Leishmaniasis transmission: distribution and coarse-resolution ecology of two vectors and two parasites in Egypt

Introduction: In past decades, leishmaniasis burden has been low across Egypt; however, changing environment and land use has placed several parts of the country at risk. As a consequence, leishmaniasis has become a particularly difficult health problem, both for local inhabitants and for multinational military personnel. Methods: To evaluate coarse-resolution aspects of the ecology of leishmaniasis transmission, collection records for sandflies and Leishmania species were obtained from diverse sources. To characterize environmental variation across the country, we used multitemporal Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for 2005-2011. Ecological niche models were generated using MaxEnt, and results were analyzed using background similarity tests to assess whether associations among vectors and parasites (i.e., niche similarity) can be detected across broad geographic regions. Results: We found niche similarity only between one vector species and its corresponding parasite species (i.e., Phlebotomus papatasi with Leishmania major), suggesting that geographic ranges of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and its potential vector may overlap, but under distinct environmental associations. Other associations (e.g., P. sergenti with L. major) were not supported. Mapping suitable areas for each species suggested that northeastern Egypt is particularly at risk because both parasites have potential to circulate. Conclusions: Ecological niche modeling approaches can be used as a first-pass assessment of vector-parasite interactions, offering useful insights into constraints on the geography of transmission patterns of leishmaniasis.

Persistent asthma in adults: comparison of high resolution computed tomography of the lungs after one year of follow-up

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the role of high resolution computed tomography of the torax in detecting abnormalities in chronic asthmatic patients and to determine the behavior of these lesions after at least one year. METHOD: Fourteen persistent asthmatic patients with a mean forced expiratory volume in 1-second that was 63% of predicted and a mean forced expiratory volume in 1-second /forced vital capacity of 60% had two high resolution computed tomographys separated by an interval of at least one year. RESULTS: All 14 patients had abnormalities on both scans. The most common abnormality was bronchial wall thickening, which was present in all patients on both computed tomographys. Bronchiectasis was suggested on the first computed tomography in 5 of the 14 (36%) patients, but on follow-up, the bronchial dilatation had disappeared in 2 and diminished in a third. Only one patient had any emphysematous changes; a minimal persistent area of paraseptal emphysema was present on both scans. In 3 patients, a "mosaic" appearance was observed on the first scan, and this persisted on the follow-up computed tomography. Two patients had persistent areas of mucoid impaction. In a third patient, mucus plugging was detected only on the second computed tomography. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there are many abnormalities on the high resolution computed tomography of patients with persistent asthma. Changes suggestive of bronchiectasis, namely bronchial dilatation, frequently resolve spontaneously. Therefore, the diagnosis of bronchiectasis by high resolution computed tomography in asthmatic patients must be made with caution, since bronchial dilatation can be reversible or can represent false dilatation. Nonsmoking chronic asthmatic subjects in this study had no evidence of centrilobular or panacinar emphysema.

Evaluation of geostatistical techniques to estimate the spatial distribution of aboveground biomass in the Amazon rainforest using high-resolution remote sensing data

ABSTRACT The spatial distribution of forest biomass in the Amazon is heterogeneous with a temporal and spatial variation, especially in relation to the different vegetation types of this biome. Biomass estimated in this region varies significantly depending on the applied approach and the data set used for modeling it. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate three different geostatistical techniques to estimate the spatial distribution of aboveground biomass (AGB). The selected techniques were: 1) ordinary least-squares regression (OLS), 2) geographically weighted regression (GWR) and, 3) geographically weighted regression - kriging (GWR-K). These techniques were applied to the same field dataset, using the same environmental variables derived from cartographic information and high-resolution remote sensing data (RapidEye). This study was developed in the Amazon rainforest from Sucumbíos - Ecuador. The results of this study showed that the GWR-K, a hybrid technique, provided statistically satisfactory estimates with the lowest prediction error compared to the other two techniques. Furthermore, we observed that 75% of the AGB was explained by the combination of remote sensing data and environmental variables, where the forest types are the most important variable for estimating AGB. It should be noted that while the use of high-resolution images significantly improves the estimation of the spatial distribution of AGB, the processing of this information requires high computational demand.

Sensitivity of the Amazon biome to high resolution climate change projections

ABSTRACT: Despite the reduction in deforestation rate in recent years, the impact of global warming by itself can cause changes in vegetation cover. The objective of this work was to investigate the possible changes on the major Brazilian biome, the Amazon Rainforest, under different climate change scenarios. The dynamic vegetation models may simulate changes in vegetation distribution and the biogeochemical processes due to climate change. Initially, the Inland dynamic vegetation model was forced with initial and boundary conditions provided by CFSR and the Eta regional climate model driven by the historical simulation of HadGEM2-ES. These simulations were validated using the Santarém tower data. In the second part, we assess the impact of a future climate change on the Amazon biome by applying the Inland model forced with regional climate change projections. The projections show that some areas of rainforest in the Amazon region are replaced by deciduous forest type and grassland in RCP4.5 scenario and only by grassland in RCP8.5 scenario at the end of this century. The model indicates a reduction of approximately 9% in the area of tropical forest in RCP4.5 scenario and a further reduction in the RCP8.5 scenario of about 50% in the eastern region of Amazon. Although the increase of CO2 atmospheric concentration may favour the growth of trees, the projections of Eta-HadGEM2-ES show increase of temperature and reduction of rainfall in the Amazon region, which caused the forest degradation in these simulations.

Estimativa da evapotranspiração através de fórmulas relacionadas à temperatura média do ar atmosférico

As fórmulas de Thornthwaite e Blaney-Criddle foram empregadas para estimativa da evapotranspiração de uma cultura de batata (Solanian tuberosum L.) submetida a três regimes de umidade do solo. Os valores de evapotranspiração determinados pelo método do balanço de água mostraram elevada correlação com aqueles obtidos pelos dois métodos climatológicos empíricos, no período de maior crescimento vegetativo. A fórmula de Blaney-Criddle apresentou os coeficientes de correlação mais elevados e forneceu coeficientes de uso consuntivo mensais e estacionais muito próximos daqueles observados em outras regiões. A fórmula de Thornthwaite, por sua vez, subestimou acentuadamente os valores determinados durante todo o ciclo de crescimento, o que não pode ser explicado apenas em termos do atraso térmico. A imprecisão dos resultados observados nas condições do presente trabalho parece envolver a natureza dos parâmetros e constantes que definem a equação. No período inicial de crescimento os coeficientes de correlação foram pouco significativos, principalmente quand era utilizada a fórmula de Thornthwaite.

Por que Melipona scutellaris (Hymenoptera, Apidae) forrageia sob alta umidade relativa do ar?

Há evidências de que a temperatura do ar e a umidade relativa afetam a atividade de voo de espécies de abelhas sociais Meliponini. Em particular, as espécies grandes do gênero Melipona Illiger, 1806 responderiam de maneira mais estreita à variação na umidade relativa. Neste estudo defende-se o argumento de que a umidade relativa seja uma variável de confusão. Nesta linha de argumentação, também foi analisado o papel da coleta de pólen sobre o ritmo diário de forrageio. A robusta Melipona scutellaris (Latreille, 1811) foi usada como modelo e a atividade diária de voo e de forrageio de pólen foi medida em 12 colônias (4 colônias/hábitat), em três tipos de hábitats, que variam principalmente quanto à pluviosidade, na área de distribuição natural desta espécie (Floresta Pluvial, Floresta Sazonal e Transição Floresta Tropical-Cerrados). A maioria da atividade de voo acontece durante a manhã. A atividade de forrageio das colônias foi mais elevada nas primeiras horas do alvorecer, quando a umidade relativa também era alta, frequentemente associada a picos de coleta de pólen. A atividade de voo decresceu abruptamente durante as temperaturas altas ao redor do meio dia. A relação da atividade de voo com a umidade relativa foi altamente significativa e linear, contrastando com a relação significativa e unimodal com a temperatura. Na relação com o forrageio de M. scutellaris, a umidade relativa se configura como uma variável contingente, em hábitats tropicais úmidos, considerando os padrões diários de variação do microclima e de forrageio de pólen. Este último padrão também sustenta a hipótese de partição temporal de fontes florais de pólen.

Algumas medidas microclimáticas, em mata da região "Bromélia-malária", em Santa Catarina, Brasil: I - temperatura do ar, umidade relativa e evaporação

É apresentada uma rápida introdução emque o presente estudo é situado dentro do programa de trabalho do Instituto de Malariologia, no litoral sul do Brasil. Em seguida, com o auxílio de uma série de gráficos, é mostrada a distribuição dos valores da temperatura do ar, da umidade relativa e da evaporação, nas três zonações e entre os estratos da mata. Com o intuito de permitir a outros pesquisadores a correlaçãoentre os dados colhidos e observações referentes ao comportamento dos mosquitos, são apresentados, além das médias e totais mensais, os valores obtidos de dia e de noite. Dêsse conjunto de dados é possível tirar, entre outras, as seguintes conclusões: 1. Temperatura do ar: De uma maneira geral, na mata, as médias são mais baixas do que ao ar livre. Entretanto, no inverno, principalmente em meses de céu muito limpo, pode dar-se o contrário. Os valores obtidos nas diversas zonações, á mesma altura, foram, no verão, quase iguais, com ligeira tendência para a estratificação normal. Já no inverno as médias foram bastante influenciadas pela inversão noturna e se apresentaram com diferenças maiores. Numa mesma zonação as médias foram sempre mais elevadas nos estratos superiores do que nos inferiores. 2. Umidade relativa: As médias obtidas nos postos da mata, dependendo da sua localização, foram mais altas ou mais baixas do que as tomadas ao ar livre. Entre os mesmos estratos de vegetação os valores foram sempre maiores no vale, menores no alto da elevação e intermediários na encosta. Em cada zonação as médias foram sempre mais baixas junto à copa das árvores, do que sob os arbustos. A inversão de temperatura, que se verifica à noite, afeta pouco a distribuição da médias da umidade relativa. 3. Evaporação: A evaporação é, durante o dia, mais elevada ao ar livre do que sob os arbustos da mata, o que nem sempre se verifica à noite. Dentre as zonações, o alto da elevação apresentou, sempre, totais maiores. No inverno os valores diurnos da encosta...

Limites de distâncias de detecção de caramujos Biomphalaria glabrata marcados com SR-85, usando como absorvedores o ar, a água e areia

Caramujos da espécie Biomphalaria glabrata, vetora da esquistossomose mansônica, podem ser marcados com atividades variáveis de Sr-85 e localizados através dos absorvedores ar, água e reia e de suas várias associações. A atividade a ser incorporada no caramujo será função da espessura, do(s) absorvedor(es), conforme diagramas apresentados, tornando o processo simples, rápido e ecônomico.

Resolution of an Infection with Leishmania braziliensis Confers Complete Protection to a Subsequent Challenge with Leishmania major in BALB/c Mice

Both Leishmania major and L. braziliensis induce cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Whereas BALB/c mice die of infection with L. major, they cure an infection with L. braziliensis. We report here that after curing an infection with L. braziliensis, BALB/c mice are resistant to challenge with L. major. When challenged with L. major, L. braziliensis pre-treated BALB/c mice mounted a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to L. major and produced high amounts of interferon-g (IFN-g ) but low amounts of interleukin-4. The IFN-g produced by the L. braziliensis pre-infected mice was involved in the protection seen against L. major challenge since treating the mice with a neutralizing anti-IFN-g abrogated the protection. This suggests that cross-reactive antigen epitopes exist between L. braziliensis and L. major and that pre-infection with L. braziliensis primes BALB/c mice to epitopes on L. major that can elicit a protective Th1 response to the parasite.

Nitric oxide and the resolution of inflammation: implications for atherosclerosis

The ubiquitous free radical, nitric oxide (NO), plays an important role in many biological processes including the regulation of the inflammatory response. Alterations in NO synthesis by endogenous systems likely influence inflammatory processes occurring in a wide range of diseases including many in the cardiovascular system (e.g. atherosclerosis). Progression of inflammatory conditions depends not only upon the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells but also upon their subsequent removal from the inflammatory milieu. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental process regulating inflammatory cell survival and is critically involved in ensuring the successful resolution of an inflammatory response. Apoptosis results in shutdown of secretory pathways and renders effete, but potentially highly histotoxic, cells instantly recognisable for non-inflammatory clearance by phagocytes (e.g., macrophages). However, dysregulation of apoptosis and phagocytic clearance mechanisms can have drastic consequences for development and resolution of inflammatory processes. In this review we highlight the complexities of NO-mediated regulation of inflammatory cell apoptosis and clearance by phagocytes and discuss the molecular mechanisms controlling these NO mediated effects. We believe that manipulation of pathways involving NO may have previously unrecognised therapeutic potential for limiting or resolving inflammatory and cardiovascular disease.

Attaining the minimum target of resolution WHA 54.19 for schistosomiasis control in the Rainforest Zone of the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil

Resolution 19 of the 54th World Health Assembly (WHA-54.19) urged member nations to promote preventive measures, ensure treatment and mobilize resources for control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH). The minimum target is to attend 75% of all school-age children at risk by year 2010. The Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) recommends biennial surveys of whole communities and treatment of the positives through the Schistosomiasis Control Program within the Unified Health System (PCE-SUS). However, by 2004 the PCE-SUS had covered only 8.4% of the 1.2 million residents in the Rainforest Zone of Pernambuco (ZMP). Six of the 43 municipalities still remained unattended. Only three of the municipalities already surveyed reached coverage of 25% or more. At least 154 thousand children in the 7-14 years old range have to be examined (and treated if positive) within the next five years to attend the minimum target of the WHA 54.19 for the ZMP. To make this target feasible, it is suggested that from 2006 to 2010 the PCE-SUS actions should be complemented with school-based diagnosis and treatment, involving health and educational organs as well as community associations to include both children in schools and non-enrolled school-age children.

Plasmid-based controls to detect rpoB mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction-high-resolution melting

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction-high-resolution melting (qPCR-HRM) analysis was used to screen for mutations related to drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We detected the C526T and C531T mutations in the rifampicin resistance-determining region (RRDR) of the rpoB gene with qPCR-HRM using plasmid-based controls. A segment of the RRDR region from M. tuberculosis H37Rv and from strains carrying C531T or C526T mutations in the rpoB were cloned into pGEM-T vector and these vectors were used as controls in the qPCR-HRM analysis of 54 M. tuberculosis strains. The results were confirmed by DNA sequencing and showed that recombinant plasmids can replace genomic DNA as controls in the qPCR-HRM assay. Plasmids can be handled outside of biosafety level 3 facilities, reducing the risk of contamination and the cost of the assay. Plasmids have a high stability, are normally maintained in Escherichia coli and can be extracted in large amounts.

Determinação da permeabilidade ao ar em amostras indeformadas de solo pelo método da pressão decrescente

A permeabilidade do solo ao ar (Ka) determina o fluxo convectivo de gases na matriz do solo e a troca de gases na interface do sistema solo-atmosfera, influenciando diretamente a qualidade do ambiente físico para o crescimento de plantas e a taxa de ocorrência de processos dependentes da concentração de gases no solo. A Ka pode ser estimada por um método simplificado baseado em uma modificação da lei de Darcy para fluxo de gases no solo em pressão decrescente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram modificar e aprimorar um permeâmetro para quantificar, em laboratório, a permeabilidade de amostras indeformadas de solos ao ar utilizando o método da pressão decrescente. Foram utilizados dois sistemas de aquisição de dados: um sistema eletrônico automatizado composto por um transdutor de pressão conectado a um datalogger (E1), e alternativamente um sistema composto de um manômetro digital para registro do decréscimo de pressão e um cronômetro (E2). No sistema E1, foram avaliadas amostras da camada superficial de um Nitossolo Vermelho eutroférrico argiloso, coletadas na área experimental da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - USP, Piracicaba, SP, e no E2 foram avaliadas amostras de um perfil de Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico muito argiloso, coletadas em intervalos de profundidade em área experimental da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR. Os ensaios para a determinação de Ka foram realizados em amostras indeformadas de solo com variação na densidade do solo e no conteúdo de água. A Ka aumentou com a redução do conteúdo de água do solo em função do maior volume de poros ocupados com ar e com o decréscimo da densidade do solo devido ao aumento da porosidade total das amostras. Os resultados mostraram que o método é versátil, rápido, de fácil aplicação e baixo custo para a determinação da Ka, independente do sistema de aquisição de dados utilizados.