A ação dos gens gametofíticos com referência especial ao milho

1) The first part deals with the different processes which may complicate Mendelian segregation and which may be classified into three groups, according to BRIEGER (1937b) : a) Instability of genes, b) Abnormal segregation due to distur- bances during the meiotic divisions, c) obscured segregation, after a perfectly normal meiosis, caused by elimination or during the gonophase (gametophyte in higher plants), or during zygophase (sporophyte). Without entering into detail, it is emphasized that all the above mentioned complications in the segregation of some genes may be caused by the action of other genes. Thus in maize, the instability of the Al factor is observed only when the gene dt is presente in the homozygous conditions (RHOADES 1938). In another case, still under observation in Piracicaba, an instability is observed in Mirabilis with regard to two pairs of alleles both controlling flower color. Several cases are known, especially in corn, where recessive genes, when homozigous, affect the course of meiosis, causing asynapsis (asyndesis) (BEADLE AND MC CLINTOCK 1928, BEADLE 1930), sticky chromosomes (BEADLE 1932), supermunmerary divisions (BEADLE 1931). The most extreme case of an obscured segregatiou is represented by the action of the S factors in self stetrile plants. An additional proof of EAST AND MANGELSDORF (1925) genetic formula of self sterility has been contributed by the studies on Jinked factors in Nicotina (BRIEGER AND MANGELSDORF (1926) and Antirrhinum (BRIEGER 1930, 1935), In cases of a incomplete competition and selection between pollen tubes, studies of linked indicator-genes are indispensable in the genetic analysis, since it is impossible to analyse the factors for gametophyte competition by direct aproach. 2) The flower structure of corn is explained, and stated that the particularites of floral biology make maize an excellent object for the study of gametophyte factors. Since only one pollen tube per ovule may accomplish fertilization, the competition is always extremely strong, as compared with other species possessing multi-ovulate ovaries. The lenght of the silk permitts the study of pollen tube competitions over a varying distance. Finally the genetic analysis of grains characters (endosperm and aleoron) simpliflen the experimental work considerably, by allowing the accumulation of large numbers for statistical treatment. 3) The four methods for analyzing the naturing of pollen tube competition are discussed, following BRIEGER (1930). Of these the first three are: a) polinization with a small number of pollen grains, b) polinization at different times and c) cut- ting the style after the faster tubes have passe dand before the slower tubes have reached the point where the stigma will be cut. d) The fourth method, alteration of the distatice over which competition takes place, has been applied largely in corn. The basic conceptions underlying this process, are illustrated in Fig. 3. While BRINK (1925) and MANGELSDORF (1929) applied pollen at different levels on the silks, the remaining authors (JONES, 1922, MANGELSDORF 1929, BRIEGER, at al. 1938) have used a different process. The pollen was applied as usual, after removing the main part of the silks, but the ears were divided transversally into halves or quarters before counting. The experiments showed generally an increase in the intensity of competition when there was increase of the distance over which they had to travel. Only MANGELSDORF found an interesting exception. When the distance became extreme, the initially slower tubes seemed to become finally the faster ones. 4) Methods of genetic and statistical analysis are discussed, following chiefly BRIEGER (1937a and 1937b). A formula is given to determine the intensity of ellimination in three point experiments. 5) The few facts are cited which give some indication about the physiological mechanism of gametophyte competition. They are four in number a) the growth rate depends-only on the action of gametophyte factors; b) there is an interaction between the conductive tissue of the stigma or style and the pollen tubes, mainly in self-sterile plants; c) after self-pollination necrosis starts in the tissue of the stigma, in some orchids after F. MÜLLER (1867); d) in pollon mixtures there is an inhibitory interaction between two types of pollen and the female tissue; Gossypium according to BALLS (1911), KEARNEY 1923, 1928, KEARNEY AND HARRISON (1924). A more complete discussion is found in BRIEGER 1930). 6) A list of the gametophyte factors so far localized in corn is given. CHROMOSOME IV Ga 1 : MANGELSDORF AND JONES (1925), EMERSON 1934). Ga 4 : BRIEGER (1945b). Sp 1 : MANGELSDORF (1931), SINGLETON AND MANGELSDORF (1940), BRIEGER (1945a). CHROMOSOME V Ga 2 : BRIEGER (1937a). CHROMOSOME VI BRIEGER, TIDBURY AND TSENG (1938) found indications of a gametophyte factor altering the segregation of yellow endosperm y1. CHROMOSOME IX Ga 3 : BRIEGER, TIDBURY AND TSENG (1938). While the competition in these six cases is essentially determined by one pair of factors, the degree of elimination may be variable, as shown for Ga2 (BRIEGER, 1937), for Ga4 (BRIEGER 1945a) and for Spl (SINGLETON AND MANGELSDORF 1940, BRIEGER 1945b). The action of a gametophyte factor altering the segregation of waxy (perhaps Ga3) is increased by the presence of the sul factor which thus acts as a modifier (BRINCK AND BURNHAM 1927). A polyfactorial case of gametophyte competition has been found by JONES (1922) and analysed by DEMEREC (1929) in rice pop corn which rejects the pollen tubes of other types of corn. Preference for selfing or for brothers-sister mating and partial elimination of other pollen tubes has been described by BRIEGER (1936). 7) HARLAND'S (1943) very ingenious idea is discussed to use pollen tube factors in applied genetics in order to build up an obstacle to natural crossing as a consequence of the rapid pollen tube growth after selfing. Unfortunately, HARLAND could not obtain the experimental proof of the praticability of his idea, during his experiments on selection for minor modifiers for pollen tube grouth in cotton. In maize it should be possible to employ gametophyte factors to build up lines with preference for crossing, though the method should hardly be of any practical advantage.

Variação estacional da composição química-bromatológica, do teor de macronutrientes minerais e da digestibilidade "in vitro" do capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) variedade napier

Com a finalidade de estudar alguns aspectos do valor nutritivo do capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) variedade Napier, procurou-se, no presente trabalho, determinar os constituintes químico-bromatológicos e 6 macronutrientes minerais (nitrogênio, fósforo, cálcio, enxofre, potássio e magnésio), assim como estimar a digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca e da celulose. A matéria seca, a proteína bruta, a fibra bruta e a cinza bruta foram determinadas pelos métodos descritos pela A.O.A.C. (1965), e a celulose pelo processo descrito por CRAMPTON e MAYNARD (1938). Dos macronutrientes minerais estudados, o cálcio, o potássio e o magnésio foram determinados por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, o fósforo pelo processo do vanádio-molibdato de amônio, por digestão nítrico-perclórica, e o enxofre pelo método gravimétrico do bário. A digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca e da celulose foi determinada por um período de 48 horas, utilizando-se fluido ruminal de carneiro, conforme o método descrito por CARVALHO (1967) e as modificações introduzidas por SILVEIRA (1970). Evidenciou-se a influência da maturidade sobre os constituintes químico-bromatológicos, os macronutrientes minerais e a digestibilidade "in vitro" do capim Napier. Os teores de materia seca, de fibra bruta e de celulose se elevaram e os teores de proteína bruta e cinza bruta decresceram com a maturidade da planta. Os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, enxofre e potássio declinaram, os teores de magnésio mostraram tendência a se elevar e os teores de cálcio apresentaram constante variação com o avançar da idade da forrageira. A digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca e da celulose foi influenciada negativamente pela maturidade da planta. Foram estabelecidas correlações entre os constituintes químico-bromatológicos e a digestibilidade "in vitro" e entre esta e os macronutrientes minerais.

The fat body in Rhinocricus padbergi (Diplopoda, Spirobolida)

The distribution and morphology of fat body of Brazilian diplopod Rhinocricus padbergi Verhoeff, 1938 are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and histology. A terminology is proposed for description of the diplopods fat body.

Metanotal gland of the genus Eidmanacris (Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae): taxonomic importance

The present study compares the metanotal gland through scanning electron microscopy in five species of Eidmanacris: E. corumbatai Garcia, 1998, E. alboannulata (Piza, 1960), E. dissimilis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995, E. larvaeformis (Chopard, 1938) and Eidmanacris sp. The general external configuration of the gland was determined by the presence of two median projections with apical opening and a cluster of bristles just above these projections. Although there is a general pattern for this gland, each species has its own pattern, which can be defined mainly by the arrangement of the bristles and the position of the median projections. Our results suggest the taxonomical importance of these structures, which should be better analyzed when describing species of the genus Eidmanacris. In addition, while observing the reproductive behavior of these species, we concluded that the release of this gland secretion is important for the success of mating.

Microspines in the pylorus of Pseudonannolene tricolor and Rhinocricus padbergi (Arthropoda, Diplopoda)

The aim of this paper is to report the morphology and distribution of microspines in diplopods pylorus, as these are important structures present along the alimentary tract of arthropods. The morphology of the internal surface of the pylorus of Pseudonannolene tricolor Brolemann, 1901 and Rhinocricus padbergi Verhoeff, 1938 was analyzed by SEM. Pseudonannolene tricolor presents two morphologically distinct pyloric regions: anterior and posterior. The first region is characterized by the presence of thin microspines that increase in number and size towards the posterior portion; the second region presents smaller and triangular-shaped microspines distributed throughout small plates. The pylorus of R. padbergi does not present differentiated regions; the anterior portion is characterized by microspines grouped in plates that decrease in number and increase in size towards the ileum.

Catalogue of the type material of Phasmatodea (Insecta) deposited in Brazilian museums

The type material of Phasmatodea deposited in Brazilian museums and institutions is listed for the first time. New synonyms are proposed: Phibalosoma paulense Toledo Piza, 1938, Phibalosoma rochai Toledo Piza, 1938, Bacteria tuberculata Toledo Piza, 1938 and Bacteria tuberculata var. argentina Toledo Piza, 1938 are junior synonyms of Cladomorphus phyllinus (Gray, 1835). Nineteen new combinations are established.

Dinâmica espaço-temporal de flebotomíneos (Diptera, Psychodidae) do município de Santa Quitéria, área de cerrado do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil

A flutuação sazonal, a freqüência horária e a ocorrência dos flebotomíneos nos ambientes intradomiciliar, peridomiciliar e extradomiciliar (cerrado), no município de Santa Quitéria, Estado do Maranhão foram estudados. Os espécimes foram capturados entre 18 e 6 horas, de maio de 1999 a abril de 2000, com armadilhas luminosas tipo CDC. Foram coletados 4.880 espécimes de 11 espécies. A riqueza e abundância foram maiores no peridomicílio (11 espécies; 50,1% dos espécimes), seguido pelo intradomicílio (9 espécies, 34%) e cerrado (7 espécies, 15,8%). Duas espécies foram encontradas na estação chuvosa, uma na estiagem e oito em ambas estações. Na estiagem foram registradas elevadas freqüências de Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912 (88,4%), L. evandroi Costa Lima & Antunes, 1936 (83,6%), L. lenti Mangabeira, 1938 (86%) e L. shannoni Dyar, 1929 (100%), enquanto as freqüências de L. quinquefer Dyar, 1929 (100%) e L. whitmani Antunes & Coutinho, 1939 (75%) foram maiores no período chuvoso. Os flebotomíneos foram encontrados a noite inteira, mas os horários de maior freqüência variaram de acordo com a espécie, observando-se picos no crepúsculo vespertino e primeiras horas da noite: L. quinquefer (18 h - 19 h); L. goiana Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1962 (18 h - 21 h); L. whitmani (19 h - 21 h) e L. longipalpis (20 h - 21 h) e ao longo da noite e no crepúsculo matutino: L. evandroi (21 h - 23 h e 3 h - 5 h), L. longipalpis (1 h - 3 h), L. lenti (22 h - 23 h e 4 h - 5 h). A ocorrência dos flebotomíneos nos diferentes ambientes, horários e estações vem sendo acompanhada por notificações de vários casos de leishmanioses cutânea e visceral.

On the Neotropical genus Cybaeodamus (Araneae, Zodariidae, Storeninae)

Four new species of the spider genus Cybaeodamus Mello-Leitão, 1938 are described and illustrated: C. meridionalis sp. nov. from Brazil and Argentina, C. taim sp. nov. from Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, C. brescoviti sp. nov. and C. tocantins sp. nov. from setentrional region of Brazil. For the species Cybaeodamus enigmaticus (Mello-Leitão, 1939), C. lycosoides (Nicolet, 1849) and C. ornatus Mello-Leitão, 1938, new illustrations based on the examination of the types are presented. The species Cybaeodamus nigrovittatus Mello-Leitão, 1941 which the holotype is an immature specimen, C. pallidus (Mello-Leitão, 1943) which the type was not located, C. rastellifer (Mello-Leitão, 1940) and C. scottae Mello-Leitão, 1941, both described upon juvenile specimens, all from Argentina, are considered as species inquirendae.

Revision of the spider genus Pycnothele (Araneae, Nemesiidae)

The genus Pycnothele Chamberlin, 1917 is revised. The Brazilian species Pycnothele perdita Chamberlin, 1917, P. singularis (Mello-Leitão, 1934) and P. auronitens (Keyserling, 1891) are redescribed, diagnosed and illustrated. The females of P. auronitens and P. singularis are described for the first time and P. auripila (Mello-Leitão, 1946) from Uruguay, currently a junior synonym of P. auronitens, is revalidated. Pycnothele piracicabensis (Piza, 1938) is transferred to Rachias Simon, 1892, with which it shares the morphology of the sexual structures, restoring the original combination. Five new species are proposed for Brazil: Pycnothele rubra sp. nov., P. jatai sp. nov. and P. araraquara sp. nov., from state of São Paulo, P. arapongas sp. nov., from state of Paraná, and P. gauderio sp. nov., from state of Rio Grande do Sul. After this revision the genus includes ten Neotropical species. Maps with distribution of all species is presented for the first time and the occurrence of species of the genus is enhanced for the Brazilian state of Paraná.

Geographic variation in ectoparasitic mites diversity in Tadarida Brasiliensis (Chiroptera, Molossidae)

Tadarida brasiliensis (Geoffroy, 1824), the Brazilian free-tailed bat, is an insectivorous bat that occurs from southern United States of America to southern South America. In this study we present the first data on diversity of ectoparasitic mites of T. brasiliensis in Brazil. A compilation and analysis of the studies of mite diversity conducted in different points the geographic distribution this bat species are provided. The mites were collected from March 2010 to November 2011 on 160 T. brasiliensis adult bats captured in southern Brazil. Four species of mites have been found: Chiroptonyssus robustipes (Ewing, 1925), Ewingana longa (Ewing, 1938), Ewingana inaequalis (Radford, 1948), and specimens of Cheyletidae. Chiroptonyssus robustipes was the most prevalent species (100%), followed by E. longa (20%), E. inaequalis (10%), and specimens of Cheyletidae (1.25%). The data currently available show that C. robustipes parasitizes T. brasiliensis throughout its region of occurrence, and this mite is highly prevalent and abundant. The two species of Ewingana accompany the geographical distribution of T. brasiliensis, but with much lower prevalence and abundance.

Intoxicação por veneno de cobra: necrose symetrica da cortex renal: uremia

Em um caso fatal de ophidismo, em individuo de 15 annos de edade, picado por uma cobra jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) na face externa da perna direita e que veio a fallecer 26 dias apoz o accidente, os A.A, descrevem as lesões anatomo-pathologicas encontradas e as modificações do metabolismo, evidenciadas pelos exames chimicos do sangue. As principaes alterações existentes, acham-se localisadas nos rins os quaes apresentam lesões de glomerulonephrite diffusa e o aspecto typico da necrose cortical symmetrica. Como alterações de maior significação observam-se ainda lesões vasculares de grande intensidade e constituidas essencialmente por processo de endoarterite productiva. A necrose symmetrica da cortex renal, a vista das intensas alterações vasculares (endoarterite productiva) que acarretaram a obliteração das arterías, é considerada como a consequencia immediata de taes lesões vasculares. Os vasos renaes, séde do processo inflammatorio, são as arterias interlobar, arciforme e interlobular, mas principalmente as arteriolares da camada cortical. O processo de endoarterite assume sempre o carater progressivo, de modo que a luz vascular vae sendo aos poucos, totalmente obstruida. Ao contrario do que se tem observado nos casos de necrose cortical symmetrica, citados na literatura, em que as alterações parenchymatosas são consequentes a thrombose dos vasos reanes, no caso presente esse aspecto não foi verificado mas tão sómente a existencia da endoarterite productiva obliterante. Consideram os A.A. as lesões renaes no caso que estudaram, como a resultante da actuação lenta e prolongada do veneno de cobra sobre as estructuras renaes, baseados nos seguintes factos já conhecidos e admittidos: eliminação do veneno de cobra pelos rins; capacidade do mesmo veneno, determinar a glomerulo-nephrite diffusa e acção do veneno de cobra sobre o endothelio vascular, facilitada essencialmente pela funcção especifica do orgão. As modificações do metabolismo se traduziram por alterações urinarias e sanguineas. As urinas foram emitidas em muito pequena quantidade (50 cc. em 24 horas) não havendo comtudo, anuria absoluta. Cylindros hyalinos e granulosos, bem como leucocytos e cellulas renaes, associadas á albuminoria, era presentes. Os exames chimicos do sangue, revelaram: Proteinas totaes 7,61 grs. em 1000 cc.; Albumina 2,39 grs em 1000 cc.; Globulina 5,22 grs. em 1000 cc.; Uréa 6,42 grs. em 1000 cc.; Fibrinogeneo 0,324 grs. em 1000 cc.; Indican +++; Cl. plasmatico 339 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Cl. globular 170 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Cholesterol 163 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Creatinia 260 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Ph. inorganico 13,4 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Calcio 10,3 mgrs em 100 cc.; Potassio 28 mgrs. em 100 cc.; Sodio 328 mgrs. em 100 cc.. O exame hematologico revelou 11% de hemoglobina; 960.000 hematias por mm.³; e 5.200 leucocytos por mm.³. A formula leucocytaria revelou augmento dos neutrophilos, com 74% dos segmentados. A proporção entre sôro o coagulo foi 9 x 3 cc. A reacção de Wassermann no sôro sanguineo foi negativa. A insufficiencia renal se traduziu no caso em estudo, por modificações humoraes, particularmente pela azotemia elevada, pelo augmento da creatinina, do phosphoro inorganico e do indican. Em contraste com a existencia de taes modificações, o doente não apresentou os signaes clinicos observados nos casos emque a azotemia se mantem elevada, reproduzindo tal facto, o quadro clinico descripto para a necrose symmetrica da cortex renal.