Condiciones sociodemograficas y estado nutricional de niños menores de un año en areas periféricas de Guadalajara, México

Se objetivó determinar la proporción de niños menores de un año con peso inferior al mínimo adecuado para su edad, identificar factores de índole sociodemográfica que pudieran estar asociados a tal problemática, y estudiar la importancia sociosanitaria de los mismos, en áreas periféricas de la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara (ZMG), México. Se estudió una muestra probabilística, y representativa de niños menores de un año, nacidos entre el 1.5.1990 y 30.4.1991, e hijos de madres derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, en Tlaquepaque y Tonalá, municipios conurbados con Guadalajara, segunda ciudad en importancia de México. La evaluación ponderal de los infantes se realizó a partir de las tablas que con tal fin ha elaborado el Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología. Mediante el empleo de la regresión logística se estimaron Odds Ratios (OD), con intervalos de confianza (IC) del 90%. El modelo hallado fue ajustado mediante el estadístico H*. Se calculó el riesgo atribuíble poblacional (RAP), y la probabilidad de que un niño no alcanzara el peso mínimo adecuado (PMA) para su edad en presencia o ausencia de los factores de riesgo identificados. Los resultados muestran que casi la quinta parte de los lactantes estudiados no alcanzan el PMA. Se evidenció la asociación existente entre la edad de la madre menor de 20 años (OR= 2,53, IC 1,03-6,22) y la pertenencia materna al grupo social "obrero" (OR= 2,28,IC 1,01-5,21) con que el infante no alcance el PMA y la transcendencia social de tales factores (RAP= 26,4% y 36,7%, respectivamente). En presencia de todos los factores analizados, la probabilidad de que un infante no alcance el PMA, es 0,85, y en particular, en presencia solo de los factores de riesgo identificados, esta probabilidad es de 0,41. Esta información brinda pautas a los servicios de salud para diseñar acciones apropriadas dirigidas a grupos de población específicos con vistas a mejorar el estado nutricional de la población infantil.

Description of Lutzomyia (Pifanomyia) robusta n. sp. (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from Peruvian Equadorean interandean areas

Description of Lutzomyia robusta, n. sp. (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from interandean areas of Peru and Equador. Lutzomyia robusta, n. sp., probable vector of human bartonellosis and cutaneous leishmaniasis, is described and illustrated. This species presents strong affinity with L. serrana (Damasceno & Arouck, 1949) but they can be distinguished by variance analysis of four male characteristics and only one female characteristic. In the variance analysis, populations of L. serrana, of Amazonian areas of Brazil, Peru and Bolivia, the coast of Equador and other areas of Brazil were studied. The synonymy of Lutzomyia guayasi (Rodriguez) and L. serrana was corroborated.

Clinical and functional aspects of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among active workers

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate musculoskeletal disorders among active industrial workers. METHODS: The study was carried out in São Carlos, Southeastern Brazil, in 2005. One hundred and thirty-four female workers were physically evaluated and answered questions about their physical symptoms, filled out a pain scale and gave responses in the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, and the Work Ability Index questionnaire. The data were analyzed descriptively, and in correlation tests and through applying logistic regression. The outcome was evaluated in relation to the perceptions of pain, symptoms, physical assessment, ability to work and disability. RESULTS: Clinical evaluations and sick leave presented positive correlations with the subjective variables. The Work Ability Index presented a negative correlation with the physical disability index (r=-0.69). Symptoms reported at the time of the assessment presented a good correlation with the results from the pain scale and the clinical findings. Previous sick leave showed an association with disability (OR=1.13; 95% CI:1.08;1.18). CONCLUSION: Symptom reports and pain scales may be useful for assessing current conditions at the time of evaluating individuals with work-related musculoskeletal disorders, as they are easier to apply. In more severe cases of such injuries, clinical and functional evaluations and questionnaires such as those relating to ability to work and disability are preferable. Precise and specific evaluations of these disorders may contribute towards fairer legal and administrative decisions.

Factors associated to quality of life in active elderly

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether quality of life in active, healthy elderly individuals is influenced by functional status and sociodemographic characteristics, as well as psychological parameters. METHODS: Study conducted in a sample of 120 active elderly subjects recruited from two open universities of the third age in the cities of São Paulo and São José dos Campos (Southeastern Brazil) between May 2005 and April 2006. Quality of life was measured using the abbreviated Brazilian version of the World Health Organization Quality of Live (WHOQOL-bref) questionnaire. Sociodemographic, clinical and functional variables were measured through crossculturally validated assessments by the Mini Mental State Examination, Geriatric Depression Scale, Functional Reach, One-Leg Balance Test, Timed Up and Go Test, Six-Minute Walk Test, Human Activity Profile and a complementary questionnaire. Simple descriptive analyses, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student's t-test for non-related samples, analyses of variance, linear regression analyses and variance inflation factor were performed. The significance level for all statistical tests was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis showed an independent correlation without colinearity between depressive symptoms measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale and four domains of the WHOQOL-bref. Not having a conjugal life implied greater perception in the social domain; developing leisure activities and having an income over five minimum wages implied greater perception in the environment domain. CONCLUSIONS: Functional status had no influence on the Quality of Life variable in the analysis models in active elderly. In contrast, psychological factors, as assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale, and sociodemographic characteristics, such as marital status, income and leisure activities, had an impact on quality of life.

Yellow fever in Brazil: thoughts and hypotheses on the emergence in previously free areas

This article describes and discusses factors associated to the reemergence of yellow fever and its transmission dynamics in the states of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) and Rio Grande do Sul (Southern) during 2008 and 2009. The following factors have played a pivotal role for the reemergence of yellow fever in these areas: large susceptible human population; high prevalence of vectors and primary hosts (non-human primates); favorable climate conditions, especially increased rainfall; emergence of a new genetic lineage; and circulation of people and/or monkeys infected by virus. There is a need for an effective surveillance program to prevent the reemergence of yellow fever in other Brazilian states.

Bionomics of Culex quinquefasciatus within urban areas of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate density, parity rates, daily survival and longevity of natural populations of Culex quinquefasciatus in three neighborhoods with distinct socio-economic and infrastructure profiles. METHODS: Mosquito collections of the Culex quinquefasciatus species were performed weekly during two four month periods, from August to November 2008 (spring) and March to June 2009 (fall), in a favela (slum), a suburban area and a middle class area of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. Collections were performed with backpack aspirators, in 20 randomly selected houses in each area per week, during 15-20 minutes per house. Ovaries were removed from captured females and classified as initial, intermediary or final stage. Furthermore, females were dissected for determination of parity based on the condition of the tracheal system. Mosquito survival rate and longevity were estimated on a per month basis for each neighborhood. RESULTS: We collected a total of 2,062 Culex quinquefasciatus, but monthly vector density was not correlated with temperature and rainfall. We dissected the ovaries of 625 Culex quinquefasciatus, and overall, there was a higher proportion of nulliparous females during the dryer months, while gravid females were more frequent in rainy months. In the middle class neighborhood, the parity rate reached up to 93.75% with survivorship of 0.979. Lower parity and survival rates were obtained in the suburban area (as low as 36.4% parity and 0.711 daily survival). Up to 84.7% of Culex quinquefasciatus females could survive the eight day period needed to complete West Nile Virus incubation. CONCLUSIONS: The survival rate of Culex quinquefasciatus varied significantly between the neighborhoods. This suggests that vectorial capacity and disease transmission risk may vary greatly between different urban areas, which is potentially useful information for vector control programs.

Deficiencia de vitamina A e fatores associados em criancas de areas urbanas

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência da deficiência de vitamina A em crianças e os fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal de base populacional realizado com 1.211 crianças de seis a 59 meses de idade, de ambos os sexos, procedentes da área urbana de nove cidades do estado da Paraíba, Brasil. O estado nutricional de vitamina A foi avaliado pelas concentrações séricas de retinol e presença de infecção subclínica avaliada pelas concentrações de proteína C-reativa. Foram investigadas as condições socioeconômicas, demográficas, de saneamento, além da suplementação prévia com vitamina A. Foram consideradas com deficiência de vitamina A as crianças com concentrações de retinol sérico < 0,70 µmol/L. Níveis séricos de vitamina A < 0,70 µmol/L com prevalência ≥ 20% foram considerados como grave problema de saúde pública. Análises uni e multivaridas foram conduzidas para testar associações estatísticas (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de deficiência de vitamina A foi de 21,8% (IC95% 19,6;24,2), mostrando associação com a presença de infecção subclínica e ausência de água no domicílio. A prevalência de deficiência de vitamina A foi de 21,8% (IC95% 19,6;24,2). Após ajuste para confundimento, a deficiência de vitamina A mostrou-se associada com a presença de infecção subclínica e com a ausência de água no domicílio. A ocorrência da deficiência de vitamina A foi quatro vezes maior (IC95% 1,49;10,16) em crianças com infecção subclínica e sem água no domicilio, comparativamente às crianças sem infecção e com água no domicílio. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar das ações de prevenção e controle da deficiência de vitamina A, a hipovitaminose A ainda configura-se como um problema de saúde pública preocupante entre as crianças menores de cinco anos.

Prevalence of anti-p: Falciparum sporozoite antibodies in adults in the amapa region of Brazil

17 of 20 adult sera from the Amapa region of Brazil were active in the inhibition of P. falciparum sporozoite invasion (ISI) assay which has been correlated with protective antibodies. In contrast 11 sera were positive in IFA tests and 6 were positive in CSP tests. These results suggest that the ISI assay will be useful for evaluating naturally acquired protective anti-sporozoite antibodies in endemic areas, particularly during vaccine efficacy studies using sporozoite-based vaccines.

Isolation of human fungi from soil and identification of two endemic areas of Cryptococcus neoformans and Coccidioides immitis

The present study was carried out in two different areas of Province of Cordoba, Argentina, where there was a suspicious of endemic mycosis. The previous data were the presence of a clinical case of pulmonary cryptococcosis in one area (Alta Gracia) and the previous findings of a high incidence of coccidioidin and cryptococcin reactors in the population of the second one (Villa Dolores). In both areas soil samples for fungi were studied and Cryptococcus neoformans was found in 2/25 samples from Alta Gracia. In Villa Dolores Coccidioides immitis was isolated in 2/40 samples, and C. neoformans in 1/40 samples. Delayed hypersensitivity test with cryptococcin was determined in the population from Alta Gracia and it was found to be 5.3%. Positive cutaneous tests with coccidioidin (33.8%) and cryptococcin (31.9%) in Villa Dolores were obtained. With these findings two endemic areas of systemic mycoses in Cordoba, Argentina were delimited.

Natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs of endemic areas of the Argentine Republic

The population dynamics and the prevalence of chagasic infection of 352 dogs living in 108 rural houses infested by triatomines were studied. The region was divided into three sections according to increasing distances to an urban area. Each animal was identified by means of its particular characteristics and built, and its owners gave information about its habits. By means of xenodiagnosis, serology and ECG studies, prevalences of infection, parasitological-serological correlation, percentage of altered electrocardiographic outlines and percentage of houses with parasitemic dogs, were determined. The rural area showed a characteristic T. cruzi infection pattern and differences in the canine population parameters with respect to the other areas were observed: a higher proportion of puppies than adult dogs, a more sedentary population, higher prevalences of infection, as measured by xenodiagnosis, in dogs, and the highest proportion of bedroom insects infected with T. cruzi. It is assumed that the sedentary characteristics of the human population in that rural area impinge in the blood offer to the triatomine population, and the high percentage of parasitemic dogs of the area, contribute to the rise of "kissing ougs" infected with T. cruzi found in bedrooms.

Active immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV) with low-doses of plasma-derived vaccine by intradermal route

Schedule for vaccination against HBV infection has usually been based on three separate injections of 20 meg of the vaccine by intramuscular route. One of the main shortcomings to its use in large scale programs has been its high cost. Ninety out of 300 health workers were submitted to three injections of 2 meg of plasma-derived vaccine (PDV) by intradermal (ID) route on days 0, 30, and 180. Anti-HBs was detected in 74 (82.2%) after the second dose and in 80 (88.9%) after the third dose, a non-significant difference. However, levels above 10 times the cut-off were observed in 29 (32.2%) and 77 (85.5%), respectively (p < 0.001). The results showed that a low-dose schedule is effective when used in health workers and should be tried with other risk groups.

B and Delta hepatitis virus infection in a population of West Africa

Among the 424 serum samples examined, the prevalence of hepatitis virus infection turned out to be 89.6%, with 15.6% of HBsAg positivity. Some of the samples belonged to an afferent population and some other to workers of a West Africa rural hospital (Pop. Rep. of Benin). 27.3% of the positive subjects presented active replication of the virus, shown by the presence of HBeAg. Among the HBcAb positive subjects the anti-delta antibodies showed a positivity frequency of 19.7%. HBsAg presence in 15% of pregnant women suggested the importance of HBV mother-foetal transmission in the district. The examined results can be compared with those obtained in other African areas, with similar socio-economic conditions.