 lineages of SLEV in Brazil.