134 resultados para Artur Ricardo Jorge
Resumo:
Foi realizado em Pelotas, RS, Brasil, estudo de intervenção randomizado, para a promoção do aleitamento materno. Grupo de 450 mães e lactentes foram visitados em casa aos 5, 10 e 20 dias após o nascimento, e comparados com um grupo-controle do mesmo número. Noventa e dois por cento das famílias no grupo de intervenção receberam as três visitas planejadas. A avaliação do padrão de aleitamento materno e causas de desmame aconteceu seis meses depois do nascimento para ambos os grupos. Noventa e quatro por cento do grupo de intervenção e noventa e dois por cento do grupo-controle foram encontrados na visita de avaliação. A intervenção aumentou a duração do aleitamento (mediana de 120 dias no grupo de intervenção, contra 105 dias no grupo-controle; p=0,03) e retardou a introdução do leite artificial (mediana de idade de 90 dias no grupo de intervenção e 60 dias no grupo-controle; p=0,01). As causas de desmame foram classificadas como subjacentes, intermediárias, e imediatas. A causa subjacente mais comum foi "o bebê chora muito", sugerindo que as mães devem ser instruídas a respeito dos padrões normais de comportamento do lactente nas primeiras semanas de vida, em particular da necessidade que a criança tem de chorar e o fato de que isto, não necessariamente, significa fome.
Resumo:
INTRODUÇÃO: Os poucos estudos existentes apontam para o consumo abusivo de medicamentos em crianças, sendo os médicos os principais responsáveis pela indicação. Para conhecer melhor os padrões de consumo de medicamentos, foi feito estudo em crianças no primeiro trimestre de vida, segundo variáveis sociais, biológicas, padrões alimentares e ultilização de serviços de saúde. MÉTODO: Estudou-se uma amostra de 655 crianças nascidas em 1993, residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas, Brasil. Informações sobre o consumo de medicamentos na quinzena precedente à entrevista foram coletadas ao final do primeiro e do terceiro mês. RESULTADOS: Com um mês, 65% das crianças consumiam medicamentos e com três meses, 69%. Três ou mais medicamentos foram consumidos por 17% das crianças em cada acompanhamento. Combinações de três ou mais fármacos (um indicador de má qualidade do medicamento) foram usadas por 14% no primeiro mês e por 19% no terceiro mês. Aos três meses, 20% das crianças consumiam medicamentos cronicamente. Com um mês, os medicamentos mais consumidos foram Cloreto de Benzalcônio + Soro Fisiológico, Dimeticona + Homatropina e Nistatina solução. Aos três meses foram Ácido Acetil Salicílico, Cloreto de Benzalcônio + Soro Fisiológico e Dimeticona + Homatropina. O principal problema referido como motivo de uso foi cólica no primeiro acompanhamento e resfriado, no segundo. Na análise ajustada, o consumo de medicamentos no primeiro mês foi 64% menor para as crianças que tinham três ou mais irmãos menores do que para primogênitos. Crianças não amamentadas ao final do primeiro mês apresentaram um risco 75% maior de haver consumido medicamentos. Resultados semelhantes foram observados para o consumo no terceiro mês. CONCLUSÃO: Desde a mais tenra idade, as crianças são habituadas a conviver com uma medicalização exagerada de sintomas corriqueiros. Não estaria assim sendo preparado o terreno para futuras dependências de medicamentos ou outras drogas?
Resumo:
OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência dos subtipos do HIV-1 e analisar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com amostra de conveniência de 80 pacientes adultos HIV-positivos atendidos em serviço especializado em DST/Aids em Canoas, RS, no período de julho de 2008 a janeiro de 2009. A determinação dos subtipos do HIV foi realizada por amplificação de fragmento do genoma viral pela reação em cadeia da polimerase seguida do seqüenciamento dos fragmentos amplificados. Variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e comportamentais foram coletadas em questionário estruturado. Foi realizada análise estatística univariada utilizando os testes de qui-quadrado e t de Student. RESULTADOS: Foi observada uma prevalência maior do subtipo C (43,8%; IC 95%: 32,9;54,6), seguida pelo CRF31_BC (35,0%; IC 95%: 24,6;45,5) e subtipos B (18,8%; IC 95%: 10,2;27,3) e F (2,4%; IC 95%: 0;5,9). Outros subtipos de HIV-1 não foram observados. Pacientes infectados com CRF31_BC apresentaram diagnóstico mais recente do que os pacientes infectados com o subtipo B (p < 0,05). Observou-se também maior freqüência de co-infecção com outros vírus (hepatites B e C e T-linfotrópicos humanos) nos indivíduos portadores do CRF31_BC do que nos demais subtipos. Com relação aos aspectos sociodemográficos, não foram observadas diferenças na distribuição dos subtipos e formas recombinantes quanto ao sexo e práticas sexuais. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados obtidos indicam uma freqüência maior do subtipo C e do CRF31_BC nesse centro urbano do sul do Brasil, com possíveis vias de transmissão diferentes.
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Sixty-four isogenic Swiss mice were intradermically inoculated in both hind foot pads. The inocula, consisting of fungal suspensions from biopsies obtained from Jorge Lobos Disease patients, had the total number of fungi and the viability index determined using a Neubauer chamber and the fluorescein diacetate-ethidium bromide technique (FD-EB), respectively. The animals were sacrificed at times ranging from ten days to eighteen months after inoculation. The cellular infiltrate, mainly consisting of macrophages containing fungi, increased progressively up to end of the study; however, no macroscopic alterations were observed in the inoculated feet. After nine months, small numbers of Langhans giant cells started to appear in the infiltrate. A considerable number of fungi was observed at the end of the experimental period, but only a few were viable when stained by the FD-EB technique. This fact suggests that there is a multiplication of fungal cells, which are destroyed by the macrophages but remain in the tissue for a long time due perhaps to the difficulties in their elimination. These findings led us to conclude that in spite of the maintenance of the infection in these animals, Swiss mice cannot be considered an ideal model to study Jorge Lobos Disease. However, the authors call attention to the possibility of other mouse strains being more susceptible to Paracoccidioides loboi.
Resumo:
A role for proteolytic bacteria in the exacerbation of influenza virus has been shown in natural hosts such as pigs and humans. Four hundred seven samples were collected from the respiratory tract of individuals presenting clinical manifestations, during influenza season (2003-2005) in São Paulo City. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of determined bacteria co-infecting virus in human respiratory tract. Tests, such as bacteriological, immunofluorescence (IF), RT/PCR and hemagglutination (HA) were used for bacterial and viral investigation. Thirty seven (9.09%) positive for influenza virus were screened by IF. The RT/PCR confirmed the presence of influenza virus in these samples. Bacterial and agar casein tests demonstrated that 18 (48.64%) individuals were infected with proteolytic bacteria such as Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Among these samples, 13 (35.13%) were co-infected with influenza A virus. Influenza type B, co-infecting bacteria were found in five (13.51%) samples. In vitro the S. aureus protease increased the influenza HA titer after contact for 30 min at 25 ºC. Results revealed the occurrence of co-infection with proteolytic bacteria and influenza in the evaluated individuals. This finding corroborates that virus versus bacteria synergism could be able to potentiate respiratory infection, increasing damage to hosts.
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Jorge Lobo's disease is a cutaneous and subcutaneous mycosis that affects patients in the Amazon region. The number of patients is relatively small, but the real situation of the disease as public health problem is not known, because Jorge Lobo's disease is not a notifiable disease. This study aims to report the clinical evolution in patients affected and to determine the prevalence and areas of occurrence of the disease. A retrospective study was carried out based on the analysis of the clinical records, which included a collection of photographs of patients in the Department of Sanitary Dermatology, in Rio Branco, and patients seen in the interior of the state. In a decade, in Rio Branco, 249 cases of the disease were reported, 30 were females and 219 males. Of these patients, 153 had localized lesions, 94 of them were on one ear, 55 had multifocal lesions and 41 had disseminated lesions. The average time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 19 years. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 53 years, and ages ranged from 14 to 96 years.
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The objective of this study is to identify subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and to analyze the presence of mutations associated to antiretroviral resistance in the protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) regions from 48 HIV-1 positive treatment naïve patients from an outpatient clinic in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. Sequencing was conducted using PR, partial RT and group-specific antigen gene (gag) nested PCR products from retrotranscribed RNA. Transmitted resistance was determined according to the Surveillance Drug Resistance Mutation List (SDRM) algorithm. Phylogenetic and SimPlot analysis of concatenated genetic segments classified sequences as subtype B 19/48 (39.6%), subtype C 12/48 (25%), subtype F 4/48 (8.3%), with 13/48 (27.1%) recombinant forms. Most recombinant forms were B mosaics (B/F 12.5%, B/C 10.4%), with one C/F (2.1%) and one complex B/C/F mosaic (2.1%). Low levels of transmitted resistance were found in this study, 2/48 (2.1% to NRTIs and 2.1% for PI). This preliminary data may subsidize the monitoring of the HIV evolution in the region.
Resumo:
In 1970, searching for the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses led to the first study on influenza viruses in domestic animals. Birds and mammals, including human beings, are their natural hosts; however, other animals may also play a role in the virus epidemiology. The objective was to investigate the incidence of influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural (9, 19.56%) and urban (37, 80.43%) areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Dog serum samples were examined for antibodies to influenza viruses by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using the corresponding antigens from the circulating viruses in Brazil. Dogs from rural areas presented antibodies to influenza A H3N2, and influenza A H7N7 and H3N8. In rural areas, dog sera displayed mean titers as 94.37, 227.88, 168.14, 189.62 HIU/25 µL for subtypes H1N1, H3N2, H7N7, H3N8, respectively. About 84% and 92% of dogs from urban areas exhibited antibodies to human influenza A H1N1 and H3N2, respectively, with statistical difference at p < 0.05 between the mean titers of antibodies to H1N1 and H3N2. About 92% and 100% were positive for H7N7 and H3N8, respectively. In dogs from urban areas, the mean titers of antibodies against influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H7N7 and H3N8, were 213.96, 179.42, 231.76, 231.35 HIU/25 µL respectively. The difference among them was not statistically significant at p > 0.05. In conclusion, these dogs were positive for both human and equine influenza viruses. The present study suggests the first evidence that influenza viruses circulate among dogs in Brazil.
Resumo:
Visceral leishmaniasis is an anthropozoonosis that is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, especially Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, and is transmitted to humans by the bite of sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia, such as Lutzomyia longipalpis. There are many reservoirs, including Canis familiaris. It is a chronic infectious disease with systemic involvement that is characterized by three phases: the initial period, the state period and the final period. The main symptoms are fever, malnutrition, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. This article reports a case of a patient diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis in the final period following autochthonous transmission in the urban area of Rio de Janeiro. The case reported here is considered by the Municipal Civil Defense and Health Surveillance of Rio de Janeiro to be the first instance of autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in humans in the urban area of this city. The patient was discharged and is undergoing a follow-up at the outpatient clinic, demonstrating clinical improvement.
Resumo:
Equines are susceptible to respiratory viruses such as influenza and parainfluenza. Respiratory diseases have adversely impacted economies all over the world. This study was intended to determine the presence of influenza and parainfluenza viruses in unvaccinated horses from some regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Blood serum collected from 72 equines of different towns in this state was tested by hemagglutination inhibition test to detect antibodies for both viruses using the corresponding antigens. About 98.6% (71) and 97.2% (70) of the equines responded with antibody protective titers (≥ 80 HIU/25µL) H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A viruses, respectively. All horses (72) also responded with protective titers (≥ 80) HIU/25µL against the parainfluenza virus. The difference between mean antibody titers to H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A viruses was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The mean titers for influenza and parainfluenza viruses, on the other hand, showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). These results indicate a better antibody response from equines to parainfluenza 3 virus than to the equine influenza viruses. No statistically significant differences in the responses against H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A and parainfluenza 3 viruses were observed according to the gender (female, male) or the age (≤ 2 to 20 years-old) groups. This study provides evidence of the concomitant presence of two subtypes of the equine influenza A (H7N7 and H3N8) viruses and the parainfluenza 3 virus in equines in Brazil. Thus, it is advisable to vaccinate equines against these respiratory viruses.
Resumo:
Com o objetivo de conhecer fatores associados à incoagulabilidade sangüínea no envenenamento botrópico, foram obtidas informações de 2.991 prontuários médicos de pacientes atendidos no Instituto Butantan de 1981 a 1990. Associaram-se positivamente à incoagulabilidade sangüínea (p<0,05): picadas no final do ano e em extremidades dos membros inferiores; dor, edema e equimose local; hemorragia e choque; dose de antiveneno; tempo do acidente à chegada ao Instituto Butantan. Associaram-se negativamente à incoagulabilidade (p<0,05): tamanho de Bothrops jararaca; uso de torniquete; tempo entre a chegada ao Instituto Butantan e o início da administração do antiveneno. Não se associaram à incoagulabilidade (p>0,05): horário do acidente; presença de presa recém-deglutida no tubo digestivo da serpente; sexo e idade do paciente; ocorrência de bolha, necrose, abscesso e incisão local, amputação, insuficiência renal e óbito. Pode-se concluir que, embora a incoagulabilidade sangüínea apresente associação com manifestações precoces do envenenamento, não tem boa associação com a evolução clínica do paciente.