Correlação entre teor de umidade e eficiência energética de resíduos de Pinus taeda em diferentes idades

O crescente uso da biomassa florestal para a geração de energia leva empresas do setor de base florestal a preocuparem-se com a inclusão desta opção no uso múltiplo das florestas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência da idade de árvores de Pinus taeda nas propriedades energéticas de seus componentes, e a relação existente entre o teor de umidade do material queimado e seu potencial de geração de energia útil para um sistema energético, de modo a determinar a idade ideal para se intervir nos plantios, otimizando o uso de todos os componentes das árvores, sem o esgotamento do solo. Foram realizadas análises energéticas nas folhas, galhos, copa e casca de Pinus taeda com 10, 12, 14 e 24 anos em delineamento experimental completamente casualizado sob esquema fatorial. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as idades podem ser utilizadas para fins de geração de energia. Houve correlação negativa significativa entre poder calorífico líquido e teor de umidade, possibilitando o ajuste de equação para a determinação do poder calorífico líquido em função do teor de umidade dos componentes avaliados nas diferentes idades.

Influência das dimensões da biomassa estocada de Pinus taeda L. e Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden na qualidade do combustível para geração de energia

Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a influência das dimensões de biomassa sobre as alterações em suas propriedades durante a estocagem, visando seu uso na geração de energia. O experimento foi realizado no Município de Lages, SC, entre outubro de 2003 e fevereiro de 2005. Foram utilizadas toras com casca de Pinus taeda L. e Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden e costaneiras de Pinus spp., estocadas em pilhas, por um período de seis meses. As amostras para análise foram coletadas no estado recém-colhido, com dois, quatro e seis meses de estocagem. Foram utilizados quatro lotes, colhidos e armazenados segundo as estações do ano, permanecendo sob estocagem entre os meses de outubro a maio, janeiro a agosto, maio a novembro e agosto a fevereiro. As propriedades avaliadas foram: teor de umidade na base úmida, poder calorífico superior e líquido e teor de cinzas. As dimensões tiveram maior influência no teor de umidade e poder calorífico líquido. As costaneiras de Pinus sofreram maior perda de umidade, maior ganho de poder calorífico superior e inferior e menor teor de cinzas durante a estocagem. A costaneira foi também o material mais heterogêneo, com relação às variações ocorridas no armazenamento. As toras de Pinus tiveram a menor perda de umidade e o menor ganho energético. De forma geral e considerando as propriedades mais importantes para a geração de energia, as dimensões da biomassa tiveram maior influência que a espécie sobre a qualidade da biomassa na estocagem.

Produção de biomassa para geração de energia em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L. com diferentes idades

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram quantificar e qualificar a biomassa residual produzida em plantios comerciais de Pinus taeda L., em diferentes idades e sistemas de manejo, visando à geração de energia em sistemas de cogeração. As idades dos povoamentos foram: três anos (primeira poda), seis anos (terceira poda), 10 anos (terceira poda), 12 anos (primeiro desbaste), 14 anos (primeiro desbaste), 16 anos (segundo desbaste) e 24 anos (corte raso). Cinco árvores foram colhidas em cada idade, e seus componentes separados, pesados e analisados quanto ao teor de umidade e ao poder calorífico. Os dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram correlacionados para determinar o potencial de geração de energia elétrica a partir da biomassa florestal. Os plantios de Pinus taeda L. produziram de 30 a 95 t de biomassa florestal/ha, respectivamente, aos 3 e 24 anos de idade. O maior potencial produtivo de biomassa para a geração de energia são o corte raso (24 anos), o primeiro desbaste (14 anos) e a terceira poda (10 anos), respectivamente. O material com melhor qualidade para geração de energia foi o galho, com o menor teor de umidade (54%) e o maior poder calorífico líquido (1.784 kcal/kg), sendo 24, 14 e 10 anos as melhores idades. O sistema de manejo e as práticas silviculturais têm influência, juntamente com a idade, na produção de biomassa por unidade de área. O rendimento energético da biomassa recém-colhida é baixo, necessitando de tratamento prévio para redução do teor de umidade e aumento do poder calorífico líquido.

DETERMINAÇÃO DO RENDIMENTO DE MATÉRIA-PRIMA DE Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage POR MEIO DE DIFERENTES MÉTODOS DE DESDOBRO

RESUMOO objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o rendimento da matéria-prima de Eucalyptus benthamii, por meio dos desdobros tangencial e radial, além da classificação das toras quanto à presença das rachaduras de topo. A classificação das toras quanto às rachaduras foi realizada por meio da análise visual, em que era aplicado um conceito conforme a intensidade do defeito. Posteriormente, as toras foram separadas em duas classes diamétricas (20 a 25 e 25,1 a 30 cm) e processadas em três sistemas de desdobro (tangencial em bloco, radial e tangencial em bloco com face curva), sendo cada tratamento composto por três repetições com 10 toras cada um. Na análise estatística dos dados de rendimento, foram aplicados o teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov, a Análise da Variância e o teste de Tukey. Nos resultados, foi observado que a maioria das toras da classe de menor diâmetro apresentou intensidade mediana, enquanto na maior classe diamétrica a intensidade foi baixa. Os rendimentos médios líquidos encontrados foram de 43,5% e 39,2% nas classes inferior e superior, respectivamente, os quais foram influenciados pelas rachaduras das peças e pelos destopos. Observou-se que o desdobro tangencial em bloco e em face curva foram os métodos que apresentaram maior aproveitamento em madeira serrada na classe de 20 a 25 cm, enquanto na classe de 25,1 a 30 cm o sistema tangencial em bloco e radial foi equivalente.

QUALIDADE DO CARVÃO VEGETAL PARA O CONSUMO DOMÉSTICO COMERCIALIZADO NA REGIÃO SERRANA SUL DE SANTA CATARINA1

Este trabalho teve como objetivo averiguar a qualidade do carvão vegetal para consumo doméstico, comercializado na região Serrana Sul de Santa Catarina. Foram coletadas 12 marcas de carvão na região da Associação dos Municípios da Região Serrana (AMURES) e Curitibanos. Foram descritas e analisadas as características gerais das embalagens e determinadas as propriedades físicas e energéticas de cada uma das marcas. As propriedades analisadas foram: densidade relativa aparente, teor de umidade, poder calorífico, teor de carbono fixo, voláteis e cinzas. As marcas comercializadas na região são oriundas dos Estados de Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul e Paraná. A acácia-negra e os eucaliptos são as espécies mais usadas para a produção de carvão. Não existe padronização das informações nas embalagens. O carvão vegetal apresentou densidade relativa aparente alta (0,403 g/cm3); teor de umidade alto (7,35%); poder calorífico superior médio de 6.449 kcal/kg, com muita variação entre as amostras; alto teor de voláteis e cinzas; e baixo teor de carbono fixo (32,85%, 1,96% e 65,17%, respectivamente). A produção e consumo do carvão vegetal no Planalto Sul catarinense são regionalizados, sem padronização das embalagens e com registro nos órgãos ambientais de fiscalização. A qualidade do carvão comercializado na região é baixa.

Microgeneration of electricity with producer gas in dual fuel mode operation

Among the alternatives to meet the increasing of world demand for energy, the use of biomass as energy source is one of the most promising as it contributes to reducing emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Gasification is a technological process of biomass energy production of a gaseous biofuel. The fuel gas has a low calorific value that can be used in Diesel engine in dual mode for power generation in isolated communities. This study aimed to evaluate the reduction in the consumption of oil Diesel an engine generator, using gas from gasification of wood. The engine generator brand used was a BRANCO, with direct injection power of 7.36 kW (10 HP) coupled to an electric generator 5.5 kW. Diesel oil mixed with intake air was injected, as the oil was injected via an injector of the engine (dual mode). The fuel gas was produced in a downdraft gasifier. The engine generator was put on load system from 0.5 kW to 3.5 kW through a set of electrical resistances. Diesel oil consumption was measured with a precision scale. It was concluded that the engine converted to dual mode when using the gas for the gasification of wood decreased Diesel consumption by up to 57%.

Evaluation of the heating of broilers in shed by means of gas hoods and underfloor heating

This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the behavior of the heating inside poultry shed through gas hood and underfloor heating. The experiment was conducted in poultry shed belonging to the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Triângulo Mineiro Region, Uberlândia city – state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. The dimensions of the shed are 24 meters long and 9.6 meters wide and with a ceiling height of 3.2 meters. The temperature was measured with an optical thermometer of Minipa brand, MT 350 model. It was used, to the analysis of temperature behavior, the public domain software FEMM 4.2, which uses finite elements techniques, with data collected from two lots. Underfloor heating is made using hot water flowing through a serpentine type system, which is installed below the bed; this hot water is from solar heaters. An energetic and economic assessment of the warming shed for raising chickens was realized. From the results obtained with the simulations, it may observe that the heating through the floor provides a more homogeneous distribution of temperature when compared with the hood heating. The flow of heat is upwards supplying, thus, the greatest need of heating of the bird, which is the pectoral part.

Importance of flexible bronchoscopy in decannulation of tracheostomy patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the importance of flexible bronchoscopy in tracheostomy patients in the process of decannulation to assess the incidence and types of laryngotracheal injury and compare the presence of such lesions with clinical criteria used for decannulation. METHODS: We studied 51 tracheostomized patients aged between 19 and 87 years, with tracheal stent for a mean of 46 ± 28 days and with clinical criteria for decannulation. They were submitted to tracheostomy tube occlusion tolerance testfor 24 hours, and then to flexible bronchoscopy. We described and classified the diagnosed laryngotracheal changes. We compared the clinical criteria for decannulation indication with the bronchoscopy-diagnosed laryngotracheal injuries that contraindicated decannulation. We identified the factors that could interfere in decannulation and evaluated the importance of bronchoscopy as part of the process. RESULTS: Forty (80.4%) patients had laryngotracheal alterations. Of the 40 patients considered clinically fit to decannulation, eight (20%) (p = 0.0007) presented with laryngotracheal injuries at bronchoscopy that contraindicated the procedure. The most frequent laryngeal alteration was vocal cords lesion, in 15 (29%) individuals, and granuloma, the most prevalent tracheal lesion, in 14 (27.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: flexible bronchoscopy showed a large number of laryngotracheal injuries, the most frequent being the vocal cords injury in the larynx and the granuloma in the trachea, which contributed to increase the decannulation procedure safety.

Tear production, intraocular pressure and conjunctival microbiota, cytology and histology of New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The purpose of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A total of 22 adult male rabbits were used. The ophthalmic tests included evaluation of tear production with Schirmer tear test 1(STT1) and Endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) using two different commercial brand materials. Applanation tonometry, Culture of the conjunctival bacterial flora, , conjunctival cytology and conjunctival histology were also performed. Mean (±SD) for STT1, EAPPTTa, EAPPTTb and IOP was 7.27±2.51mm/min, 12.43±1.69mm/min, 15.24±2.07mm/min, 12.89±2.80mm Hg, respectively. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. were predominant. The cytological evaluation revealed the presence columnar epithelial cells, superficial squamous keratinized cells, lymphocytes, heterophils, red blood cells, mucus and bacteria. The histological analysis revealed a stratified epithelium, characterized by the presence of columnar epithelial cells with a large number of goblet cells. The reported data can be used for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

Proximate composition and quantification of fatty acids in breaded chicken steak

The aim of this work was to analyze the fatty acid and proximate composition of five brands of breaded chicken steak (A, B, C, D, and E) by accurate chromatographic quantification and to compare the experimental results with food label nutrition facts. The protein values of all brands were in agreement with the Brazilian regulation values, except for that of sample E, which presented the highest lipid content. Thirteen fatty acids were identified in the studied brands and the major ones were oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid. The polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratios were within the values considered appropriate for human health; however, the high n-6/n-3 ratios found can result in an unbalanced intake of these fat acids. Only samples D and E can be considered trans free according to the regulations. The comparison of the analyses' results and the food label nutrition facts showed little variation in protein values. Nevertheless, most brands underestimated their lipid and energy levels. Brand B and C labels declared "free of trans", but the obteined results showed levels excedding those especified by regulation to be considered trans free values.

Commercial spices and industrial ingredients: evaluation of antioxidant capacity and flavonoids content for functional foods development

The aim of this work was to evaluate spices and industrial ingredients for the development of functional foods with high phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity. Basil, bay, chives, onion, oregano, parsley, rosemary, turmeric and powdered industrial ingredients (β-carotene, green tea extract, lutein, lycopene and olive extract) had their in vitro antioxidant capacity evaluated by means of the Folin-Ciocalteu reducing capacity and DPPH scavenging ability. Flavonoids identification and quantification were performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that spices presented a large variation in flavonoids content and in vitro antioxidant capacity, according to kind, brand and batches. Oregano had the highest antioxidant capacity and parsley had the highest flavonoid content. The industrial ingredient with the highest antioxidant capacity was green tea extract, which presented a high content of epigalocatechin gallate. Olive extract also showed a high antioxidant activity and it was a good source of chlorogenic acid. This study suggests that oregano, parsley, olive and green tea extract have an excellent potential for the development of functional foods rich in flavonoids as antioxidant, as long as the variability between batches/brands is controlled.

Proximate composition and quantification of fatty acids in five major Brazilian chocolate brands

The objective of the present study was to characterize the centesimal composition and quantify fatty acids in regular and diet chocolate brands with emphasis on trans fatty acids. Regular and diet dark chocolate samples from the major brands analyzed were purchased from different local supermarkets in the city of Maringá. The brands were labeled with letters and five lots of each brand with three chocolate units per lot were analyzed in triplicate. We observed that the diet chocolates from the same brands presented larger lipid contents. The main fatty acids observed were saturated fatty acids (SFA), myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), and estearic acid (18:0). Among the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and trans fatty acids, oleic acid (18:1n-9), linoleic acid (18:2n-6), and elaidic acid (18:1-9t) predominated. The trans fatty acid contents found in the analyzed samples were lower than and/or in accordance with the limits proposed by the Brazilian regulation.

Guava Jam packaging determinant attributes in consumer buying decision

Using packaging and labels to lure consumers and to communicate product benefits directly on the shelf is a competitive advantage factor in the food industry sector. The label is especially effective since besides supplying basic details, such as weight, ingredients, and instructions in compliance with governmental regulations, it attracts consumers' attention and the desire to buy and which often becomes synonymous to the brand name. The objective of this study was to obtain detailed information on consumers' attitudes, opinions, behavior, and concepts regarding guava jam packaging using the focus group technique. The results showed that label color and design, packaging type and information, and brand name and price are determinant attributes in the consumers' decision to buy guava jam.

Evaluation of phenolic compounds content and in vitro antioxidant activity of red wines produced from Vitis labrusca grapes

Wine production in the northern Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, specifically the communes of Colombo and Almirante Tamandaré, is based mainly on the utilization of Vitis labrusca grapes var. Bordô (Ives). Total sugar content, pH, and total acidity were analyzed in red wine samples from 2007 and 2008 vintages following official methods of analysis. Moreover, total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were analyzed by colorimetric methodologies and the antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical methodology. Phenolic compounds were identified by high performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolic content of wine samples presented concentrations varying between 1582.35 and 2896.08 mg gallic acid.L-1 since the major part corresponds to flavonoid content. In these compounds' concentration range, a direct relationship between phenolic compounds content and levels of antioxidant activity was not observed. Among the identified phenolic compounds, chlorogenic, caffeic, and syringic acids were found to be the major components. Using three principal components, it was possible to explain 81.36% of total variance of the studied samples. Principal Components Analysis does not differentiate between vintages.

Iron enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae maintains its fermenting power and bakery properties

Iron is an essential micronutrient in the metabolism of almost all living organisms; however, its deficiency is well documented especially in pregnant women and in children. Iron salts as a dietary supplement have low bioavailability and can cause gastrointestinal discomforts. Iron enriched yeasts can provide a supplementation of this micronutrient to the diet because this mineral has a better bioavailability when bonded to yeast cell macromolecules. These yeasts can be used as feed supplement for human and animals and also as baker's yeast. Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultivated in a reactor employing yeast media supplemented with 497 mg ferrous sulfate.L-1, and the resultant biomass incorporated 8 mg Fe.g-1 dry matter. This biomass maintained its fermenting power regarding both water displace measurement through carbonic dioxide production and bakery characteristics. The bread produced using the yeast obtained by cultivation in yeast media supplemented with iron presented six times more iron than the bread produced using the yeast obtained by cultivation without iron supplementation.