Experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje: cambio de creencias y conductas en el manejo del agua de consumo

Se propuso modificar las creencias y conductas de los niños con respecto al manejo del agua de consumo, utilizando una experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con mostración al microscopio del agua contaminada. Se administró una pre-encuesta estructurada y una post-encuesta (resolución de problemas) a 63 niños (28 varones y 35 mujeres) de sexto y séptimo grado de la escuela primaria. Estos niños provenían, en su totalidad, de una población marginal del norte del Gran Buenos Aires, Argentina. El promedio de edad fue 12 años 8 meses y el ED = 1 año 1 mes. Cada conducta adecuada fue evaluada con un punto: higiene y protección de los recipientes de recolección y almacenamiento, tratamiento del agua (hervido o clorado) y periodo de conservación y cada creencia óptima, dos puntos (evitar la contaminación que produce enfermedad). Se determinó el número de alumnos que modificaron sus conductas y creencias en la post-encuesta y se halló si era significativa la diferencia por la prueba de Chi cuadrado (X²). Se comprobó que los niños, en general, no mejoraron sus conductas y creencias. Se mantuvieron las conductas adecuadas de lavado; no se modificaron las de protección del recipiente en la recolección del agua y se mantuvieron comportamientos inadecuados en el almacenamiento. Sólo se adquirieron conductas correctas en el tratamiento, a través del hervido y más específicamente del clorado (P < 0,01). Las creencias no se modificaron. El 30% de alumnos señaló todos los pasos correctos en el manejo del agua y el 18% sólo le faltó señalar la protección del envase en la post-encuesta. En próximas acciones educativas se deberá reforzar las conductas adecuadas de lavabo y clorado y revertir las erróneas del periodo de conservación y el momento de clorado y a su vez, sustentar estos procedimientos correctos con sólidos conocimientos de los procesos de contaminación, haciéndolos extensivos a otros aspectos del saneamiento básico.

Estado de salud bucodental de escolares residentes en localidades abastecidas con agua de consumo humano de muy alto y muy bajo contenido de fluoruros

Se describen y analizan los resultados de una investigación epidemiológica de corte transversal destinada a evaluar el estado de salud bucodental en escolares de 6-7 y 12-13 años residentes en Sampacho y Porteña, dos localidades de la Provincia de Córdoba (Argentina), abastecidas con agua de bebida que poseen cantidades deF- muy diferentes. En Sampacho, el nivel de F- es de 9,05 mg/l, en tanto que en Porteña la concentración es de 0,19 mg/l. La proporción de escolares (6-7 y 12-13 años) que no tuvo experiencia de caries fue significativamente mayor en Sampacho que en Porteña, mientras que los índices ceo-d, ceo-s, CPO-D y CPO-S resultaron considerablemente más altos en esta última localidad. La severidad de la enfermedad de caries en los niños de 12-13 años de Sampacho estuvo comprendida entre baja y moderada (CPO-D= 2,53), en tanto que en sus similares de Porteña alcanzó el grado de moderada a alta (CPO-D= 4,41). No se registró ningún caso de fluorosis dental en Porteña, mientras que en Sampacho hubo una alta proporción de niños que presentó fluorosis leve (6-7 años) y leve o intensa (12-13 años). Los niveles salivales de calcio, fosfatos, tiocianato, proteínas totales e Ig A secretoria fueron muy similares en los escolares de ambas localidades, y también entre niños con diferente experiencia de caries y distintos grados de fluorosis dental. Se concluye que son necesarias urgentes medidas sanitarias (preventivas y/o curativas) para reducir o controlar la enfermedad de caries en Porteña y la fluorosis dental en Sampacho.

Determinação de mercúrio total em amostras de água, sedimento e sólidos em suspensão de corpos aquáticos por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com gerador de vapor a frio

O emprego de mercúrio metálico nos processos de extração do ouro libera toneladas de mercúrio ao meio ambiente, provocando um aumento considerável nas concentrações presentes. Com a finalidade de prevenir a exposição humana a concentrações excessivas, o que poderá resultar em graves episódios de intoxicação mercurial, bem como avaliar a possibilidade de sedimentos tornarem-se fontes potenciais de contaminação para os seres vivos, é de fundamental importância a monitorização do mercúrio em diversos compartimentos ambientais. Efetuou-se a padronização de uma metodologia analítica para determinação de mercúrio total em amostras de água, sólidos em suspensão e sedimentos de corpos aquáticos para monitorização ambiental do xenobiótico. Posteriormente, foram analisadas amostras oriundas de regiões garimpeiras, com vistas a avaliar o desempenho do método em amostras reais e efetuar levantamento preliminar sobre a contaminação mercurial na área de estudo.

Distúrbios da absorção intestinal na estrongiloidose

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar as manifestações disabsortivas produzidas por infecção pelo Strongyloides stercoralis. Foram selecionados dois grupos de indivíduos, o primeiro de 40 doentes, com evidência de infecção pela demonstração do parasito nas fezes ou no suco duodenal centrifugado e o segundo de 15 indivíduos normais, que serviram como testemunhas. Os pacientes e os testemunhas foram estudados sob o aspecto clínico (distúrbios de ritmo intestinal, dispepsia, intolerância alimentar, dor epigástrica e emagrecimento), laboratorial (gordura fecal em 120 horas, taxa de excreção de d-xilose, carotenemia, prova de sobrecarga com lactcse, etc.), radiológico (velocidade de trânsito presença ou não de hipersecreção, fenômenos de floculação, cera ou segmentação) e histopatológico (presença ou não de congestão, edema, alargamento, ou diminuição de altura das vilosidades). De posse desses dados, foram os pacientes separados em subgrupos, na tentativa de se correlacionarem os quadros clínicos e laboratoriais com as alterações radiológicas e histológicas na estrongiloidose intestinal. Em 25% dos pacientes as manifestações datavam de mais de dois anos, em 20% menos que 6 meses, tendo sido, no entanto, impossível detectar em todos os pacientes o início da infecção pelo helminto. Quanto à avaliação laboratorial, os indivíduos normais excretaram, em média, 3,1 gramas de gordura fecal nas 24 horas, situando-se o grupo doente em níveis médios superiores a 5,5 g e tendo 10 pacientes perdido mais de 10 g nas 24 horas. Vale ressaltar a coexistência de excreção de gordura fecal alta e alterações morfológicas do intestino delgado. A determinação de gordura fecal, excretada em 24 horas, mostrou-se a prova mais fiel na avaliação de disabsorção intestinal secundária ao Strongyloides stercoralis. As demais provas laboratoriais não foram significativas nos vários subgrupos considerados. Tanto a histopatologia, como a radiologia do delgado mostraram-se modificadas nos pacientes com esteatorréia, variando desde alterações mínimas até as mais intensas.

Ação dos sucos digestivos sobre a absorção e destino do bcg Oral

Estudou-se a ação do suco gástrico artificial e suco duodenal humano sobre a vacina BCG, bem como a absorção e destino desta após administração intragástrica em camundongos. O contato de 2 horas do bacilo com o suco gástrico provocou uma diminuição significante do consumo de oxigênio e uma moderada perda da viabilidade. O suco duodenal induziu marcante decréscimo da respiração bacilar egrande redução da viabilidade. O BCG foi marcado com carbono-14 usando-se 14C-glicerol como precursor dos lipidios micobacterianos. Níveis similares de radioatividade foram obtidos nos órgãos dos animais, 24 horas após administração intragástrica de 14C- BCG, 14C-BCG rompido por ultra-som e 14C-glicerol. Os níveis de 14C-BCG permaneceram estáveis do 6º ao 24º dia, enquanto o sonicado de 14C-BCG e 14C-glicerol definiram um processo de decaimento biológico. As curvas de biodecaimento no intestino delgado e no fígado indicaram que o processo de absorção foi desencadeado rapidamente e alcançou seu nível máximo às 24 horas, decaindo em seguida de acordo com a complexidade química do material dado aos camundongos. Não foram isolados bacilos viáveis dos órgãos dos animais que receberam BCG não marcado. Pode-se concluir, portanto, que a maioria dos bacilos foram absorvidos intactos mas não viáveis.

Atividade inibidora da absorção intestinal da glicose do epicarpo da Romã (Punica granatum, L.)

A solução de glicose a 0,1% perfundida num seguimento intestinal de ratos anestesiados apresenta uma velocidade constante de absorção. A associação do chá da Romã na solução de glicose inibe a sua absorção sem apresentar atividade inibidora residual. O extrato da Romã injetado IP previamente também inibe a absorção da glicose perfundida.Não foi detetada (s) substância (s) inibidora (s) da absorção da glicose.

Características de adsorção de fósforo em alguns solos da Amazônia Central

Com o objetivo de determinar as características de adsorção de fósforo utilizando-se a isoterma de Langmuir, e suas relações com algumas propriedades físicas e químicas de solos, foi desenvolvido um estudo no Laboratório de Solos do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), com amostras da camada superficial (0 - 20 cm) de oito solos do Estado do Amazonas. Grande variação na capacidade máxima de adsorção (CMAP), energia de adsorção e fator capacidade de P máximo (FCPmáx) foi observado. O Plintossolo Argilúvico alumínico (FTa) foi o solo que apresentou os maiores valores de CMAP e FCPmáx e o Latossolo Amarelo1 (LAx -1) apresentou o maior valor de energia de adsorção. A CMAP variou de 0,297 a 0,888 mg P g-1 de solo, a energia de adsorção ficou na faixa de 0,230 a 0,730 L mg-1, e o FCPmáx variou de 137 a 593 mL g-1. O parâmetro FCPmáx obedeceu à seguinte ordem decrescente: Plintossolo Argilúvico alumínico > Latossolo Amarelo 1 > Latossolo Amarelo 3 > Latossolo Amarelo 6 > Latossolo Amarelo 2 > Latossolo Amarelo 4 > Argissolo Amarelo distrófico > Latossolo Amarelo 5. A CMAP e o FCPmáx correlacionaram-se positivamente com o conteúdo de argila (r = 0,948** e r = 0,962** ) e alumínio trocável (r = 0,688* e r = 0,666* ), e negativamente com a saturação de bases (r = - 0,667* e r = - 0,761*), respectivamente. A energia de adsorção apresentou correlação positiva com o conteúdo de argila (r = 0,783*) e negativa com a saturação de bases (r = - 0,775*).

Adsorção de cromo (VI) por carvão ativado granular de soluções diluídas utilizando um sistema batelada sob pH controlado

Na Amazônia o cromo é empregado principalmente na indústria de couro e de madeira, sendo responsável por vários problemas de saúde porque é tóxico para os seres vivos. A remoção de cromo de efluentes industriais é feita por meio de diversos processos como a adsorção. Este trabalho mostra os resultados da adsorção de Cr(VI) por carvão ativado granular comercial (CAG) como adsorvente de soluções diluídas empregando um sistema de adsorção batelada com controle de pH. Os grupos funcionais da superfície do CAG foram determinados pelo método de Boehm. Além disso, o efeito do pH na adsorção de Cr(VI), o equilíbrio e a cinética de adsorção foram estudados nas condições experimentais (pH = 6, MA = 6g, tempo de adsorção 90min.). Na superfície do CAG, os grupos carboxílicos foram determinados em maior concentração (MAS=0,43 mmol/gCAG), estes, presentes em concentrações elevadas aumentam a adsorção do metal, principalmente em valores de pH ácidos. A capacidade de adsorção é dependente do pH da solução, devido a sua influência nas propriedades de superfície do CAG e nas diferentes formas iônicas das soluções de Cr(VI). Os dados de equilíbrio da adsorção foram ajustados satisfatoriamente pela isoterma de Langmuir (R²=0,988), tipo favorável. A partir da cinética de adsorção a 5mg/L e 20mg/L, os resultados obtidos foram compatíveis com o valor limite preconizado na legislação nacional (Res. nº 357/05). Portanto, para o sistema experimental utilizando CAG foi eficiente na remoção de Cr(VI) a partir de correntes líquidas contendo baixas concentrações do metal.

Obtenção e caracterização de carvão ativado de caroço de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) para a avaliação do processo de adsorção de cobre (II)

Na região amazônica, algumas indústrias despejam cobre nos corpos receptores que, em elevadas concentrações, é tóxico para os seres vivos. A remoção de cobre de efluentes industriais é realizada por diversos processos como a adsorção. Neste trabalho mostrou-se o resultado da adsorção de cobre (II) em carvão ativado de caroço de buriti carbonizado a 400 °C e ativado a 900 °C. O carvão ativado foi caracterizado em termos de área específica, tamanho dos poros, densidades aparente e real, porosidade, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, conteúdo de cinzas, pH, umidade, carbono fixo e grupos funcionais de superfície. O estudo de equilíbrio de adsorção avaliou a influência do diâmetro das partículas do carvão, do tempo de contato adsorvente/adsorbato, do pH e da concentração inicial da solução de cobre (II) sobre a remoção de cobre (II). Com base nos resultados, concluiu-se que há uma maior eficiência de remoção de cobre (II) para diâmetro < 0,595 mm, tempo de contato de 300 minutos, pH 4,0 e concentrações iniciais de cobre (II) de 50 e 80 mg L-1. O modelo matemático de Langmuir foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados de equilíbrio de adsorção. A partir do tempo de contato de 15 minutos todas as concentrações de equilíbrio ficaram abaixo do máximo permitido de 1,0 mg L-1 previsto pela legislação vigente para lançamento de efluentes em corpos receptores.

Nota preliminar sôbre a absorção e a translocação do radiozinco no cafeeiro [Coffea arabica] cultivado em solução nutritiva

Two water-culture experiments were carried out to study the absorption and the translocation of radiozinc in young coffee plants as influenced by two factors, namely, concentration of heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper and molybdenum) and method of application. Inert zinc was furnished at a uniform rate of 0.05 p.p.m.; the levels of iron supply were 0, 1.0 and 10 p.p.m.; manganese was supplied in three doses 0, 0.5, and 5 p.p.m.; copper - 0, 0.02, and 0.2 p.p.m.; molybdenum - 0, 0.01 and 0.1 p.p.m. When applied to the nutrient solution the activity of the radiozinc was 0.15 microcuries per plant. In the study of the leaf absorption, the radiozinc was supplied at the level of 0.10 microcuries per plant; in this case the material was brushed either on the lower or in the upper surface or both of two pairs of mature leaves. In both experiments the absorption period was 8 weeks. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Among the heavy metals herein investigated the iron concentration did not affecc the uptake of the radiozinc; by raising the level of Mn, Cu and Mo ten times, the absorption dropped to 50 per cent and even more whe compared with the control plant; however, when these micronutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution an increase in the uptake of zinc was registered only in the minus - Cu treatment. The effects of high leveds of Mn, Cu and Mo probably indicate an interionic competition for a same site on a common binding substance in the cell surface. 2. The absorption of the radiozinc directly applied to the leaf surface reached levels as high as 8 times that registered when the root uptake took place. Among the three methods of application which have been tried, brushing the lower surface of the leaves proved to be the most effective; this result is easily understood since the stomatal openings of the coffee leaves are preferentially located in the lower surface. In this treatment, about 40 per cent of the activity was absorbed and around 12 per cent were translocated either to the old or to the newer organs. 3. Data herein presented suggest that leaf sprays should be preferred - rather than soil applications - to control zinc deficiency in coffee plants when growing in field conditions.

Estudos sôbre a alimentação mineral do cafeeiro. II: absorção do superfosfato radioativo pelo cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L., var. Bourbon Amarelo) em condições de campo

In order to find out the best way to supply phosphorus to coffee plants when growing in "terra roxa misturada", a red soil with a high fixing capacity, tagged superphosphate was applied by the following procedures: (1) topdressed in a circular strip around the trees; (2) placed in the bottom of a circular furrow 15 cm deep; (3) placed in a semicircular furrow also 15 cm deep; (4) sprayed directly to the leaves. In each case 150 gms. of ordinary superphosphate tagged with H3 P32 O4 to give 5 X 10(9) c.p.m. were given to the two and half year old coffee plants. It was found that for the several treatments of the total phosphorus in the leaves the following values, on a per cent basis, came from the applied superphosphates: (1) topdressed 10.2 per cent, (2) circular furrow 2.4 per cent, (3) semicircular furrow 1.7 per cent, (4) sprayed 38.0 per cent; one can see, then, that methods (2) and (3) commonly used by the coffee planters are a very inefficient way to supply phosphorus in this type of soil. The remarkable foliar absorption was checked twice: a water culture experiment was carried out, the radiophosphorus being supplied by brushing it in the upper and lower surfaces of a given leaf; radioactivity was detected all over the plant as a result both of absorption and translocation; on the other hand, leaves collected from the sprayed trees were radioautographed; the radioautographs showed the pattern of distribution of the P32 which indicates true absorption rather than a surface contamination. In another locality, an experiment was caried out with 8 year old plants growing in "arenito de Bauru" which is a sandy soil with much less phosphorus fixing capacity. In this experiment the aim was to compare absorption of tagged superphosphate by trees growin under mulch against plants not receiving this treatment, The uptake of phosphorus was the same for both sets of plants. In both field experiments soil samples down to 15 cm in the profile were collected and its 0.2NHC1 soluble phosphorus was counted; rather significant values were observed mainly in the upper 5 cm layers.

A absorção de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxôfre e silício pela cana de açúcar, Co 419, e o seu crescimento em função da idade

This paper describes the data obtained for the growth of sugar cane, Variety Co 419, and the amount and rate of absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and silicon, according to the age of the plant, in the soil and climate conditions of the state of S. Paulo, Brazil. An experiment was installed in the Estação Experimental de Cana de Açúcar "Dr. José Vizioli", at Piracicaba, state of S. Paulo, Brazil, and the soil "tèrra-roxa misturada" presented the following composition: Sand (more than 0,2 mm)........................................................................ 8.40 % Fine sand (from 0,2 to less than 0,02 mm)................................................. 24.90 % Silt (from 0,02 to less than 0,002 mm)...................................................... 16.40 % Clay (form 0,002 mm and less)................................................................ 50.20 % pH 10 g of soil and 25 ml of distilled water)..................................................... 5.20 %C (g of carbon per 100 g of soil)................................................................. 1.00 %N (g of nitrogen per 100 g of soil)............................................................... 0.15 P0(4)-³ (me. per 100 g of soil, soluble in 0,05 normal H2SO4) ............................... 0.06 K+ (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)....... 0.18 Ca+² (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)...... 2.00 Mg+² (exchangeable, me. per 100 g of soil)...... 0.66 The monthly rainfall and mean temperature from January 1956 to August 1957 are presented in Table 1, in Portuguese. The experiment consisted of 3 replications of the treatments: without fertilizer and with fertilizer (40 Kg of N, from ammonium sulfate; 100 Kg of P(2)0(5) from superphosphate and 40 Kg K2 O, from potassium chloride). Four complete stools (stalks and leaves) were harvested from each treatment, and the plants separated in stalks and leaves, weighed, dried and analysed every month from 6 up to 15 months of age. The data obtained for fresh and dry matter production are presented in table 2, and in figure land 2, in Portuguese. The curves for fresh and dry matter production showed that fertilized and no fertilized sugar cane with 6 months of age presents only 5% of its total weight at 15 months of age. The most intense period of growth in this experiment is located, between 8 and 12 months of age, that is between December 1956 and April 1957. The dry matter production of sugar cane with 8 and 12 months of age was, respectively, 12,5% and 87,5% of the total weight at 15 months of age. The growth of sugar cane in relation to its age follows a sigmoid curve, according to the figures 1, 2 and 3. The increase of dry matter production promoted by using fertilizer was 62,5% when sugar cane was 15 months of age. The concentration of the elements (tables 4 and 5 in Portuguese) present a general trend of decreasing as the cane grows older. In the stalks this is true for all elements studied in this experiment. But in the leaves, somme elements, like sulfur and silicon, appears to increase with the increasing of age. Others, like calcium and magnesium do not show large variations, and finally a third group, formed by nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium seems to decrease at the beginning and later presents a light increasing. The concentration of the elements was higher in the leaves than in the stalks from 6 up to 15 months of age. There were some exceptions. Potassium, magnesium and sulfur were higher in the stalks than in the leaves from 6 up to 8 or 9 months of age. After 9 months, the leaves presented more potassium, magnesium and sulfur than the stalks. The percentage of nitrogen in the leaves was lower in the plants that received fertilizer than in the plants without fertilizer with 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 13 months of age. This can be explained by "dilution effect". The uptake of elements by 4 stools (stalks and leaves) of sugar cane according to the plant age is showed in table 6, in Portuguese. The absorption of all studied elements, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and silicon, was higher in plants that received fertilizer. The trend of uptake of nitrogen and potassium is similar to the trend of production of dry matter, that is, the maximum absorption of those two nutrients occurs between 9 and 13 months of age. Finaly, the maxima amounts of elements absorbed by 4 stools (stalks and leaves) of sugar cane plants that received fertilizer are condensed in the following table: Element Maximum absorption in grams Age of the plants in months Nitrogen (N) 81.0 14 Phosphorus (P) 6.8 15 Potassium (K) 81.5 15 Calcium (Ca) 19.2 15 Magnesium (Mg) 13.9 13 Sulfur (S) 9.3 15 Silicon (Si) 61.8 15 It is very interesting to note the low absorption of phosphorus even with 100 kg of P2O5 per hectare, aplied as superphosphate. The uptake of phosphorus was lower than calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Also, it is noteworthy the large amount of silicon absorbed by sugar cane.

Estudos sôbre alimentação mineral do cafeeiro: VIII. Estudo da absorção e da translocação do radiozinco no cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.)

WATER-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS. Two water-culture experiments were carried out to study the absorption and the translocation of radiozinc in young coffee plants as influenced by two factors, namely, concentration of heavy metals (iron, man ganese, copper and molybdenum) and method of application. Inert zinc was supplied at an uniform rate of 0. 05 p. p. m.; the levels of iron supply were 0, 1.0, and 10.0 p. p.m.; manganese was supplied in three doses 0, 0.5, and 5.0 p. p.m.; copper- 0, 0. 02, and 0. 2 p. p. m.; molybdenum- 0, 0. 01, and 0. 1 p. p. m. When applied to the nutrient solution the activity os the radiozinc (as zinc chloride) was 0. 15 microcuries per plant. In the study of the leaf absorption, Zn65 was supplied at the level of 0. 10 microcuries per plant; in this case the radioative material was brushed either on the lower or on the upper surface or both two pairs of mature leaves. The absorption period was 8 weeks. The radioactivity assay showed the following results: 1 - Among the heavy metals herein investigated the iron concentration did not affect the uptake of the radiozinc; by raising the level of Mn, Cu and Mo ten times, the absorption dropped to 50 per cent and even more when compared with the control plants; when, however, these micronutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution, an increase in the uptake of zinc was registered in the minus Cu treatment only. The effects of high levels of Mn, Cu and Mo probably indicate an interionic competition for a same site on a common binding substance in the cell surface. 2 - The absorption of the radiozinc directly applied to the leaf surface reached levels as high as 8 times that registered when the root uptake took place. Among the three methods of application which have been tried, brushing the lower surface of the leaves proved to be the most effective; this result is easily understood since the stomatal openings of the coffee leaves an preferentially located in the lower surface - in this treatment, about 40 per cent of the activity was absorved and around 12 per cent were translocated either to the old or to the newer organs. Chemical analyses for heavy metals, were carried out only in the plants received Zn65Cl2 in the nutrient solution; the results were as follows; 1 - Control plants had, per 1,000 gm, of dry weight the following amounts in mg.: Zn- 48 in the roots and 29 in the tops; Fe- 165 in the roots and 9 in the tops; Mn- 58 in the roots and 15 in the tops, Cu- 15 in the roots and 1. 2 in the tops; Mo- 2. 8 in the roots and 0. 45 in the tops. 2 - The effect of different levels of micronutrients in the composition of the plants can be summarized as follows: Fe and Zn- when omitted from the nutrient solution, the iron and zinc contents in the roots decreased, no variation being noted in the tops; the higher dosis caused an accumulation in the roots but no apparent effect in the tops; Mn- by omitting this micronutrient a decrease in its content in the roots was noted, where as the concentration in the tops was the same; Mo- no variation in roots and tops contents when molybdenum was omitted; higher dosis of manganese and molybdenum increased the amounts formed both in the roots and in the tops. 3 - The influence of the different concentrations of micronutrients heavy metals on the zinc content of the coffee plants can be described by saying that: Fe and Mo- no marked variation; Mn- no effect when omitted, reduced amount when the high dosis was supplied; Mn- when the plants did not receive manganese the zinc content in roots and tops was the same as in the control plants; a decrease in the zinc content of the total plant occurred when the high dosis was employed; Cu -the situation is similar to that described for manganese. Hence, results showed by the chemical analyses roughly correspond to those of the radioactivity assay; the use of the tracer technique, however, gave best informations along this line. SOIL-POTS EXPERIMENTS. The two types of soils which when selected support the most extensive coffee plantations in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: "arenito de Bauru", a light sandy soil and "terra roxa legitima", a red soil derived from basalt. Besides NPK containing salts, the coffee plants were given two doses of inert zinc (65 and 130 mg ZnCl2 per pot) and radiozinc at a total activity of 10(6) counts/minute. The results of the countings can be summarized as follows: 1 - When plants were grown in "arenito de Bauru" the activity absorbed as per cent of the total activity supplied was not affected by the dosis of inert zinc. The highest value found was around 0. 1 per cent. 2 - For the "terra roxa" plants, the situation is almost the same; there was, however, a slight increase in the absorption of the radiozinc when 130 mgm of ZnClg2 was given: a little above 0. 2 per cent of the activity supplied was absorbed. The results clearly show that the young coffee plants practically did not absorb none of the zinc supplied; two reasons at least could be pointed out to explain such a fact: 1 - Zinc fixation by an exchange with magnesium or by filling holes in the octahedral layer of aluminosilicates, probably kaolinite; 2 - No need for fertilizer zinc in the particular stage of life cycle under which the experiment was set up. The data from chemical analysis are roughly parallel to the above mentioned. When one attempts to compare - by taking data herein reported zinc uptake from nutrient solution, leaf brushing or from fertilizers in the soil, a practical conclusion can be drawn: the control of zinc deficiency in coffee plants should not be done by adding the zinc salts to the soil; in other words: the soil applications used so extensively in other countries seem not to be suitable for our conditions; hence zinc sprays should be used wherever necessary.

A absorção do manganês pela cana de açúcar, Co 419, em função da idade

In this paper the authors have studied the manganese absorption by the sugar cane plant, variety Co 419, in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month of life in the climate prevailing at Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. From October to February (6 th to 10 th month of the plant life), which coincided with the rainy season, the manganese content was higher in the stalk than in the leaves, for both treatments, fertilized and unfertilized. There was a sharp decrease in manganese content in the stalks, after February, in both reatments. In the leaves there was little variation in manganese content throughout the plant tissue. The stalks from the unfertilized plots had a larger variation in manganese content, specially from the 6 th to the 10 th month. In the leaves of the sugar cane from the unfertilized plots, the manganese content varied from 116 to 220 ppm, whereas in the fertilized treatments thire was a variation from 150 to 220 ppm. From these results, althoug not being a foliar analyses, and considering the easy availability of manganese in acid soils, there must be enough of it, if we consider 40 ppm (EVANS, 1955) as a minimum for healthy plants.

Absorção de zinco pela cana de açúcar, Co 419, em função da idade

The status of zinc in sugar cane, variety Co 419, troughout its life cyle, was studid in samples cut monthly, from the 6th to 15th month, from an experiment carried on under the conditions of soil and climate prevailing in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiment consisted of 6plots, 3 fertilized and 3 unfertilized. The fertilized ones received 40 kg of N (ammonium sulfate), 100 kg P2O5 (superphosphate) and 40 kg K2O (potassium cloride) per hectare, just before planting. The zinc content was determined by the Zincon method, after separation of zinc from other ions by means of the ion Exchange Resin III, Merck. The results obtained show that there was a tendency to decrease the zinc level in the stalks, whereas it kept more or less constant in the leaves; there was an exception in January, when the zinc level in the stalks had a sharp raise: 38-90-20 and 28-60-23 ppm for the fertilized an unfertilized treatments. There was a parallelism in the absorption of zinc by the plants from 4 hills of both treatments, through the whole - plantcycle but, the total amount taken up was higher with the fertilized plot due to its greater mass production.