Optimization of the extraction process of polyphenols from cashew apple agro-industrial residues

The goal of this study was to determine the chemical composition of cashew apples agro-industrial residue and optimize the process of polyphenols extraction in this residue. The extraction process conditions were defined using a 24-1 fractional factorial experimental design using acetone and methanol as solvents. The independent variables were: time (30 to 90 min), temperature (30 to 50 °C), solvent concentrations (50% to 90%), agitation speed (100 to 300 rpm); the dependent variables were: total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging capacity. The optimized process was carried out by applying the Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) considering the results obtained with the 24-1 fractional factorial experimental design. The residue presented bioactive compounds in its composition, with emphasis on the content of total phenolic compounds (1975.64 mg/ 100 g). The extraction process was not affected by methanol; however, acetone affected the amounts of extracted phytochemicals. Extracts with high levels of polyphenols and strong DPPH scavenging capacity (> 80%) were obtained using 55% acetone, 30 minutes, 30 °C, and 150 rpm. The results showed that cashew apple residue is a potential natural source of bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant capacity. These compounds could be used partially or totally to replace synthetic antioxidants.

Alimentação e avaliação do estado nutricional de trabalhadores migrantes safristas na região de Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil)

Uma nova classe de trabalhadores volantes rurais tem surgido na agro-indústria açucareira, que se caracteriza por residir longe do local de trabalho, migrar durante a época da safra de cana-de-açúcar e retornar ao local de origem no término da mesma. Recebe, por isso, a alcunha de trabalhadores migrantes safristas, ou simplesmente safristas. No presente trabalho estudou-se a alimentação desses trabalhadores no local de origem e no local de trabalho. A alimentação na origem caracteriza-se por uma maior variedade de aumentos e uma aparente baixa ingestão calórica. No local de trabalho é oferecida uma alimentação pouco variada, onde se constatou uma ingestão calórica média de 2351 kcal. Foi também estudado o estado nutricional desses indivíduos na chegada ao local do trabalho e no final da safra. Verificou-se aumento significativo de peso, peso/altura² e prega cutânea tricipital desses trabalhadores, provavelmente relacionado a uma maior ingestão calórica.

Prevalência de obesidade em localidade do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1987

Foi estudada a prevalência de obesidade na população urbana de 18-74 anos residente em 1987 no Município de Araraquara, SP, Brasil, cidade média agro industrial de 150.000 habitantes, situada a 250 km a noroeste da Capital do Estado. Foram estudados 1.126 habitantes, 502 do sexo masculino e 624 do feminino, selecionados por uma amostragem equiprobabilística por conglomerados. A prevalência de sobrepeso (Quetelet 25-29,9 kg/m²) foi de 26,9% para o sexo masculino e de 27,7% para o feminino. A prevalência de obesidade (Quetelet maior ou igual a 30,0 kg/m²) foi de 10,2% para o sexo masculino e de 14,7% para o feminino. Estas percentagens são bastante elevadas quando se as compara com as de países afluentes anglo-saxões. Discutem-se as causas do fenômeno, já que a cidade é um Município afluente de economia agroindustrial. Quando se definiram critérios próprios para Araraquara (P85 e P95 do Quetelet para a idade de 20-29 anos por sexo) verificou-se que o padrão "magro" para o Município é mais magro do que o similar norte-americano, o que torna criticável a extensão de critérios de corte oriundos de outras localidades para regiões de características diferentes.

Risk perception about zoonoses in immigrants and Italian workers in Northwestern Italy

OBJETIVO: To assess factors associated with a low risk perception of zoonoses and to identify the gaps in knowledge about transmission and prevention of zoonoses in immigrant and Italian workers. MÉTODOS: A cross-sectional study with 175 workers in the agro-livestock and agro-food industry in Piemonte, Italy, was carried out. Data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire based on knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey. We calculated proportions and used chi-square tests and odds ratios to assess associations. Eight individual interviews with key informants on immigration and public health in Piemonte were carried out. RESULTADOS: Participants were 82 (47%) Italians and 93 (53%) immigrants. Immigrants were from Romania, Morocco, Albania, India, China, Argentina, Peru, Macedonia, Ivory Coast, Ukraine and Colombia. The study revealed significant differences in risk perception at work (p = 0.001). We found associations between "not having correct knowledge about zoonoses" and the following variables: i. "being immigrant" OR = 4.1 (95%CI 1.7;9.8 p ≤ 0.01); ii. "working in the livestock industry" OR = 2.9 (95%CI 1.2;15.4 p = 0.01); and iii. "being an unqualified worker" OR = 4.4 (95%CI 2.9;15.4 p ≤ 0.01). Another strong association was found between being immigrant and having a low job qualification OR = 6.7 (IC95% 2.9 - 15.4 p ≤ 0.01). Asian immigrants were the group with the highest frequency of risky behaviours and the lowest level of knowledge about zoonoses. CONCLUSÕES: Our results indicate that there were differences in risk perception of zoonoses between the groups participating in our study. These results suggest that immigrant status can be considered a risk factor for having lower risk perception and lower level of knowledge of zoonoses at work. There is a relationship between this specific knowledge of zoonoses and lack of training and instruction among migrant populations. Our results stress the need for developing education programs on zoonoses prevention among the immigrant population in Piemonte, Italy.

Determinantes do processo de infestação domiciliar por Panstrongylus megistus: o papel da habitação e do desmatamento

A qualidade das habitações e o desmatamento foram estudados em Caconde e São José do Rio Pardo, municípios paulistas com taxas diferenciadas de infestação domiciliar por Panstrongylus megistus, e com desenvolvimento sócio-econômico dessemelhante. Para o conhecimento da qualidade das habitações recorreu-se a dados registrados na Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN) durante a década de 70; o estudo do desmatamento foi realizado em mapas, construídos por nós a partir de fotografias aéreas, obtidas em vôos realizados pela Secretaria de Agricultura em 1972 e 1983. A análise sócio-econômica baseou-se nas informações do Censo Agro-pecuário e em entrevistas com agrônomos dos municípios. O estudo mostrou uma situação de maior precariedade das casas em Caconde. Essa situação decorre do menor desenvolvimento sócio-econômico deste município, confirmando assim uma tendência já demonstrada em pesquisas anteriores. O desmatamento foi mais intenso em São José, onde o desenvolvimento social é maior e no qual à taxa de infestação é menor, fato que mostra um comportamento oposto entre os dois determinantes nestes municípios. Os vínculos entre o desmatamento e o maior desenvolvimento sócio-econômico pode também ser demonstrado na medida em que se pode relacionar a atividade produtiva com a destruição da cobertura vegetal natural. Cabe sublinhar que esta tendência de efeito oposto do desmatamento não inverteu o resultado final, ou seja, que o confronto dessas forças determinantes resultou ainda numa taxa de infestação superior em Caconde, área de menor desenvolvimento social. A existência dessas tendências opostas entre os determinantes revela, desse modo, uma maior complexidade no processo de infestação por P. megistus, sem produzir, no entanto, reversão do resultado final.

Migration and urban schistosomiasis. The case of São Lourenço da Mata, Northeast of Brazil

A population-based case-control design was used to investigate the association between migration, urbanisation and schistosomiasis in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Northeast of Brazil. 1022 cases and 994 controls, aged 10 to 25, were selected. The natives and the migrants who come from endemic areas have a similar risk of infection. On the other hand, the risk of infection of migrants from nonendemic areas seems to be related with the time elapsed since their arrival in São Lourenço da Mata; those who have been living in that urban area for 5 or more years have a risk of infection similar to that of the natives. Those arriving in the metropolitan region of Recife mostly emigrate from "zona da mata" and "zona do agreste" in the state of Pernambuco. Due to the changes in the sugar agro-industry and to the increase in the area used for cattle grazing these workers were driven to villages and cities. The pattern of urbanisation created the conditions for the establishment of foci of transmission in São Lourenço da Mata.

Um método prático para germinar sementes de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes H. B. K.)

The pejibaye heart of palm is becoming an agro-industrial export crop in Latin America. The nurseryman needs an efficient, cheap method for germinating large quantities of seed that are currently difficult to obtain. A new method is described for germinating large quantities of seed, in small areas, with 90+% germination within a month. This is better than previously used methods and is recommended for agro-industry scale enterprises.

Caracterização e avaliação do potencial agronômico e nutricional de etnovariedades de cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) da Amazônia

O cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) é um importante recurso genético para o povo da Amazônia, porque produz frutos tradicionalmente utilizados como alimento, medicamento e cosméticos. Por se tratar de um excelente produto para o agro-negócio, aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a espécie, será uma contribuição de grande valia para a sociedade da região. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de caracterizar e avaliar o potencial de diferentes etnovariedades (ETNs) por meio de descritores agronômicos e minerais dos seus frutos. O Experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de Hortaliças do INPA, em Manaus, em solo Podzólico vermelho-amarelo, álico, textura arenosa e de baixa fertilidade. Adotou-se um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com 28 tratamentos (as ETNs) em quatro repetições. Os seguintes descritores agronômicos e minerais dos frutos foram avaliados: forma dos frutos, número de frutos, comprimento do fruto, largura do fruto, peso médio do fruto, espessura da polpa, potássio, zinco, manganês, sódio, ferro, magnésio e cálcio. As análises de variância detectaram diferenças significativas entre as etnovariedades para todos os caracteres. As 28 ETNs puderam ser classificadas em nove formatos diferentes de frutos. As plantas produziram em média 4 a 89 frutos, variando em peso de 18,5 a 301 g. Entre os micro-elementos analisados a concentração de ferro variou de 97,3 a 352,7 mg em 100g da polpa in natura. Destacou-se em conteúdo deste elemento, a ETN3, originária de Barcelos (AM). Entre os macro-elementos, o potássio (variando entre 54,6 a 563,5 mg em 100g da polpa in natura) apresentou maior concentração nas 28 ETNs avaliadas. A ETN9, originária de Lábrea (AM), foi a que produziu os frutos mais ricos nesse elemento. De maneira geral, as ETNs estudadas apresentam variabilidade genética ampla para ser explorada em programa de melhoramento do cubiu.

Ciclo de vida y aspectos poblacionales de Edessa aff. aulacosterna Stal, 1872 (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) chinche del fruto del camu camu (Myrtaceae) en zona de restinga, Ucayali, Perú

El camu camu es uno de los frutales nativos con gran potencial económico para la agroindustria y agro exportación. Edessa es una de las plagas del camu camu que provoca sequedad en los brotes, y en los frutos una mancha decolorada con círculos concéntricos bien marcados y un punto central al alimentarse. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el ciclo biológico bajo condiciones de laboratorio y la fluctuación poblacional de Edessa aff. aulacosterna "Chinche del fruto del camu camu" durante enero a noviembre del 2004 en el cultivo de camu camu, en parcelas en desarrollo y producción ubicadas en áreas de restinga inundables en Pucallpa, Ucayali, Perú. Se colectaron huevos, ninfas y adultos procedentes del distrito de Yarinacocha, Pucallpa, Ucayali, Perú para iniciar la crianza artificial. El tiempo de duración del huevo al I estadio ninfal fue 5,1 días. Se encontró un 94,6% de eclosión de los huevos, variando entre 12 hasta 14 huevos por postura. El tiempo transcurrido desde el huevo hasta II estadío fue de 37,3 días y del III al V estadío ninfal fue de 81,9 días. El porcentaje de mortalidad del primer estadio ninfal a adulto fue de 98,1%. Los adultos colectados se localizaron preferentemente sobre las ramas y el tallo de la planta, mientras que las ninfas se encontraron en los brotes tiernos. Con relación a su fluctuación poblacional, solo se registró posturas a lo largo del año en parcelas en producción. No se encontraron diferencias entre ninfas I a V, y adultos de Edessa aff. aulacosterna, entre plantaciones en producción y desarrollo de camu camu. Solo se encontró diferencias entre la época seca y lluviosa en las ninfas de III a V estadio en las plantas de camu camu en desarrollo. Edessa aff. aulacosterna presentó mayormente una distribución contagiosa. El adecuado conocimiento de la bioecología nos permite mejorar la estrategia de control de esta plaga.

Bacillus thuringiensis: fermentation process and risk assessment: a short review

Several factors make the local production of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) highly appropriate for pest control in developing nations. Bt can be cheaply produced on a wide variety of low cost, organic substrates. Local production results in considerable savings in hard currency which otherwise would be spent on importation of chemical and biological insecticides. The use of Bt in Brazil has been limited in comparison with chemical insecticides. Although Bt is imported, some Brazilian researchers have been working on its development and production. Fermentation processes (submerged and semi-solid) were applied, using by-products from agro-industries. As the semi-solid fermentation process demonstrated to be interesting for Bt endotoxins production, it could be adopted for small scale local production. Although promising results had been achieved, national products have not been registered due to the absence of a specific legislation for biological products. Effective actions are being developed in order to solve this gap. Regardless of the biocontrol agents being considered atoxic and harmless to the environment, information related to direct and indirect effects of microbials are still insufficient in many cases. The risk analysis of the use of microbial control agents is of upmost importance nowadays, and is also discussed.

Dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) attracted to sheep dung in exotic pastures

Dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) attracted to sheep dung in exotic pastures. In this study we provide data on the abundance and richness of dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) attracted to sheep dung in exotic pastures (Brachiaria spp.). In four areas of exotic pasture pitfall traps were installed and baited with fresh sheep dung for sampling of dung beetles. A total of 2,290 individuals were captured belonging to 16 species, 10 genera and five tribes of Scarabaeinae beetles. Trichillum externepunctatum Preudhomme de Borre, 1886 and Dichotomius bos (Blanchard, 1843) were dominant. The guild of dwellers was the most abundant in pastures. We demonstrate that dung beetles are attracted to sheep dung. Since the production of both cattle and sheep in the same area is common in tropical pasturelands, results obtained here highlight the need to investigate the actual role of dung sharing (cattle dung + sheep dung) by dung beetles. It is also suggested that experiments be performed for evaluation of the ecological functions performed by dung beetles using sheep dung.

Low malathion concentrations influence metabolism in Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) in acute and chronic toxicity tests

Low malathion concentrations influence metabolism in Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) in acute and chronic toxicity tests. Organophosphate compounds are used in agro-systems, and in programs to control pathogen vectors. Because they are continuously applied, organophosphates often reach water sources and may have an impact on aquatic life. The effects of acute and chronic exposure to the organophosphate insecticide malathion on the midge Chironomus sancticaroli are evaluated. To that end, three biochemical biomarkers, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alpha (EST-α) and beta (EST-β) esterase were used. Acute bioassays with five concentrations of malathion, and chronic bioassays with two concentrations of malathion were carried out. In the acute exposure test, AChE, EST-α and EST-β activities declined by 66, 40 and 37%, respectively, at 0.251 µg L-1 and more than 80% at 1.37, 1.96 and 2.51 µg L-1. In chronic exposure tests, AChE and EST-α activities declined by 28 and 15% at 0.251 µg L-1. Results of the present study show that low concentrations of malathion can influence larval metabolism, indicating high toxicity for Chironomus sancticaroli and environmental risk associated with the use of organophosphates.

Chemical properties of soils treated with biological sludge from gelatin industry

The impact of agro-industrial organic wastes in the environment can be reduced when used in agriculture. From the standpoint of soil fertility, residue applications can increase the organic matter content and provide nutrients for plants. This study evaluated the effect of biological sludge from gelatin industry on the chemical properties of two Ultisols (loamy sand and sandy clay) and an Oxisol (clay). The experiment lasted 120 days and was carried out in laboratory in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement, combining the three soils and six biological sludge rates (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 m³ ha-1), with three replications. Biological sludge rates of up to 500 m³ ha-1 decreased soil acidity and increased the effective cation exchange capacity (CEC) and N, Ca, Mg, and P availability, without exceeding the tolerance limit for Na. The increase in exchangeable base content, greater than the effective CEC, indicates that the major part of cations added by the sludge remains in solution and can be lost by leaching.

Organic matter quality and dynamics in tropical soils amended with sugar industry residue

Soil organic matter depletion caused by agricultural management systems have been identified as a critical problem in most tropical soils. The application of organic residues from agro-industrial activities can ameliorate this problem by increasing soil organic matter quality and quantity. Humic substances play an important role in soil conservation but the dynamics of their transformations is still poorly understood. This study evaluated the effect of compost application to two contrasting tropical soils (Inceptisol and Oxisol) for two years. Soil samples were incubated with compost consisting of sugarcane filter cake, a residue from the sugar industry, at 0, 40, 80, and 120 Mg ha-1. Filter cake compost changed the humic matter dynamics in both content and quality, affecting the soil mineralogical composition. It was observed that carbon mineralization was faster in the illite-containing Inceptisol, whereas humic acids were preserved for a longer period in the Oxisol. In both soils, compost application increased fulvic acid contents, favoring the formation of small hydrophilic molecules. A decrease in fluorescence intensity according to the incubation time was observed in the humic acids extracted from amended soils, revealing important chemical changes in this otherwise stable C pool.

Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer applied at corn sowing in contrasting growing seasons in Paraguay

In order to select soil management practices that increase the nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in agro-ecosystems, the different indices of agronomic fertilizer efficiency must be evaluated under varied weather conditions. This study assessed the NUE indices in no-till corn in southern Paraguay. Nitrogen fertilizer rates from 0 to 180 kg ha-1 were applied in a single application at corn sowing and the crop response investigated in two growing seasons (2010 and 2011). The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications. Based on the data of grain yield, dry matter, and N uptake, the following fertilizer indices were assessed: agronomic N-use efficiency (ANE), apparent N recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological efficiency (NPE), partial factor productivity (PFP), and partial nutrient balance (PNB). The weather conditions varied largely during the experimental period; the rainfall distribution was favorable for crop growth in the first season and unfavorable in the second. The PFP and ANE indices, as expected, decreased with increasing N fertilizer rates. A general analysis of the N fertilizer indices in the first season showed that the maximum rate (180 kg ha-1) obtained the highest corn yield and also optimized the efficiency of NPE, NRE and ANE. In the second season, under water stress, the most efficient N fertilizer rate (60 kg ha-1) was three times lower than in the first season, indicating a strong influence of weather conditions on NUE. Considering that weather instability is typical for southern Paraguay, anticipated full N fertilization at corn sowing is not recommended due the temporal variability of the optimum N fertilizer rate needed to achieve high ANE.