PROVA ORGANOLÉPTICA COM CARNES BUBALINAS E BOVINAS DE ANIMAIS CRIADOS NAS PASTAGENS DE VÁRZEAS DA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL

Devido ao domínio do mercado e do consumo pela came bovina, aos hábitos de consumo tradicionais e à qualidade inferior da oferta de carne bubalina (Bubalus bubalis), esta ainda é rejeitada ou pelo menos é considerada de qualidade inferior em muitos países, assim como também no Brasil. Para verificar se há uma clara rejeição a carne bubalina devido a de critérios tais como sabor, aroma, maciez, textura, suculência, cor da gordura, cor da carne e aceitação geral, foi realizada uma prova organoléptica na cidade de Manaus-AM, Brasil. Em um churrasco tradicional foram comparados cortes habituais de carne bubalina e bovina. Os resultados mostraram que ambos os tipos de carne tinham uma qualidade semelhante e que são infundados os preconceitos existentes a respeito da carne bubalina.

Colesterol total e fatores associados: estudo de base escolar no sul do Brasil

FUNDAMENTO: Evidências têm sugerido que uma parcela importante de crianças e adolescentes apresenta níveis elevados de colesterol total. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de hipercolesterolemia e fatores associados em escolares de 7 a 12 anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base escolar de uma amostra aleatória composta por 1.294 escolares de 7 a 12 anos, de Caxias do Sul (RS). Os escolares responderam a uma entrevista com informações sobre nível socioeconômico, hábitos alimentares e hábitos de atividade física e de lazer. Foram realizadas medidas de colesterol total, de aptidão cardiorrespiratória, de massa corporal, estatura para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal. Para o tratamento dos dados foram utilizadas as análises univariada, bivariada e multivariada. RESULTADOS: A análise multivariada identificou que indivíduos com o nível socioeconômico alto (OR: 1,70; IC: 1,05-2,75), do sexo feminino (OR: 1,32; IC: 1,03-1,67), e com excesso de peso (OR: 1,40; IC: 1,10-1,77) apresentam chances aumentadas de terem colesterol total aumentado (> 3º tercil). CONCLUSÃO: Elevados níveis de colesterol total em escolares de 7 a 12 anos estão associados ao nível socioeconômico alto, ao sexo feminino e ao excesso de peso. O incentivo a um estilo de vida ativo e a hábitos alimentares adequados pode auxiliar no controle dos níveis de colesterol e diminuir os fatores de risco.

Perda de diversidade taxonômica e funcional de aves em área urbana no sul do Brasil

RESUMO A urbanização é um processo globalmente estudado e considerado um dos distúrbios mais drásticos sobre a biodiversidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar como diferentes intensidades de urbanização atuam na estruturação da avifauna em uma cidade de tamanho médio e inserida em região de área úmida. Além das métricas tradicionais de riqueza, abundância e composição taxonômica, verificou-se como a diversidade e redundâncias funcionais das aves são influenciadas pelo gradiente urbano. A área urbana estudada foi a cidade de Pelotas (31°46'S, 52°20'W), extremo sul do Brasil, que está inserida em uma área úmida do bioma Pampa. A amostragem das aves e a medida das variáveis urbanas (número de árvores, número de construções de até dois andares ou de mais de dois andares, presença de ambiente aquático e presença de ambiente aberto) foram realizadas em 216 pontos fixos de observação que foram marcados em diferentes intensidades de urbanização. Os atributos funcionais utilizados para caracterizar as espécies foram os relacionados à massa, dieta, substrato de forrageamento e substrato de nidificação. O aumento da intensidade de urbanização diminuiu a riqueza, a abundância e a diversidade funcional, sendo que a redundância, diferente do esperado, não aumentou com a urbanização. Foi possível observar que os atributos relacionados a áreas com urbanização mais intensa (com contruções de até dois andares e de mais de dois andares) foram: preferência por forrageamento no ar, onivoria e ninhos em cavidades. Os atributos relacionados a áreas com menor intensidade de urbanização e com áreas úmidas foram: preferência de forrageamento na água e de ninhos sobre a água; e aquele relacionados a menores intensidades de urbanização (com maior número de árvores e maior presença de ambientes abertos) foram: preferência por ninhos em vegetação, em locais baixos e no solo e carnivoria. O estudo mostrou a importância da presença de habitats abertos e aquáticos para a avifauna, paisagem tipicamente não citada em estudos urbanos, que destacam a necessidade de adequar as ações de mitigação para os esforços de conservação dentro de habitats urbanos de acordo com o pool regional de espécies.

Neurosindrome minimo en la tripanosomiasis cruzi crónica: (Estudio de dos casos de encefalopatia chagástica crónica)

Se presenta el estudio clínico, y anatomopatológico parcial, de dos enfermos con encefalopatía crónica por Trypanosoma cruzi, cuyo síntoma inicial aislado fue la cefalea, a la cual se agregaron progresivamente otros síntomas de enfermedad del sistema nervioso central, llegando tras años a configurarse un cuadro de enfermedad cerebral definida, en el primer caso con sintomatologia cerebral difusa y compromiso de la actividad psíquica, en el segundo caso con síndrome seudotumoral. En ambos casos coexistían signos de cardiopatía, pero sin el conjunto de elementos semiológicos prevalentes en la cardiopatía chagásica. El estudio anatomopatológico del cerebro (el primer caso muere por accidente, el segundo en coma encefalopática, posiblemente agravado por hipermedicación) mostró en ambos casos una meningo-córtico encefalitis multimicrofocal, de predomínio superficial, con caracter nodular en torno a vasos sanguíneos alterados (vasculitis primária?). A la encefalitis inflamatoria se agregan en el 2º caso lesiones trombóticas arteriolares (microembolia de trombos murales provenientes de la cardiopatía?). Se hallaron igualmente, areas irregulares de desmielinización, neuronolisis y satelitosis. En el caso 2 se encontraron leishmanioides de T. cruzi en reducido número, en focos de lesión inflamatoria necrotizante típica. Como el síntoma inicial y aislado fuera la cefalea en ambos enfermos, se considera haber confirmado y ampliado las observaciones clínicas de uno de los autores, quien señala a la cefalea (en asociación a reacciones suerológicas positivas) como neurosíndrome mínimo en la tripanosomiasis cruzi crónica. Se analisan los posibles mecanismos patogénicos, se exponen los síntomas concomitantes y la evolución de la encefalopatía crónica por T. cruzi, considerando los casos estudiados a la luz de los conocimientos previos sobre las formas neurales de la tripanosomiasis cruzi.

Revalidação do gênero Mepraia, Mazza, Gajardo & Jorg, 1940 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)

The authors revalidate the genus Mepraia, described in 1940 by Mazza, Gajardo & Jörg. The genus is monotypic and represented by the species M. spinolai (Porter, 1934). Based on the characteres described below the authors considered the separation of the genus Triatoma Laporte, 1832 and the return of the genus Mepraia. Strongly alar polymorphism, the abdomen of female with connexivum like in genus Dipetalogaster Usinger 1939, seven testicular follicles, like in Triatoma, however with a different relation of lenghts; external male genitalia showing a big and foliar process of the conjunctiva, vesica with an arch-shape, struts and endosoma process absent.

Development of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under Constant and Cyclic Conditions of Temperature and Humidity

Development of Rhodnius prolixus after eclosion until the adult stage was studied at constant temperatures (T), 15, 20, 25, 28, 35°C, and relative humidities (RH), 75, 86 and 97%, and fluctuating (16/8 hr) temperatures, T I/II, 15/28°C, 20/25°C, 25/28°C and 25/35°C, and relative humidities, RH I/II, 86/75% and 97/75%. Eclosion or molting were not observed at 15°C and 86 or 97% RH, respectively. At 35°C and 75% RH only few insects molted. By alternating T I/II, 15/28°C and 25/35°C, insects developed at high frequency. Cumulating the average lengths of the interphases within independent groups for each instar, R. prolixus reached the adult stage most rapidly (86.7 days) and at highest frequency per instar (mean: 91.8%) at 28°C and 75% RH. Under fluctuating T I/II, development was completed within 100 days or less at 25/28°C and 25/35°C with high rates of hatch and molting. Development was slowest at fluctuating TI/II, 15/28°C and 20/25°C (>185 days), and at constant 20°C (>300 days). Mortality was higher at constant 97% RH or fluctuating RH I, 97%, than at constant or fluctuating 86% RH. Refeeding was minimal at optimal conditions of T and RH for development. The most refeeding was observed at a constant 35°C.

Contribution to the sand fly fauna (Diptera: Phlebotominae) of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Leishmania (Viannia) infections

American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is endemic in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As reports of nearby hospitals suggest, the Parque Estadual do Turvo seems to serve as a source for the disease. During three months from November 1996 to February 1997 we collected, in this park, 2,228 sandflies (10 Lutzomyia species and 2 6species). We applied the polymerase chain reaction to 920 females which belong to the following species: Lutzomyia migonei, Lu. pessoai, Lu. fischeri, Lu. misionensis, Lu. lanei, Lu. neivai, Lu. shannoni, and Lu. monticola, in an attempt to verify natural infection by Leishmania (Viannia), the causative agent of ACL. Le. (Viannia) infections were demonstrated by DNA amplification from two Lu. pessoai and one Lu. misionensis female. Lu. pessoai have been found with leptomonas in the gut believed to be Le. (V.) braziliensis in other endemic areas of northeastern and southeastern Brazil. However, Lu. misionensis has never been found carrying a natural infection of Le. (Viannia).

Microhabitat preferences of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis in a natural and a man-made habitat in Southeastern Tanzania

Schistosoma mansoni is an important human parasitic disease which is widespread throughout Africa. As Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails act as intermediate host, knowledge of their population ecology is an essential prerequisite towards understanding disease transmission. We conducted a field study and assessed the density and microhabitat preferences of B.pfeifferi in a natural habitat which was a residual pool of a river. Repeated removal collecting revealed a density of 26.6 [95% confidence interval (CI): 24.9-28.3] snails/m2. B.pfeifferi showed microhabitat preferences for shallow water (depths: 0-4cm). They were found most abundantly close to the shoreline (distances: 0-40cm), and preferred either plant detritus or bedrock as substratum. Lymnaea natalensis, a snail which may act as a host for human Fasciola gigantica, also occurred in this habitat with a density of 34.0 (95% CI: 24.7-43.3) snails/m2, and preferred significantly different microhabitats when compared to B.pfeifferi. Microhabitat selection by these snail species was also investigated in a man-made habitat nearby, which consisted of a flat layer of concrete fixed on the riverbed, covered by algae. Here, B.pfeifferi showed no preference for locations close to the shoreline, probably because the habitat had a uniform depth. We conclude that repeated removal collecting in shallow habitats provides reliable estimates of snail densities and that habitat changes through constructions may create favourable microhabitats and contribute to additional disease transmission.

Ultrastructural alterations in adult Schistosoma mansoni caused by artemether

Progress has been made over the last decade with the development and clinical use of artemether as an agent against major human schistosome parasites. The tegument has been identified as a key target of artemether, implying detailed studies on ultrastructural damage induced by this compound. We performed a temporal examination, employing a transmission electron microscope to assess the pattern and extent of ultrastructural alterations in adult Schistosoma mansoni harboured in mice treated with a single dose of 400 mg/kg artemether. Eight hours post-treatment, damage to the tegument and subtegumental structures was seen. Tegumental alterations reached a peak 3 days after treatment and were characterized by swelling, fusion of distal cytoplasma, focal lysis of the tegumental matrix and vacuolisation. Tubercles and sensory organelles frequently degenerated or collapsed. Typical features of subtegumental alterations, including muscle fibres, syncytium and parenchyma tissues, were focal or extensive lysis, vacuolisation and degeneration of mitochondria. Severe alterations were also observed in gut epithelial cells and vitelline cells of female worms. Our findings of artemether-induced ultrastructural alterations in adult S. mansoni confirm previous results obtained with juvenile S. mansoni and S. japonicum of different ages.

Therapy of tungiasis: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial with oral ivermectin

Tungiasis is an ectoparasitosis causing considerable pathology in endemic areas. Standard therapy consists of removing the embedded parasite with a sterile needle. There is no effective chemotherapy at hand. To fill this gap, a double-blinded randomized controlled trial with oral ivermectin was conducted. A total of 54 individuals (27 in the placebo group, 27 in the ivermectin group) was followed up for seven days. They presented a total of 192 lesions. Patients received either ivermectin (300 µg/kg body weight at a single dose, repeated after 24 h) or placebo. Outcome measures included the clinical stage of lesion, presence of erythema, pain, itching, signs of viability of the parasite, and total lysis of flea. The ratio of fleas with total lysis per total number of fleas was slightly higher in the ivermectin group; however, this difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in any of the other outcome measures between the treatment and the placebo group. The results show that oral ivermectin is without any clinically significant efficacy against embedded sand fleas at the dose given.

High exposure to Tunga penetrans (Linnaeus, 1758) correlates with intensity of infestation

Tungiasis is a parasitic skin disease widespread in resource-poor urban and rural communities in Brazil. Inhabitants of an urban slum in Northeast Brazil were examined for the presence of tungiasis lesions and followed-up twice a week for a period of three weeks. Each time the number, stages, and topographic localization of lesions were recorded on a documentation sheet. The infestation rate (number of newly embedded sand fleas per individual and day) remained stable during the observation period. The infestation rate was significantly related to the intensity of infestation (total number of lesions present) (rho = 0.70, p < 0.0001) and the proportion of viable lesions (rho = 0.28, p < 0.0001). The results indicate that in an endemic area the infestation intensity and the proportion of viable lesions can be used as a proxy to assess the exposure of individuals at risk for tungiasis. Persistently high infestation rates during the transmission season favour the use of prevention measures against invading sand fleas (such as a repellent) rather than a drug to kill already embedded parasites.

Interferon-gamma is required for the late but not early control of Leishmania amazonensis infection in C57Bl/6 mice

The critical role of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) in the resistance of C57Bl/6 mice to Leishmania major is widely established but its role in the relative resistance of these animals to L. amazonensis infection is still not clear. In this work we use C57Bl/6 mice congenitally deficient in the IFN-g gene (IFN-g KO) to address this issue. We found that IFN-g KO mice were as resistant as their wild-type (WT) counterparts at least during the first two months of infection. Afterwards, whereas WT mice maintained lesion growth under control, IFN-g KO mice developed devastating lesions. At day 97 of infection, their lesions were 9-fold larger than WT controls, concomitant with an increased parasite burden. At this stage, lesion-draining cells from IFN-g KO mice had impaired capacity to produce interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumour necrosis factor-a in response to parasite antigens whereas IL-4 was slightly increased in comparison to infected WT mice. Together, these results show that IFN-g is not critical for the initial control of L. amazonensis infection in C57Bl/6 mice, but is essencial for the developmente of a protective Th1 type immune response in the later stages.

Sexually transmitted infections, bacterial vaginosis, and candidiasis in women of reproductive age in rural Northeast Brazil: a population-based study

Population-based data on sexually transmitted infections (STI), bacterial vaginosis (BV), and candidiasis reflect the epidemiological situation more accurately than studies performed in specific populations, but such data are scarce. To determine the prevalence of STI, BV, and candidiasis among women of reproductive age from a resource-poor community in Northeast Brazil, a population-based cross sectional study was undertaken. All women from seven hamlets and the centre of Pacoti municipality in the state of Ceará, aged 12 to 49 years, were invited to participate. The women were asked about socio-demographic characteristics and genital symptoms, and thereafter examined gynaecologically. Laboratory testing included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for human papillomavirus (HPV), ligase chain reaction (LCR) for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, ELISA for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) and fluorescent treponema antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS) for syphilis, and analysis of wet mounts, gram stains and Pap smears for trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and BV. Only women who had initiated sexual life were included in the analysis (n = 592). The prevalences of STI were: HPV 11.7% (95% confidence interval: 9.3-14.7), chlamydia 4.5% (3.0-6.6), trichomoniasis 4.1% (2.7-6.1), gonorrhoea 1.2% (0.5-2.6), syphilis 0.2% (0.0-1.1), and HIV 0%. The prevalence of BV and candidiasis was 20% (16.9-23.6) and 12.5% (10.0-15.5), respectively. The most common gynaecological complaint was lower abdominal pain. STI are common in women in rural Brazil and represent an important health threat in view of the HIV pandemic.

The stepwise selection for ketoconazole resistance induces upregulation of C14-demethylase (CYP51) in Leishmania amazonensis

Ketoconazole is a clinically safe antifungal agent that also inhibits the growth of Leishmania spp. A study was undertaken to determine whether Leishmania parasites are prone to becoming resistant to ketoconazole by upregulating C14-demethylase after stepwise pharmacological pressure. Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes [inhibitory concentration (IC)50 = 2 µM] were subjected to stepwise selection with ketoconazole and two resistant lines were obtained, La8 (IC50 = 8 µM) and La10 (IC50 = 10 µM). As a result, we found that the resistance level was directly proportional to the C14-demethylase mRNA expression level; we also observed that expression levels were six and 12 times higher in La8 and La10, respectively. This is the first demonstration that L. amazonensis can up-regulate C14-demethylase in response to drug pressure and this report contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of parasite resistance.