Influência da temperatura do ar de secagem sobre o teor e a composição química do óleo essencial de Lippia alba (Mill) N. E. Brown

Leaves of Lippia alba were submitted to six different drying treatments, using air at ambient temperature and heated up to 80 °C. The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. For the dried leaves, the oil content was reduced by 12 to 17% when compared with the fresh plant (0.66%). The major oil component was citral, representing 76% for the fresh plant, and varying from 82 to 84% for the dried material. These results showed that L. alba can be submitted to a drying process of up to 80 ºC without degradation and/or loss of the major, [LC1] active component.

Variabilidade sazonal e biossíntese de terpenóides presentes no óleo essencial de Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae)

The essential oil of the leaves of Lippia alba chemotype linalool-1,8-cineol was extracted by hidrodistillation at different seasons and analyzed by GC/MS. Qualitative and quantitative variations in regard to the period of harvesting have been performed and the results were correlated with meteorological data. The essential oil yield varied from 0.33 to 0.67%. The chemical diversity of the constituents increased throughout the year, being 1,8-cineol and linalool the major components. Possible biosynthetic routes of mono and sesquiterpenoids present in the essential oil are discussed.

Atividade inseticida de óleos essenciais de Pelargonium graveolens l'Herit e Lippia alba (Mill) N. E. Brown sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)

Insecticidal activity of essential oils of Pelargonium graveolens, Lippia alba and compounds geraniol, linalool, 1,8-cineole, limonene, carvone, citral and Azamax® were evaluated against Spodoptera frugiperda. Topical application assay showed essential oil of P. graveolens has acute toxicity against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae (third instar) with LD50 1.13 µg/mg per insect and LD90 2.56 µg/mg per insect. Three essential oils of L. alba also exhibited insecticidal activity with LD50 ranging from 1.20 to 1.56 µg/mg per insect and LD90 from 2.60 to 3.75 µg/mg per insect. Geraniol, linalool, carvone and citral caused significant mortality of 30, 90, 84 and 64% respectively, compared to negative control. The bioinsecticide, Azamax®, caused lower mortality than the compounds of the essential oils.

Pollution trends using bark of morus alba in the cities of buenos aires and mendoza (Argentina)

A comparative study of elements deposited on tree bark was carried out for urban and periurban areas of two of the most important cities in Argentina. The content of Fe, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cr, Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd and Sb was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in Morus alba tree bark collected in the cities of Buenos Aires and Mendoza. The main air pollutants detected in the Buenos Aires urban area were Ba, Cr, Cu and Ni and indicate significative difference from the Mendoza urban and periurban areas. Significantly, higher concentrations of Zn, Ba, Cr and Cu were recorded in the periurban area of the city of Buenos Aires than in Mendoza. Bark samples were strongly influenced by dust and show Al, Fe, Mg and other element accumulations that indicate that soil particles were carried out by wind. Elements like Ba and Zn, commonly linked to traffic emissions, showed the highest concentrations in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area, possibly due to more intensive vehicular traffic. Our results indicated that intensity of vehicular traffic and not city structure is responsible for air pollution.

Avian pox virus infection in a common barn owl (Tyto alba) in southern Brazil

A young common barn owl (Tyto alba) was referred to the Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre (Nurfs), Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), after been found in a barn of a brick factory in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The bird was apathic, weak and with crusty lesions in the featherless areas (eyes, beak, legs), and died soon after arrival at Nurfs. Necropsy and histopathological examination of the lesions were carried out. The hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the cutaneous lesions, several eosinophilic intracyto-plasmic inclusion bodies in epithelial cells (Bollinger bodies), as well as particles characteristic of poxvirus, observed by electronic microscopy, confirmed the infection by avian poxvirus, what highlights the importance of Tyto alba as carrier of the virus in the wild.

Gota úrica visceral em coruja suindara (Tyto alba) de vida livre

A gota úrica é uma doença metabólica caracterizada pela deposição de cristais de urato e ácido úrico em tecidos do corpo, que pode acometer répteis, mamíferos e aves. Neste trabalho, relata-se um caso de achados post mortem compatíveis com gota úrica visceral em um exemplar de coruja suindara (Tyto alba) de vida livre. Macroscopicamente, o pericárdio apresentava-se completamente esbranquiçado, espesso e aderido ao miocárdio e o fígado e ambos os rins apresentavam áreas esbranquiçados sugerindo acúmulo de urato. A microscopia do tecido cardíaco e hepático revelou pericardite fibrinosa e perihepatite necrosante respectivamente. Congestão pulmonar e infiltrado inflamatório heterofílico multifocal no parênquima renal também foram visualizados. As alterações encontradas são compatíveis com as descritas na literatura para gota úrica visceral em aves, podendo até serem consideradas como lesões patognomônicas. Este é o primeiro relato de gota úrica visceral em um rapinante de vida livre no Brasil.

Descripción de las especies del género Ipomoea presentes en el area de riego del río Dulce, Santiago del Estero, Argentina

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue relevar y diferenciar especies del género Ipomoea presentes en diferentes fases de desarrollo, en el área de riego del Río Dulce, Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Para ello fueron herborizados y fotografiados diversos ejemplares encontrados en la región. En el laboratorio, después del trabajo de identificación, fueron descritas las diversas fases de desarrollo de la planta: semilla, plántula y estado adulto, creándose códigos de identificación para cada fase. Se registraron ocho especies del género Ipomoea, I. alba; I. amnicola; I. cairica; I. carnea; I. grandifolia; I. nil; I. purpurea e I. quamoclit, algunas de las cuales se cultivan como ornamentales, otras aparecen como ruderales y algunas son malezas en cultivos de la región.

Reproductive biology of the herkogamous vine Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. (Rubiaceae) in the Atlantic Rain Forest, SE Brazil

The family Rubiaceae comprises a wide spectrum of floral mechanisms and two of them seem to be common in certain groups, e.g., distyly in Rubioidae and styllar pollen in Ixoroidae. These mechanisms include herkogamy, which is interpreted as a strategy that avoids self-pollination. This is the first report on the reproductive biology of Chiococca alba, a species that is widely distributed in America. We studied floral biology and the mating system, which were evaluated through fruit set comparisons after controlled crosses (self- and cross-pollinations and test for apomixis), as well as through the evaluation of pollen tube growth resulting from these controlled crosses. Flowers of C. alba are herkogamous, cream, protandrous and lasted for two days. No measurable nectar was found, despite the presence of a nectary-like structure at the base of the corolla tube. Chiococca alba is a preferentially self-incompatible species, but self-pollination and apomixis also contribute to the natural fruit-set. Its reproductive strategy (herkogamy associated with protandry) is different from that expected for members of Chiococceae tribe (i.e., styllar pollen presentation).

Anxiolytic effects of repeated treatment with an essential oil from Lippia alba and (R)-(-)-carvone in the elevated T-maze

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae) is widely used in different regions of Central and South America as a tranquilizer. The plant’s anxiolytic properties, however, merit investigation. The present study evaluated the effects of repeated daily (14 days) intraperitoneal (ip) treatment with an essential oil (EO) from a chemotype of L. alba (LA, chemotype II, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg; N = 6-8) and (R)-(-)-carvone (25 mg/kg; N = 8-12), the main constituent of this chemotype, on male Wistar rats (weighing 250 g at the beginning of the experiments) submitted to the elevated T-maze (ETM). The ETM allows the measurement of two defensive responses: inhibitory avoidance and one-way escape. In terms of psychopathology, these responses have been related to generalized anxiety and panic disorder, respectively. Treatment with the EO impaired ETM avoidance latencies, without altering escape, in a way similar to the reference drug diazepam (P < 0.05) (avoidance 2: control = 84.6 ± 35.2; EO 12.5 mg/kg = 11.8 ± 3.8; EO 25 mg/kg = 14.6 ± 2.7; diazepam = 7 ± 2.1). (R)-(-)-carvone also significantly altered this same response (P < 0.05; avoidance 1: control = 91.9 ± 31.5; carvone = 11.6 ± 1.8; diazepam = 8.1 ± 3.3). These results were not due to motor changes since no significant effects were detected in an open field. These observations suggest that LA exerts anxiolytic-like effects on a specific subset of defensive behaviors that have been implicated in generalized anxiety disorder, and suggest that carvone is one of the constituents of LA responsible for its action as a tranquilizer.

Participation of the GABAergic system in the anesthetic effect of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown essential oil

The objective of this study was to identify the possible involvement of the GABAergic system in the anesthetic effect of Lippia alba essential oil (EO). We propose a new animal model using silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to an anesthetic bath to study the mechanism of action of EO. To observe the induction and potentiation of the anesthetic effect of EO, juvenile silver catfish (9.30 ± 1.85 g; 10.15 ± 0.95 cm; N = 6) were exposed to various concentrations of L. alba EO in the presence or absence of diazepam [an agonist of high-affinity binding sites for benzodiazepinic (BDZ) sites coupled to the GABA A receptor complex]. In another experiment, fish (N = 6) were initially anesthetized with the EO and then transferred to an anesthetic-free aquarium containing flumazenil (a selective antagonist of binding sites for BDZ coupled to the GABA A receptor complex) or water to assess recovery time from the anesthesia. In this case, flumazenil was used to observe the involvement of the GABA-BDZ receptor in the EO mechanism of action. The results showed that diazepam potentiates the anesthetic effect of EO at all concentrations tested. Fish exposed to diazepam and EO showed faster recovery from anesthesia when flumazenil was added to the recovery bath (12.0 ± 0.3 and 7.2 ± 0.7, respectively) than those exposed to water (9.2 ± 0.2 and 3.5 ± 0.3, respectively). In conclusion, the results demonstrated the involvement of the GABAergic system in the anesthetic effect of L. alba EO on silver catfish.

Essential oil of Lippia alba and its main constituent citral block the excitability of rat sciatic nerves

Lippia alba is empirically used for infusions, teas, macerates, and hydroalcoholic extracts because of its antispasmodic, analgesic, sedative, and anxiolytic effects. Citral is a mixture of trans-geranial and cis-neral and is the main constituent of L. alba essential oil and possesses analgesic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and sedative effects. The present study evaluated the effects of the essential oil of L. alba (EOLa) and citral on compound action potentials (CAPs) in Wistar rat sciatic nerves. Both drugs inhibited CAP in a concentration-dependent manner. The calculated half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of peak-to-peak amplitude were 53.2 µg/mL and 35.00 µg/mL (or 230 µM) for EOLa and citral, respectively. Peak-to-peak amplitude of the CAP was significantly reduced by 30 µg/mL EOLa and 10 µg/mL citral. EOLa and citral (at 60 and 30 µg/mL, values close to their respective IC50 for CAP blockade) significantly increased chronaxy and rheobase. The conduction velocity of the first and second CAP components was statistically reduced to ∼86% of control with 10 µg/mL EOLa and ∼90% of control with 3 µg/mL citral. This study showed that EOLa inhibited nerve excitability and this effect can be explained by the presence of citral in its composition. Both EOLa and citral showed inhibitory actions at lower concentrations compared with other essential oils and constituents with local anesthetic activity. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that EOLa and citral are promising agents in the development of new drugs with local anesthetic activity.

ANÁLISE DESCRITIVA QUANTITATIVA DA AGUARDENTE DE CANA DURANTE O ENVELHECIMENTO EM TONEL DE CARVALHO (Quercus alba L.)

Apesar da importância econômica e social da aguardente de cana brasileira, são ainda muito escassos os estudos sobre sua qualidade sensorial, porém as crescentes exigências do mercado, tem feito crescer a preocupação com a qualidade dessa bebida. A aguardente de cana é muito apreciada por seu aroma e sabor característicos, que podem ainda melhorar pelo envelhecimento em recipientes de madeira. O complexo processo que ocorre durante o envelhecimento depende além de vários fatores, do tipo de madeira empregada, do tempo de maturação e obviamente da qualidade inicial do destilado. A análise descritiva quantitativa, metodologia muito aplicada na caracterização dos atributos sensoriais de alimentos e bebidas, foi utilizada neste trabalho para estudar o perfil sensorial da aguardente de cana, durante o envelhecimento, em toneis de carvalho. Nesse sentido, foram analisadas amostras de aguardente envelhecidas durante zero, 12, 24, 36 e 48 meses em um tonel de carvalho de 200 litros e duas amostras comerciais, sendo uma delas envelhecida. Dezesseis provadores pré-selecionados através de testes triangulares e análise sequencial, geraram pelo método rede (Kelly's Repertory Grid Method), os termos descritores das aguardentes. Após a etapa de treinamento, foram selecionados 10 provadores com base em seu poder de discriminação, repetibilidade e concordância com a equipe no uso de escalas. As amostras foram então apresentadas e avaliadas pelos provadores, em cabines individuais de forma monádica, com quatro repetições. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de médias de Tukey e à Análise de Componentes Principais. Os termos descritores escolhidos em consenso pelos membros da equipe sensorial foram: coloração amarela, aroma alcoólico, aroma de madeira, aroma de baunilha, doçura inicial, doçura residual, sabor alcóolico inicial, sabor alcóolico residual, sabor de madeira inicial, sabor de madeira residual, sabor agressivo, adstringente e ácido. Os resultados obtidos revelaram mudanças significativas (p£0,05) das características sensoriais da aguardente ao longo do envelhecimento. Após 48 meses em tonel de carvalho, a bebida apresentou aroma de madeira, doçura inicial e residual, aroma de baunilha, coloração amarela, gosto inicial e residual de madeira pronunciados, sendo os descritores o aroma alcoólico, agressividade, sabor inicial e residual de álcool, significativamente inferiores aos das demais amostras.

Sementes de ipê-branco (Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sand. - Bignoniaceae): temperatura e substrato para o teste de germinação

A pesquisa avaliou a temperatura e o substrato para o teste de germinação das sementes de ipê-branco (Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sand.). Em mesa termogradiente, foram avaliados 11 intervalos de temperatura entre 15°C e 35°C, sob oito horas de fotoperíodo diário. Foram analisados também os substratos papel (sobre papel e rolo de papel) e vermiculita (entre vermiculita) sob 30°C e 35°C, em germinadores com oito horas de fotoperíodo diário. As sementes e as plântulas foram avaliadas diariamente, considerando os critérios indicados nas regras para análise de sementes, e calculados a porcentagem e o índice de velocidade de germinação. A temperatura e o substrato interferem na germinação das sementes de ipê-branco; a condição mais favorável para o teste de germinação dessas sementes é 30°C em substrato papel.