Reatividade linfonodal e densidade microvascular nas metástases cervicais de carcinoma epidermóide com tumor primário oculto

INTRODUÇÃO: A neoangiogênese e a resposta imunológica são mecanismos importantes no desenvolvimento das metástases. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reatividade linfonodal e a densidade microvascular nas metástases cervicais de carcinoma epidermóide com tumor primário oculto, considerando a sua relação com outras variáveis histológicas e clínicas. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Série de casos, retrospectiva. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: 19 pacientes submetidos a esvaziamento cervical entre 1983 e 2000. Os linfonodos foram reavaliados quanto ao tipo de reatividade, considerando a área cortical e paracortical. Nas metástases foi avaliado o grau de diferenciação, desmoplasia, necrose, e densidade microvascular (CD34). Foi estabelecida a relação entre as diferentes variáveis histológicas e clínicas, incluindo o estadiamento e a evolução dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: A densidade microvascular apresentou mediana de 91 vasos/mm2, variando de 28 a 145. A reatividade paracortical foi mais freqüente nos pacientes com menos de 55 anos (90% x 44%, p= 0,05). A sobrevida livre de doença foi de 52% em 3 anos, sendo similar entre os pacientes com maior ou menor densidade microvascular tumoral. CONCLUSÕES: A densidade microvascular nas metástases de tumor primário oculto apresenta grande variação individual. Não foi possível estabelecer relação entre a densidade microvascular e as variáveis clínicas e histológicas estudadas.

Tumor odontogênico adenomatóide associado a cisto dentígero: relato de um caso incomum

O tumor odontogênico adenomatóide é uma lesão relativamente incomum, que acomete preferencialmente indivíduos do sexo feminino durante a segunda década de vida, exibindo como sítio de predileção a região anterior da maxila. A lesão geralmente está associada à coroa de um dente incluso, comumente o canino. Neste trabalho é relatado o caso de um tumor odontogênico adenomatóide associado a cisto dentígero ocorrendo na região maxilar esquerda, em paciente do sexo feminino com 13 anos de idade, discutindo-se, ainda, as características clínicas, radiográficas, histopatológicas e terapêuticas do caso.

Tumor do VIII nervo com apresentação incomum

Os Schwannomas vestibulares são responsáveis por 80 a 90% dos tumores do ângulo ponto-cerebelar. A atual incidência é estimada em 0,8% a 2,5% da população mundial. A hipoacusia unilateral e progressiva é o sintoma mais precoce e freqüente, sendo o tinido a segunda queixa mais comum. Estudos demonstram que apenas 5% dos pacientes com schwannoma vestibular têm exames audiométricos normais. No caso em foco é relatado hipoestesia da hemiface com diminuição do reflexo córneo palpebral ipsilateral, hipoestesia da porção póstero-superior do pavilhão auditivo (sinal de Hitzelberger positivo), diminuição do lacrimejamento, Romberg sensibilizado positivo. Observava-se discreto desvio da rima labial para a esquerda, não apresentando outras alterações nos demais pares cranianos. À acumetria, não havia alteração da sensibilidade auditiva em ambas as vias aéreas.

Tumor de células granulares da laringe na infância: relato de caso

O tumor de células granulares (TCG) é uma neoplasia incomum, de evolução lenta, na maioria dos casos de caráter benigno e que pode acometer qualquer órgão do corpo. Entre as hipóteses que tentam explicar sua origem, a teoria da gênese neural apresenta embasamento sólido e é a mais aceita atualmente. O TCG é mais comum na raça negra, entre a 4ª e 5ª décadas de vida, acometendo com maior freqüência a região da cabeça e pescoço. A localização laríngea é rara, e quando ocorre é mais comum na porção posterior. É muito raro em crianças em geral acomete a porção anterior da subglote, podendo estender-se para a glote. O sintoma predominante é a rouquidão, podendo ocorrer disfagia, dor, tosse, hemoptise, e estridor. Macroscopicamente o TCG se manifesta como nódulo de pequeno tamanho, firme, séssil ou pediculado, não-ulcerado, de coloração clara, e usualmente bem circunscrito, porém sem cápsula. À microscopia, as granulações citoplasmáticas são características, apresentando positividade para a imunoperoxidase S100 e para a enolase neurônio-específica. O tratamento do TCG laríngeo consiste na exérese cirúrgica. Neste trabalho descrevemos um caso pediátrico de TCG laríngeo e sua evolução clínica após a remoção cirúrgica, alertando para o diagnóstico do TCG na população pediátrica. Foi realizada revisão de literatura abrangendo as características clínicas e histopatológicas do TCG, assim como as formas atuais de tratamento.

Particulate bioglass in the regeneration of alveolar bone in dogs: clinical, surgical and radiographic evaluations

Bone loss, either by trauma or other diseases, generates an increasing need for substitutes of this tissue. This study evaluated Bioglass as a bone substitute in the regeneration of the alveolar bone in mandibles of dogs by clinical, surgical and radiological analysis. Twenty-eight adult dogs were randomly separated into two equal groups. In each animal, a bone defect was created on the vestibular surface of the alveolar bone between the roots of the fourth right premolar tooth. In the treated group, the defect was immediately filled with bioglass, while in the control, it remained unfilled. Clinical evaluations were performed daily for a week, as well as x-rays immediately after surgery and at 8, 14, 21, 42, 60, 90 and 120 days post-operative. Most animals in both groups showed no signs of inflammation and wound healing was similar. Radiographic examination revealed a gradual increase of radiopacity in the region of the defect in the control group. In the treated group, initial radiopacity was higher than that of adjacent bone, decreasing until 21 days after surgery. Then it gradually increased until 120 days after surgery, when the defect became undetectable. The results showed that Bioglass integrates into bone tissue, is biocompatible and reduced the period for complete bone regeneration.

Bone mineral density of rat femurs after hindlimb unloading and different physical rehabilitation programs

Bone weakening can occur due to the absence of load on the skeleton or even short periods of decreased physical activity. Therefore, musculoskeletal diseases that involve temporary immobilization by casts, inactivity or tension increases the risk of fractures. Physical activity is the most studied procedure both to prevent damage and to restore bone structure. The present study aimed at evaluating, by bone densitometry on rat femurs, the influence of hindlimb unloading and later running activity on treadmill or free movement. Sixty-four Wistar rats were used, aged 65 days with a mean corporal mass of 316.11g, randomly divided into eight experimental groups: group 1, the suspended control with seven animals under hindlimb unloading regimen for 28 days, then euthanized; groups 2 and 3, the trained suspended comprising of 7 and five animals, respectively, subjected to hindlimb unloading for 28 days, followed by treadmill exercise for 28 days (group 2) or 56 days (group 3), then euthanized; groups 4 and 5, designated free suspended, comprised of 7 animals each under hindlimb unloading regimen for 28 days followed by free activity in cages for 28 days (group 4) or 56 days (group 5), then euthanized; groups 6, 7 and 8, negative controls, each with 8 animals allowed to free activity in cages and euthanized at the ages of 93, 121 and 149 days, respectively. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the left femur was analyzed by bone densitometry. Unloading by tail-suspension decreased BMD while treadmill training and free activity in cages promoted its recovery in a similar way and over time.

Prognóstico de pacientes com tumor de Wilms unilateral no Rio de Janeiro, 1990-2000

OBJETIVO: Analisar a sobrevida e os principais fatores prognósticos entre os pacientes com tumor de Wilms unilateral. MÉTODOS: A coorte de estudo incluiu 132 casos de tumor de Wilms unilateral em menores de 15 anos de idade matriculados em serviço de oncologia pediátrica, de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 2000. Curvas de sobrevida foram confeccionadas utilizando-se o método de Kaplan-Meier e fatores prognósticos foram analisados pelo modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. RESULTADOS: A estimativa de sobrevida global em cinco anos foi 84,6%. As probabilidades de sobrevida para os estádios I, II, III e IV foram de 100%; 94,2%; 83,2% e 31,3%, respectivamente. A taxa de sobrevida para os pacientes com: histologia favorável foi de 89,4%, para aqueles com anaplasia focal 66,7 % e com anaplasia difusa 40%. Todos os pacientes com doença em estádio IV e anaplasia difusa foram a óbito (n=4). Todos os pacientes com doença em estádio I, independente da histologia, permaneceram vivos até o final do período de seguimento. CONCLUSÕES: Entre as variáveis escolhidas para o modelo final apenas o estadiamento e a histologia permaneceram associados ao elevado risco de óbito enquanto que os casos na faixa etária entre 24 e 47 meses apresentaram melhor prognóstico que os demais. Esses resultados mostram a importância do diagnóstico em fases iniciais da doença e que a histologia é fundamental para orientar a terapia adequada.

Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Bone Marrow Transplantation: tradução e validação

OBJETIVO: Traduzir para o português e validar o questionário de qualidade de vida Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Bone Marrow Transplantation (FACT-BMT) em pacientes transplantados de medula óssea. OBJETIVO: O estudo foi realizado em Ribeirão Preto, SP, em 2005. O FACT-BMT (versão 3) traduzido e a versão em português do Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) foram aplicados simultaneamente em 55 pacientes consecutivos com leucemia, submetidos ao transplante e em seguimento. Dois parâmetros clínicos foram utilizados para testar a sensibilidade do questionário: tempo decorrido do transplante e presença ou não de doença do enxerto contra o hospedeiro. Foi utilizada a análise de variância (ANOVA) com o teste post hoc de Tukey. Aplicou-se o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, padronizado para todas as questões, escore final e domínios. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos pacientes foi 34,8±8,1 anos, com escolaridade média de 10,8±4,7 anos, sendo 78,1% do sexo feminino. A duração média de tempo pós-transplante foi de 29,8±32,19 meses. Nenhuma alteração do formato original do questionário foi observada no final do processo de tradução e adaptação cultural. A consistência interna foi alta (0,88). A correlação entre o questionário traduzido e o SF-36 variou de 0,35 a 0,57, considerada de moderada a boa para a maioria dos domínios de qualidade de vida. A avaliação das validades de construto e concorrente foi satisfatória e estatisticamente significativa. CONCLUSÕES: A versão para o português do FACT-BMT foi validada satisfatoriamente para a aplicação em pacientes brasileiros de ambos os sexos submetidos ao transplante de medula óssea.

Risk factors for osteoporotic fractures and low bone density in pre and postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and analyze risk factors associated to osteoporosis and low-trauma fracture in women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including a total of 4,332 women older than 40 attending primary care services in the Greater São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, between 2004 and 2007. Anthropometrical and gynecological data and information about lifestyle habits, previous fracture, medical history, food intake and physical activity were obtained through individual quantitative interviews. Low-trauma fracture was defined as that resulting from a fall from standing height or less in individuals 50 years or older. Multiple logistic regression models were designed having osteoporotic fracture and bone mineral density (BMD) as the dependent variables and all other parameters as the independent ones. The significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures was 33% and 11.5%, respectively. The main risk factors associated with low bone mass were age (OR=1.07; 95% CI: 1.06;1.08), time since menopause (OR=2.16; 95% CI: 1.49;3.14), previous fracture (OR=2.62; 95% CI: 2.08;3.29) and current smoking (OR=1.45; 95% CI: 1.13;1.85). BMI (OR=0.88; 95% CI: 0.86;0.89), regular physical activity (OR=0.78; 95% CI: 0.65;0.94) and hormone replacement therapy (OR=0.43; 95% CI: 0.33;0.56) had a protective effect on bone mass. Risk factors significantly associated with osteoporotic fractures were age (OR=1.05; 95% CI: 1.04;1.06), time since menopause (OR=4.12; 95% CI: 1.79;9.48), familial history of hip fracture (OR=3.59; 95% CI: 2.88;4.47) and low BMD (OR=2.28; 95% CI: 1.85;2.82). CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age, menopause, low-trauma fracture and current smoking are major risk factors associated with low BMD and osteoporotic fracture. The clinical use of these parameters to identify women at higher risk for fractures might be a reasonable strategy to improve the management of osteoporosis.

Cytomegalovirus and other herpesviruses infections in heart and bone marrow transplant recipients

From January 1988 to January 1989 all the heart transplant and bone marrow recipients at the Instituto do Coração of the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School were studied for the incidence and morbidity associated with herpesviruses infections after transplantation. Five bone marrow and 5 heart transplant recipients were followed for a mean of 4.2 months post-transplantation. All the patients were seropositive for cytomegalovirus (CMV) before admission and 80% experienced one or more recurrences during the observation period. Of the 12 episodes of CMV infection, that were identified in this study, 83% were accompanied by clinical or laboratory abnormalities. However, there was only one case of severe disease. The overall incidence of infection for herpes simplex (HSV) was 50%. Although most of HSV reactivations were oral or genital, one case of HSV hepatitis occurred. One of the 6 episodes of HSV infections that were treated with acyclovir showed an unsatisfactory response and was successfully managed with ganciclovir. All the individuals had anti-varicella zoster virus antibodies, but none of them developed infection. The study emphasizes the importance of active diagnostic surveillance of herpesvirus infections in transplant patients. Both CMV and HSV reactivations showed high incidence and important morbidity and thus, deserve prophylactic therapy.

Aspergillosis in immunocompromised children acute myeloid leukemia and bone marrow aplasia.: Report of two cases

Two cases of Aspergillosis in immunocompromised children are reported. Both were caused by Aspergillns flavus. Early diagnosis and treatment led to the remission of the process. One patient had acute myeloid leukemia; the fungus was isolated from the blood. The other patient with bone marrow aplasia, presented an invasive aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses with dissemination of fungal infection; the diagnosis was obtained by histology and culture of biopsied tissue from a palatal ulceration.

Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar). Association with activity of the disease and clinical remisson following antimonial therapy

Evaluation of TNF-alpha in patients with Kala-azar has drawn increasing interest due to its regulatory role on the immune system, in addition to its cachetizing activity. The objective of this study was to examine the association between plasma levels of TNF-alpha, measured by immunore-activity (ELISA) and bioactivity (cytotoxicity assay with L-929 cells), and clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis. Plasma samples from 19 patients with Kala-azar were obtained before, during and at the end of antimonial therapy. TNF-alpha determinations was done by using the cytotoxicity assay (all patients) and the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA - 14 patients). A discrepancy between results obtained by ELISA and cytotoxicity assay was observed. Levels of circulating TNF-alpha, assessed by ELISA, were higher in patients than in healthy controls, and declined significantly with improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters. Plasma levels before treatment were 124.7 ± 93.3 pg/ml (mean ± SD) and were higher than at the end of therapy 13.9 ± 25.1 pg/ml (mean ± SD) (p = 0.001). In contrast, plasma levels of TNF-alpha evaluated by cytotoxicity assay did not follow a predicted course during follow-up. Lysis, in this case, might be not totally attributed to TNF-alpha. The discrepancy might be attributed to the presence of factor(s) known to influence the release and activity of TNF-alpha.

Tumor-like lesion due to Chagas' disease in a patient with lymphocytic leukemia

A 73 year-old white male, living in the interior of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, in central Bra­zil, after an initial diagnosis of sinusitis was transferred to the neurology service with a 3-day evolution of intracranial hypertension. Exams showed lymphocytic leukemia and a tumor-like lesion, either an expanding inflammatory process such as an abscess or a neoplasm. Treatment with Ceftriaxone and Decadron was started and intracranial hypertension was controlled. Methotrexate was injected on the occasion of the next puncture considering a possible leukemia infiltration. Flagellate forms of T. cruzi were observed in the CSF and treatment with Benznidazole was started. After 4 days the CSF presented fractionated forms of trypomastigotes. The protein level was 27%. Signs of intracranial hypertension ceased. Tomography and magnetic resonance images showed an important reduction of the tumor-like lesion. The clinical condition of the patient improved.