Produtividade sazonal da floresta e atividade de forrageamento animal em habitat de terra firme da Amazônia

Durante 13 meses (de janeiro de 1986 a janeiro de 1987), quatro trilhas, de aproximadamente 2,5 km de comprimento cada uma, cortando diferentes ambientes de mata de terra firme, foram seguidas diariamente por um mínimo de dois pesquisadores para observar animais forrageando no chão o em diferentes estratos da floresta. O local de estudo foi em porção de floresta protegida em Tucuruí, estado do Pará. Foram investigadas por observação contínua no campo as tendências sazonais de utilização de ítens de alimentos preferidos demonstrados por quelôneos: os jabutis Geochelone carbonaria, G. denticulata e a aperema Platemys platicephala; por roedores: o quatipuru Sciurus gilvigularis e a cutia Dasyprocta aguti; por cervídeos: o veado-mateiro Mazama americana e o veado fuboca Mazama guazoubira; e por primatas: o macaco-prego Cebus apella, o guariba Alouatta belzebul, o cuxiú Chiropotes satanas , o macaco-mão-de-ouro Saimiri sciureus, e o sagui preto Saguinus midas. Todos esses animais foram estudados através de observação contínua nessas trilhas de transectos, estabelecidas na mata de terra firme. As observações foram feitas pela manhã entre 06:00 e 10:00 horas e à tarde, entre 15:00 e 19 horas. O estudo demonstrou que as dietas dessas espécies animais de habitat de terra firme depende da disponibilidade de alimento na floresta na estação do ano. A importância desses ítens de alimento é demonstrada pela mudança sazonal da atividade de forrageamento, dependendo do ítem alimentar em oferta. Os jabtutis (Geochelone carbonaria e G. denticulata) alimentam-se basicamente de frutos disponíveis entre setembro e janeiro, sendo esses mesmo frutos compatilhados por cutia (Dasyprocta aguti), enquanto o macaco-prego (Cebus apella) expande sua dieta baseada em frutas, em dois picos, um entre janeiro e março, com um máximo de atividade em fevereiro, e outro pico entre julho e dezembro. Essas mesmas frutas são também compartilhadas por Chiropotes satanas. Embora o guariba (Alouatta belzebul) seja observado comendo grande porcentagem de folhas, nas estações de produção de frutos, porém, durante os dois picos anuais, (fevereiro e dezembro) tornam-se oportunisticamente frugívoros.

Aproveitamento de alimentos de origem animal pela tartaruga-da-amazônia: Podocnemis expansa criada em cativeiro

Foi realizado um trabalho para determinar o aproveitamento alimentar da farinha de carne e ossos (FCO), farinha de vísceras de aves (FVA) e farinha de peixe (FP) em tartaruga-da-amazônia, por meio dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE) e energia bruta (EB). Os animais experimentais foram 136 filhotes provenientes do Projeto Quelônios da Amazônia, no estado do Mato Grosso, mantidos em caixas com renovação de água e temperatura média de 29ºC. Os CDA foram determinados com dietas contendo 0,1% do marcador óxido de crômio III (Cr2O3). Os CDA da MS, PB, EE e EB foram, respectivamente, de 79,10; 87,61; 93,83 e 79,61% para FCO; 92,45; 94,89; 96,55 e 92,71% para FV e 93,53; 95,13; 94,05 e 93,18% para FP. Os melhores coeficientes foram obtidos com a farinha de peixe e a farinha de vísceras de aves.

Resveratrol provoca efeitos antiaterogênicos em um modelo animal de aterosclerose

FUNDAMENTO: O resveratrol protege o sistema cardiovascular por meio de uma série de mecanismos, incluindo atividades antioxidantes e antiplaquetárias. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os possíveis efeitos anti-inflamatórios e antiaterogênicos do resveratrol, utilizando coelhos alimentados com uma dieta hipercolesterolêmica (1% de colesterol). MÉTODOS: Vinte coelhos brancos adultos do sexo masculino foram selecionados e divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC), 10 coelhos; e grupo resveratrol (GR), 10 coelhos. Os animais foram alimentados com uma dieta hipercolesterolêmica por 56 dias. Para a dieta do GR, o resveratrol (2mg/kg peso/dia) foi adicionado do 33º ao 56º dia. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos no colesterol sérico total, no colesterol HDL, no colesterol LDL e nos triglicerídeos. No GC, 70% apresentaram lesões ateroscleróticas avançadas da aorta (tipos III, IV, V ou VI). Todos os animais do GR apresentaram lesões ateroscleróticas leves da aorta (tipos I ou II) ou não apresentaram lesões. A razão entre a área intimal e a área da camada intimal/medial mostrou-se significativamente menor no GR quando comparada ao GC (p < 0,001). Áreas positivas para moléculas de adesão celular vascular-1 (VCAM-1) foram menores no GR (p = 0,007). As concentrações de proteína quimiotática de monócitos-1 (MCP-1) e de interleucina-6 (IL-6) mostraram-se significativamente menores no GR do que no GC (p = 0,039 e p = 0,015, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: O Resveratrol apresentou importantes efeitos antiaterogênicos e anti-inflamatórios em um modelo animal com coelhos alimentados com uma dieta hipercolesterolêmica.

Multivariate Analysis for Animal Selection in Experimental Research

Background: Several researchers seek methods for the selection of homogeneous groups of animals in experimental studies, a fact justified because homogeneity is an indispensable prerequisite for casualization of treatments. The lack of robust methods that comply with statistical and biological principles is the reason why researchers use empirical or subjective methods, influencing their results. Objective: To develop a multivariate statistical model for the selection of a homogeneous group of animals for experimental research and to elaborate a computational package to use it. Methods: The set of echocardiographic data of 115 male Wistar rats with supravalvular aortic stenosis (AoS) was used as an example of model development. Initially, the data were standardized, and became dimensionless. Then, the variance matrix of the set was submitted to principal components analysis (PCA), aiming at reducing the parametric space and at retaining the relevant variability. That technique established a new Cartesian system into which the animals were allocated, and finally the confidence region (ellipsoid) was built for the profile of the animals’ homogeneous responses. The animals located inside the ellipsoid were considered as belonging to the homogeneous batch; those outside the ellipsoid were considered spurious. Results: The PCA established eight descriptive axes that represented the accumulated variance of the data set in 88.71%. The allocation of the animals in the new system and the construction of the confidence region revealed six spurious animals as compared to the homogeneous batch of 109 animals. Conclusion: The biometric criterion presented proved to be effective, because it considers the animal as a whole, analyzing jointly all parameters measured, in addition to having a small discard rate.

The life history of Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Lesage, 1908) Pessoa, 1970: a parasite of the common laboratory animal: the frog of the genus Leptodactylus

The main object of the present paper is to furnish a brief account to the knowledgement of Protozoa parasitic in common Brazilian frog of the genus Leptodactylus for general students in Zoology and for investigators that use this frog as a laboratory animal. Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Haemogregarina leptodactyli) was found in two species of frogs - Leptodactylus ocellatus and L. pentadactylus - in which develop schizogony whereas sporogony occurs in the leech Haementeria lutzi as was obtainded in experimental conditions. Intracellular forms have been found in peripheral circulation, chiefly in erythrocytes, but we have found them in leukocytes too. Tissue stages were found in frog, liver, lungs, spleen, gut, brain and heart. The occurence of hemogregarine in the Central Nervous System was recorded by Costa & al,(13) and Ball (2). Some cytochemical methods were employed in attempt to differentiate gametocytes from trophozoites in the peripheral blood and to characterize the cystic membrane as well. The speorogonic cycle was developed in only one specie of leech. A brief description of the parasite is given.

Acanthocefalan eggs in animal coprolites from archaeological sites from Brazil

An important point in paleoparasitology is the correct diagnosis of the origin of coprolites found in archaelogical sites. The identification of human and animal coprolites, through the study of the shape, size, charactheristics after rehydration, alimentary contents, and the presence of parasites, has proved to be accurate for human coprolites. For non-human ones we compared coprolites with recent faeces of animals collected near the archaeological sites, following the methodology above mentioned. In this paper anteaters coprolites (Tamandua tetradactyla; Mymecophaga tridactyla) with eggs of Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Archiancanthocephala; Gigantorynchidae) were identified.

Zinc Sulphate in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: an in Vitro and Animal Study

This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc sulphate both in vitro and in an animal model against both strains of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis. The in vitro sensitivities of promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of both Leishmania major and L. tropica to zinc sulphate was determined, the LD50 calculated and compared to the standard treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis pentavalent antimony compounds. The results show that the two forms of both strains were sensitive to zinc sulphate and their respective LD50 were lower compared to the pentavalent antimony compound. Furthermore the sensitivities of the forms of both strains were tested using a simple slide method and compared to results of the standard method. To confirm this result, zinc sulphate was administered orally to mice infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis both therapeutically and prophylactically. Results showed that oral zinc sulphate was effective in both treatment and prophylaxis for cutaneous leishmaniasis. These results encourage the use of oral zinc sulphate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis clinically.

The Office International des Epizooties ad hoc Group on Non Tsetse Animal Trypanosomoses: Its Origin, Scope and Perspectives

A summary of the goals and activities of the ad hoc group on Non Tsetse Transmitted Animal Trypanosomosis belonging to the Office International des Epizooties is presented.

Review on the Molecular Tools for the Understanding of the Epidemiology of Animal Trypanosomosis in West Africa

The epidemiology of animal trypanosomosis around Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso, West Africa) benefited a lot in the last years from the progress of molecular tools. The two most used molecular techniques were the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of the disease in cattle and the characterization of the trypanosomes in the host and the vector on one hand, and the microsatellite DNA polymorphism in tsetse flies to study the intraspecific genetic variability of the vector on the other hand. The results obtained in the Sideradougou area during a recent two year survey with these techniques, associated with many other georeferenced informations concerning vector and cattle distribution, natural environment, landuse, ground occupation, livestock management, were combined in a Geographical Information System. This new approach of a complex pathogenic system led to a better evaluation of the risk of trypanosome transmission.

Density of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Domestic and Wild Animal Shelters in an Area of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

The objective of the present study was to determine the association of sand flies with the presence of domestic and wild animals in the peridomiciliary area. The sand flies were collected using direct aspiration and CDC light traps placed in animal shelters. The results suggest that different sand flies species have different behavioral characteristics in an apparent preference for animal baits and that Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lu. evandroi were the most eclectic species regarding their biotope choice. Lu. longipalpis showed a distinct preference for horses and Lu. evandroi for armadillos.