A mortalidade infantil no estado da Bahia, Brasil

Dentro das limitações impostas pelo sistema de coleta de dados de estatística vital em nosso meio foram apresentadas as taxas de mortalidade infantil para Salvador, onde vem se observando acentuado declínio, o qual decorre em grande parte da ampliação do sistema de abastecimento d'água à Capital. No interior há falta de dados mais precisos, sendo que mais de um terço dos óbitos ocorre sem assistência médica; predominam ali como causa de morte as doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. Conclui-se que a mortalidade infantil na Bahia está estreitamente ligada às condições ambientais e ao nível sócio-econômico das populações.

Estudos ecológicos sobre mosquitos Culicidae no Sistema da Serra do Mar, Brasil: 2 - Observações no ambiente domiciliar

Apresentam-se os resultados obtidos nas coletas domiciliares de mosquitos Culicidae no Vale do Ribeira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Com o objetivo de esclarecer o mecanismo de transmissão de encefalite por vírus, ali ocorrida em caráter epidêmico, seguiu-se a mesma orientação das observações realizadas no extradomicílio. Para tanto baseou-se a diferenciação das localidades trabalhadas, nas características do terreno, na ocorrência de casos da doença e no caráter rural e urbano das habitações. Os dados obtidos sugeriram possível ocorrência de transmissão domiciliar da virose. As espécies que apresentaram maior significância nesse sentido foram Aedes scapularis e representantes de Culex (Melanoconion) sp. A possível transmissão domiciliar por culicídeos mostrou-se mais evidente na zona rural do que na urbana.

Aspectos ecológicos da tripanossomíase americana: XVII - Desenvolvimento da domiciliação triatomínea regional, em centro de endemismo de Triatoma sordida

São apresentados os resultados obtidos mediante as observações sobre o processo de domiciliação triatomínea, após a desinsetização domiciliar, e levadas a efeito no período de janeiro de 1975 a janeiro de 1979. A região estudada inclui-se no domínio paisagístico dos cerrados do Brasil Central, considerado como centro de dispersão de Triatoma sordida. A domiciliação local, inicialmente encontrada, implicou a participação dessa espécie e de Triatoma infestans. Após a realização do expurgo, as pesquisas de vigilância trimestrais e os levantamentos finais evidenciaram a ocorrência de novo processo de domiciliação de triatomíneos, de decurso lento, e resultando em coeficientes de positividade de edifícios acentuadamente inferiores aos registrados por ocasião do levantamento inicial, durante todo o período de observação. Após o expurgo, o valor geral do coeficiente de edifícios (casas e anexos) positivos variou do valor mínimo de 1,9 ao máximo de 5,7%, enquanto foi de 40,4% o observado quando do levantamento inicial. Essa situação perdurou pelo tempo mínimo de três anos e meio, o que permite recomendar que a vigilância e a possível aplicação do expurgo seletivo, subseqüentes à desinsetização geral, sejam iniciadas a partir de decorrido tal prazo. Nesse ínterim, recomenda-se a motivação dos habitantes locais, no sentido de obter-lhes a colaboração para a denúncia de novos focos intradomiciliares. Na transferência da infecção tripanossômica para o ambiente domiciliar evidenciou-se papel importante desempenhado por vertebrados domiciliados ou em domiciliação, em especial modo ratos (Rattus) e gambás (Didelphis), de hábitos ubiquistas. No processo de evolução da nova domiciliação triatomínea, coube papel preponderante a T. sordida mediante a ocupação inicial do peridomicílio. O reaparecimento de T. infestans deveu-se principalmente à influência da atividade humana, em especial modo, a mobilidade dos habitantes locais. O papel desempenhado pelo R. neglectus foi pouco expressivo embora, à semelhança de T. sordida, tenha facilmente desenvolvido colônias em galinheiros experimentais. A participação proporcional dos dois principais triatomíneos na composição específica das populações domiciliadas, observada antes e após o expurgo em cinco diferentes ocasiões, foi avaliada pelos respectivos percentuais dentro do número total e edificações (casas e anexos) encontradas positivas. Os resultados mostraram aumento constante da proporção correspondente a T. sordida e diminuição da referente a T. infestans. Atribuiu-se a fatores educacionais e habitacionais maior influência sobre a domiciliação desta espécie do que na daquela. Observou-se também indícios sobre a possibilidade de dispersão ativa de T. infestans. Nas áreas rurais, os anexos peridomiciliares revelaram-se como ecótopos de concentração para o início da domiciliação de triatomíneos silvestres, em especial modo, de T. sordida. As áreas com pequeno número de anexos, aparentemente permanecem negativas por tempo mais prolongado, levando a supor que a domiciliação encontre ali maiores dificuldades de se desenvolver.

A inadequação dos exames radiológicos periódicos indiscriminados em saúde ocupacional: resultados do censo de 1984 em uma empresa de grande porte

São aqui relatados os resultados do censo abreugráfico de 1984 de uma empresa de grande porte, isenta de riscos ocupacionais para o aparelho respiratório. Em 5,308 abreugrafias realizadas foram detectados 53 casos de anormalidades abreugráficas (1%), dos quais apenas 4 de tuberculose ativa. O rendimento foi de 0,75/1,000 abreugrafias. O custo médio de detecção de cada caso de tuberculose ativa foi de 256,32 ORTN (ao redor de 1.850 dólares). Foi também constatado um menor comparecimento de funcionários ao exame abreugráfico periódico, 1,6% de ausências em 1982 e 7,8% em 1984, causado provavelmente pelo crescente conhecimento leigo sobre radiações ionizantes, Os resultados são discutidos e é apresentada uma revisão sobre o emprego de exames radiológicos periódicos em saúde ocupacional.

Observações sobre domiciliação de mosquitos Culex (Melanoconion), em ambiente com acentuadas modificações antrópicas

Estudam-se alguns aspectos do comportamento de espécies de Culex (Melanoconion) em ambiente antrópico intensamente modificado. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de adultos, concomitantes e levadas a efeito no peridomicílio, em área aberta e em área coberta por vegetação de segunda formação. Foram focalizadas as espécies dominantes e representadas por Cx. delpontei, Cx. ocossa, Cx. ribeirensis, Cx. sacchettae e Cx. taeniopus. No peridomicílio, destacam-se pela regularidade de sua presença, Cx. ribeirensis e Cx. sacchettae, incluindo apreciável comparecimento às coletas com isca humana ali realizadas. A época de maior rendimento das capturas correspondeu ao primeiro trimestre, em especial modo, ao mês de março. Aliado a esse aspecto, Cx. ribeirensis e Cx. sacchettae revelaram apreciável freqüência à isca humana. Em relação a esta, o menor comparecimento foi apresentado por Cx. delpontei e Cx. ocossa. Quanto a Cx. taeniopus, compareceu de maneira um tanto irregular e em número geralmente inferior ao dos demais. As observações evidenciaram curva de atividade aumentando rapidamente por ocasião do início da noite e mantendo-se durante todo o período noturno, apresentada por Cx. ribeirensis, Cx. sacchettae e Cx. taeniopus. O outro tipo de curva foi observado com Cx. delpontei e Cx. ocossa, com aumento gradual na primeira metade da noite, alcançando o máximo ao redor da meia-noite, e declinando sensivelmente na segunda metade do período. As coletas de formas imaturas permitiram evidenciar criadouros de Cx. delpontei em cursos de água de porte médio ou grande, e associados à vegetação aquática flutuante. São feitas considerações de ordem ecológica passíveis de interpretar esses comportamentos de interesse epidemiológico.

Therapeutic Effects of Allium sativum and Allium cepa in Schistosoma mansoni experimental infection

The effects of both garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) on some biochemical parameters in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice individually and mixed either with or without the currently used drug, praziquantel (PZQ) were investigated. These involved some immunological parameters, namely IgM, IgG, interleukins 2 and 6 (IL-2 and 6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), some antioxidant enzymes [catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)]. In addition, parasitological and histopathological investigations were performed. No changes were observed in the normal control mice treated with dry extract of onion or garlic, individually or mixed, with or without PZQ, compared to the normal healthy control group. Infection with S. mansoni showed an increase in IgG, IgM, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and catalase enzyme, accompanied with a decrease in GPX and SOD antioxidant enzyme activities. Remarkable amelioration was noticed in the levels of all the measured parameters in S. mansoni infected mice after administration of the studied extracts. Moreover a significant reduction in worm burden, hepatic and intestinal eggs and oogram count was noticed which was reflected in normalization of liver architecture.

MOLLUSCICIDAL AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF Atriplex inflata AERIAL PARTS AGAINST THE MOLLUSK Galba truncatula, INTERMEDIATE HOST OF Fasciola hepatica

Fasciolosis is a widespread parasitosis of farm live-stock in many developing countries. For this reason, it is necessary to search for new substances against parasitic diseases caused by flukes. Indeed, a wide variety of terrestrial plants have been subjected to chemical and pharmacological screening in order to discover their potential for human medicinal use. The molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of Atriplex inflata were tested on Galba truncatula and Fasciola hepatica larval stages infecting this snail in Tunisia. Phytochemical tests were conducted on extracts in order to establish a meaningful relationship with molluscicidal and larvicidal activities. The molluscicidal activity was evaluated by subjecting snails to sample aqueous solutions. Accordingly, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and methanol-water (8:2, v-v) were used as extraction solvents. As a result, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed potent activity, according to the World Health Organization, giving LC50 = 7.59 mg/L and 6.69 mg/L for hexane extracts of leaves and fruits, respectively. Ethyl acetate extracts gave LC50 = 5.90 mg/L and 7.32 mg/L for leaves and fruits, successively. Molluscicidal activities of powders were less potent on snails, but active according to the World Health Organization. Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and fruits gave potent larvicidal activities with a delay rate exceeding 45.50% (45.50- 98.92%). Phytochemical tests showed that these activities may be attributed to the presence of triterpenoids and/or sterols.

MOLECULAR SURVEILLANCE OF Plasmodium vivax AND Plasmodium falciparum DHFR MUTATIONS IN ISOLATES FROM SOUTHERN IRAN

In Iran, both Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum malaria have been detected, but P. vivax is the predominant species. Point mutations in dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene in both Plasmodia are the major mechanisms of pyrimethamine resistance. From April 2007 to June 2009, a total of 134 blood samples in two endemic areas of southern Iran were collected from patients infected with P. vivax and P. falciparum. The isolates were analyzed for P. vivax dihydrofolate reductase (pvdhfr) and P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) point mutations using various PCR-based methods. The majority of the isolates (72.9%) had wild type amino acids at five codons of pvdhfr. Amongst mutant isolates, the most common pvdhfr alleles were double mutant in 58 and 117 amino acids (58R-117N). Triple mutation in 57, 58, and 117 amino acids (57L/58R/117N) was identified for the first time in the pvdhfr gene of Iranian P. vivax isolates. All the P. falciparumsamples analyzed (n = 16) possessed a double mutant pfdhfrallele (59R/108N) and retained a wild-type mutation at position 51. This may be attributed to the fact that the falciparum malaria patients were treated using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in Iran. The presence of mutant haplotypes in P. vivax is worrying, but has not yet reached an alarming threshold regarding drugs such as SP. The results of this study reinforce the importance of performing a molecular surveillance by means of a continuous chemoresistance assessment.

PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS AND SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED TO INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS AMONG PATIENTS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS IN NAHAVAND, WESTERN IRAN

We studied the prevalence of intestinal parasites (IPs), their risk factors and associated symptoms among patients with gastrointestinal disorders. A total of 1,301 participants aged 22 days-90 years were enrolled in this study. We used a structured questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic and stool examination to investigate intestinal parasite infections. Data analysis was performed using SPSS16. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites (IPs) was 32.2% (419/1,301). Three hundred and fifty nine cases/1,301 (27.6%) were infected with a single parasite and 60/1,301 cases (4.6%) presented polyparasitism. The most common IP was Blastocystis sp. 350/1,301 (26.9%), followed by Entamoeba coli 38/1,301 (2.92%), Giardia lamblia 30/1,301 (2.3%) and Cryptosporidium spp. 17/1,301 (1.3%). Regarding the socio-demographic variables, educational status (p = 0.001), contact with domestic animals and soil (p = 0.02), age above 15 years (p = 0.001) and seasons (p = 0.001) were significantly associated to intestinal parasitic infections. Concerning clinical characteristics, the presence of IPs was significantly associated to diarrhea (OR = 1.57; CI 95% = 1.24-1.98; p < 0.001) and dysentery (OR = 1.94; CI 95% = 1.03-3.66; p < 0.04). Our findings suggest that IPs are one of the main causal agents of gastrointestinal disorders. Improving the knowledge on local risk factors such as poverty, low level of education, poor sanitation, contact with soil and contact with domestic animal is warranted.

Behaviour of a Peru strain of Trypanosoma cruzi in Rhesus monkeys

The course of infection with a Peru strain of T. cruzi was studied in 3 rhesus monkeys. An unsuccessful attempt to vaccinate one monkey is described. The IaM leves rise during the course of infection in ali 3 animais. A lumnhocytosis and mild anaemia was noted in these acute infections. Orbital oedema occurred in all 3 animais following subcutaneous inoculation of the infection dose into the eyelid.

The vaccination of human beings with a live avirulent strain of Trypanosoma cruzi: a new series of volunteers

Five human volunteers were vaccinated with a live avirulent strain of Trypanosoma cruzi and followed-up for one year. Except for a few cases of questionable results presented by only one Laboratory, ali the other clinicai, parasitological and serological tests remained negative during that period.

Additional data on the epidemiology of chagas disease in the municipality of Caxias, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

An area believed to be an autochthonous focus for Chagas' disease was investigated in the municipality of Caxias, Rio de Janeiro State. The study included search for domestic triatomine bugs, serological test (IFT and CFT) in persons in whose house infested bugs were discovered, detailed clinicai examination and xenodiagnosis test of ali serologicall/ yy positive persons, and xenodiagnosis test on dogs from households in which infected triatomine bugs have been found. Only in one of the locatities (Piranema) domestic Triatoma infestans have been discovered. some of which were infected with T. cruzi. A small number of persons (mostly children) had a positive serologicál test for Chagas’ disease, but in all of them the infection was clinically asymptomatic. From two dogs, belonging to a household in which serologically positive children and infected T. infestans were discovered, T. cruzi was isolated by xenodiagnosis. The importunt epidemiological information obtained from this investigation was the discovery of domestic adaptation of T. infestans in an area with dense population .and with very low social and sanitary conditions, in a locality considered as non-endemic for the infection.

Induction of male sterility through manipulation of genetic mechanisms present in vector species of Triatominae. II. Partial restoration of male fertility

The development of integrated measures which involve sterile mate release to supplement the conventional insecticidal techniques used in controlagainst insects of medical importance, raised the question, whether the vectors of Chagas'disease possess the natural mechanisms by manipulation of which they may be controlled. Results of earlier expenments, that had been published previously, were restricted to fragmentary information that raised various questions, the answer to which became available in the study herein described. Interspecific hybrids were produced from reciprocal crosses between T. pseudomaculata and T. sórdida and from unilateral crosses between female T. pseudomaculata and male. T. infestans. These females mated with males, laid less than the normal complement of eggs, but offspring was relatively abundant. When T. pseudomaculata females were paired with T. brasiliensis males, hybridization was more difficult because few of the females mated and those that did had a strongly reduced fertility. Adults emerged from ali crosses but exhibited sex disproportion, females predominating in all populations but one. The two Rhodnius species tested were also found to cross, but only when female R. prolixus were paired with male R. neglectus. These females laid a relatively high complement o f eggs, had a strongly reduced fertility, but 50% of the fertile eggs developed into vigorous adults, males predominating females. Neither type of hybrid male elicited fertilized eggs from either parental type of female, through their vesicula seminal is were found to be packed with spermatozoa, some normal looking and moving, others underdeveloped and motionless. Although, no artificial insemination was performed, the sperm in itself did not appear to be the prime inducer of sterility. Females paired with these hybrids did mate, sperm was transfered, as evidenced by the discharged spermatophores smeared with sperm, but did notcontain spermatozoa in their spermatecae. The failure of the sperm to migrate to the spermatecae indicate prezygotic pos-copulation incompatibility, thus the hybrid male can't be used to suppress populations. The female hybrids mated with parent males of either species had reduced fertility and ther sons were sterile as were those of their fertile daughters. However, continous backcrossing of the hybrid females and their female progeny to parental males partially restored fertility of the males and increased fertility of females, as scored by egg hatchability. Fertility of hybrid females, measured by the yield of adults capable to reproduce, indicated that the reproductive perfomance decreased when hybrid females and their daughters were backcrossed additional generations to parental males. It is tentatively suggested that hybrid females could be used for suppression if they compete efficiently with wild females.