Marcadores epidemiológicos de Salmonella typhimurium e Salmonella agona

Entre as cepas de S. typhimurium e S. agona isoladas no período 1971-1987 foram caracterizados os biotipos, colicinotipos e antibiotipos de 734 cepas de S. typhimurium e 631 de S. agona. As 734 cepas de S. typhimurium foram classificadas em 65 biotipos com o predomínio dos biotipos 1a com 28,34%, 1b com 29,84% e 9bi com 18,25%. Com relação a S. agona, o biotipo 1a com 87,16% representou entre nós o clone amplamente disseminado. Foram encontradas freqüências baixas de cepas colicinogênicas, entretanto, a colicinotipia parece ser um bom método quando aplicada ao estudo de amostras homogêneas provenientes de surtos. Acentuada multirresistência aos agentes antimicrobianos, foi observada principalmente entre aquelas cepas de origem humana quase sempre representadas por cepas hospitalares

The role of Public Health Laboratory in the problem os salmonellosis in São Paulo, Brazil

From 1950 to 1990 a total of 45,862 strains (31,517 isolates from human sources, and 14,345 of non-human origin) were identified at Instituto Adolfo Lutz. No prevalence of any serovars was seen during the period 1950-66 among human sources isolates. Important changing pattern was seen in 1968, when S. Typhimurim surprisingly increased becoming the prevalent serovar in the following decades. During the period of 1970-76, S. Typhimurium represented 77.7% of all serovars of human origin. Significant rise in S. Agona isolation as well as in the number of different serovars among human sources strains were seen in the late 70' and the 80's. More than one hundred different serovars were identified among non-human origin strains. Among serovars isolated from human sources, 74.9%, 15.5%, and 3.7% were recovered from stool, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures, respectively. The outbreak of meningitis by S. Grumpensis in the 60's, emphasizes the concept that any Salmonella serovars can be a cause of epidemics, mainly of the nosocomial origin. This evaluation covering a long period shows the important role of the Public Health Laboratory in the surveillance of salmonellosis, one of the most frequent zoonosis in the world.

Four adult hemoglobin types in one mulatto family

The studied family showed the presence of four different types of hemoglobin. The family member who gave rise to this study (=propositus) presented Hb C and the hybrid Hb CG-phila. The propositus has three children, all of which have Hb AC; none of the family members showed any clinical symptoms. The investigation of the hemoglobin arose from the finding of target red cells in a blood test done during the pre-operatory examination for lower limb varicose vein stripping. The hybrid Hb CG-phila is due to two gene pairs, each of which with individual expression, determining the synthesis and the particular type subunits. The hybrid Hb CG-phila is formed by the combination velocity of the subunits alpha2G-philabeta2; therefore the proportion of the hybrid Hb CG-phila is lower than Hb G-phila and Hb C. The identification and molecular characterization of Hb G-phila showed the position alpha268 Asn->Lys beta2 and Hb C showed alpha2beta26 Glu->Lys.

Whipple's disease. Report of five cases with different clinical features

Whipple's disease (WD) is a rare systemic disease of infectious etiology which involves the small intestine but can virtually affect any organ. We present here five cases (four males and one female) ranging in age from 20 to 59 years. All patients had intestinal involvement associated or not with clinical manifestations linked to this organ. Vegetation in the tricuspid valve was observed in one patient, suggesting endocarditis caused by Tropheryma whippelii, with disappearance of the echocardiographic alterations after treatment. In one of the male patients the initial clinical manifestation was serologically negative spondylitis, with no diarrhea occurring at any time during follow-up. Ocular involvement associated with intestinal malabsorption and significant weight loss were observed in one case. In the other two cases, diarrhea was the major clinical manifestation. All patients were diagnosed by histological examination of the jejunal mucosa and, when indicated, of extraintestinal tissues by light and electron microscopy. After antibiotic treatment, full remission of symptoms occurred in all cases. A control examination of the intestinal mucosa performed after twelve months of treatment with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim revealed the disappearance of T. whippelii in four patients. The remaining patient was lost to follow-up.

Hepatitis C viral load does not predict disease outcome: going beyond numbers

The analysis of 58 patients with chronic hepatitis C without cirrhosis and treated with interferon-alpha demonstrated that hepatitis C viral (HCV) load does not correlate with the histological evolution of the disease (p = 0.6559 for architectural alterations and p = 0.6271 for the histological activity index). Therefore, the use of viral RNA quantification as an evolutive predictor or determinant of the severity of hepatitis C is incorrect and of relative value. A review of the literature provided fundamental and interdependent HCV (genotype, heterogeneity and mutants, specific proteins), host (sex, age, weight, etc) and treatment variables (dosage, time of treatment, type of interferon) within the broader context of viral kinetics, interferon-mediated immunological response (in addition to natural immunity against HCV) and the role of interferon as a modulator of fibrogenesis. Therefore, viral load implies much more than numbers and the correct interpretation of these data should consider a broader context depending on multiple factors that are more complex than the simple value obtained upon quantification.

Considerações sobre o diagnóstico parasitológico da esquistossomose mansoni

O autor tece comentários sobre o valor do exame parasitológico das fezes anterior a qualquer tratamento para o diagnóstico da esquistossomose mansoni, acentuando que a sua positividade traduz sempre infecção esquistossomótica e parasitose ativa. Considera, a seguir, o valor da biópsia retal, mostrando que êste método evidencia a infecção em 95% dos casos portadores da forma intestinal e em 75% daqueles com esquistossomose hepatoesplênica; o exame coprológico é, portanto, superior para o diagnóstico da forma hepatoesplênica. O encontro exclusivo de ovos mortos e/ou granulomas e/ou cascas firma o diagnóstico da infecção.

Cianose e morte durante a terapêutica antimonial em paciente com esquistossomose pulmonar e glomerulonefrite, e que apresentara púrpura e icterícia

Relata-se um caso de paciente acometida de esquistossomose mansoni hepatoesplênica, com comprometimento pulmonar, a qual veio a falecer, após administração de pequena dose de antimonial, em intensa dispnéia e cianose, sem sinais de "fragmentatio cordis". Não havia sinais clínicos de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, embora os dados de necropsia sugerissem êste diagnóstico. Salienta-se o agravamento rápido da sobrecarga ventricular direita, após a anti-monioterapia, e a desproporção entre os quadros anatômico e clínico de acometimento pulmonar da parasitose. Comentam-se o diagnóstico diferencial da cianose em casos de pneumopatia esquistossomótica 2 a presença de púrpura trombocitopênica, de icterícia e de glomerulonefrite crônica.

Histoplasmose cutâneo-mucosa: relato de dois casos em irmãos

A comunicação versa sobre dois casos de histoplasmose cutâneo mucosa ocorrendo em dois irmãos. No primeiro doente as lesões cicatrizaram sob terapêutica específica: recidivando porém três anos após, ao nível do sistema nervoso central. Essas lesões levaram a doente ao óbito. No segundo doente o diagnóstico foi estabelecido mais precisa e precocemente e sob terapêutica específica houve remissão completa das lesões, estando o doente sob observação. Em ambos os casos havia, grande semelhança, do quadro clínico com o da blastomicose sul-americana (paracoccidiodomicose). No primeiro doente o diagnóstico foi estabelecido à necropsia e no segundo em vida, pelo encontro do Histoplasma capsulatum em cortes histológicos e pelo isolamento do fungo por cultura.

Hepatitis C: sexual or intrafamilial transmission? Epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus in 24 infected couples

The role of sexual or intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C is controversial. A phylogenetic analysis was performed on the non-structural region 5B of the hepatitis C virus (NS5B-HCV). High percentages of homology (mean of 98.3%) were shown between the couples. Twenty (83.3%) of the 24 men but only two of the women (8.3%) reported having had sexually transmitted diseases during their lives. The risk factors for HCV acquisition were blood transfusion (10 couples), use of illegal injected drugs (17), use of inhalants (15), acupuncture (5) and tattoos (5). The shared use of personal hygiene items included toothbrushes between six couples (25%), razor blades between 16 (66.7%), nail clippers between 21 (87.5%) and manicure pliers between 14 (58.3%). The high degree of similarity of the hepatitis C virus genome supports the hypothesis of hepatitis C virus transmission between these couples. The shared use of personal hygiene items suggests the possibility of intrafamilial transmission of infection.

Respiratory characteristics of Hoplostenum littorale (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae)

Hematological parameters, intraerythrocytic phosphates, hemoglobin, and whole blood Bohr effect of the South American armored catfish Hoplostenum littorale were studied during different seasons of the year. In addition, the degree of dependence on air breathing was determined for this species. The hematological parameters presented seasonal variations, which were not correlated to oxygen, temperature, and water level oscillations. Five anodic hemoglobin fractions were detected in starch gel electrophoresis. In addition to ATP, GTP and Fe-GTP being detected, 2,3-DPG was also detected in red blood cells of H. littorale. The latter is an intraerythrocytic phosphate characteristic to red blood cells of mammalians. The increased production of 2,3-DPG could be associated with decreasing Hb-O2 affinity and both features could be related to environmental temperature increase. Whole blood Bohr effect was influenced by water temperature. This study confirms H. littorale to be continuous and not obligate air breather, under all dissolved oxygen level conditions.

Tolerance to temperature, pH, ammonia and nitrite in cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi, an amazonian ornamental fish

Poor water quality condition has been pointed out as one of the major causes for the high mortality of ornamental fishes exported from the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The purpose of the current study was to define water quality standards for cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi), by establishing the lower and higher for lethal temperature (LT50), lethal concentration (LC50) for total ammonia and nitrite and LC50 for acid and alkaline pH. According to the findings, cardinal tetra is rather tolerant to high temperature (33.3 ºC), to a wide pH range (acid pH=2.9 and alkaline pH=8.8) and to high total ammonia concentration (23.7 mg/L). However, temperatures below 19.6 ºC and nitrite concentrations above 1.1 mg/L NO2- may compromise fish survival especially during long shipment abroad.

Comparative study on hematological parameters of farmed matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus Spix and Agassiz, 1829 (Characidae: Bryconinae) with others Bryconinae species

The aim of this study was not only to determine the red blood cells parameters, thrombocyte and leukocyte counts in farmed Brycon amazonicus (matrinxã), to compare these parameters among Bryconinae species from literature, and also to investigate the presence of special granulocytic cells in these fish. The results of the blood cells parameters here established for farmed B. amazonicus, a species of great economic importance in Brazilian aquaculture, could help a better understanding of the blood features in natural populations of this Amazon species. Blood parameters varied between Bryconinae species investigated, mainly the red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). The presence of the blood granulocytes, neutrophils and heterophils in matrinxã suggest that both leukocytes can be a characteristic for Bryconinae family. Furthermore, it indicates that the existence of special granulocytic cells in the blood of Bryconinae species from literature is an artifact, and this was herein discussed.

Características bioquímicas e hematológicas do pirarucu Arapaima gigas Schinz, 1822 (Arapaimidae) de cultivo semi-intensivo na Amazônia

O presente estudo comparou os níveis plasmáticos de glicose, proteínas totais, uréia, triglicerídeos e colesterol, a contagem de eritrócitos, leucócitos e trombócitos entre alevinos e juvenis de Arapaima gigas (Osteoglociformes, Arapaimidae) de uma piscicultura semi-intensiva de Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Os alevinos de A. gigas apresentaram níveis significativamente (p<0,05) menores de proteínas totais, triglicerídeos, uréia e Volume Corpuscular Médio (VCM) e maior concentração de glicose, colesterol e hemoglobina, contagem de eritrócitos, hematócrito e Concentração da Hemoglobina Corpuscular Média (CHCM) quando comparados aos juvenis. Porém, não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) no número de trombócitos e leucócitos totais entre alevinos e juvenis. Os juvenis de A. gigas apresentaram menor quantidade de linfócitos e maior quantidade de monócitos, neutrófilos e eosinófilos, quando comparados aos alevinos. Em estudos futuros, espécimes de A. gigas com outras idades também deverão ser comparados para melhor entendimento dos efeitos da idade neste peixe amazônico, pois estas informações, além de possibilitarem uma melhor compreensão da fisiologia desta espécie, poderão auxiliar no estabelecimento de estratégias para seu manejo.

LD5o of the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila to matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus

In order to determine the lethal dose (96-h LD50) of the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila to matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus, to be applied in challenge tests, 90 fish (63.23 ± 6.39 g) were divided into five treatments, with different bacterial solutions: T1 - Control (0.9% NaCl saline solution); T2 (4 x 10(11) cells/ mL); T3 (5 x 10(11) cells/ mL); T4 (1.36 x 10(12) cells/ mL) and T5 (3.06 x 10(12) cells/ mL). Fish were previously anesthetized with benzocaine (60 mg L-1), inoculated in the peritoneal cavity with the bacterial suspensions and then distributed into fifteen 80-L test chambers, where the water variables were monitored and fish mortality was observed. The experiment was randomly designed in three replicates and the 96-h LD50 was estimated according to the trimmed Spearman-Karber method. Water quality variables remained within adequate ranges for fish health and performance. Fish mortality rate increased with the bacterial concentrations of A. hydrophila (T1 = 0%; T2 = 16.66%; T3 = 44.44%; T4 = 72.22% and T5 = 100%), and the first mortalities were observed after 57 h, although the signs of the bacterial infection were already observed 24 h after the inoculation. The results indicate that the 96-h LD50 value of A. hydrophila to matrinxã is 6.66 x 10(11) cells/ mL.

Avaliação de respostas metabólicas do tambaqui exposto ao eugenol em banhos anestésicos

O tambaqui é a principal espécie de peixe cultivado na Amazônia Ocidental. Porém durante o processo produtivo, práticas de manejo são necessárias para o monitoramento do crescimento e estado geral da sanidade dos animais. Para isso os animais devem ser anestesiados para maior segurança no trabalho. O eugenol, componente majoritário do óleo de cravo, tem sido bastante utilizado como anestésico alternativo para peixes por ser um produto natural e de baixo custo. Entretanto, estudos tratando de respostas metabólicas em peixes tropicais expostos a diferentes anestésicos são ainda necessários. Dentro desse intuito, o presente trabalho avaliou respostas metabólicas, detectadas por meio de alterações de parâmetros sanguíneos e plasmáticos do tambaqui, exposto ao eugenol em banhos anestésicos simulados. Respostas típicas ao estresse foram detectadas devido ao manuseio imposto aos peixes durante a realização dos banhos anestésicos. O eugenol não reduziu totalmente essas reações ao estresse. Por outro lado, esse anestésico não provocou estresse adicional em exposições curtas de 15 min em concentrações próximas a 20 mg L-1.