Curva de sobrevivência e estimativa de entropia em Lucilia cuprina (Diptera, Calliphoridae)

Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) is a cosmopolite blowfly species of medical and veterinary importance because it produces myiasis, mainly in ovine. In order to evaluate the demographic characteristics of this species, survivorship curves for 327 adult males and 323 adult females, from generation F1 maintained under experimental conditions, were obtained. Entropy was utilized as the estimator of the survival pattern to quantify the mortality distribution of individuals as a function of age. The entropy values 0.216 (males) and 0.303 (females) were obtained. These results denote that, considering the survivorship interval until the death of the last individual for each sex, the males present a tendency of mortality in more advanced age intervals, in comparison with the females.

A doença de Chagas no Paraná

In recent speech in Curitiba (May 22nd, 1954), Dr. Mario Pinotti, Director, Serviço Nacional da Malaria, informed that his personnel started on February, 1953, a survey upon chagas Disease in 23 counties of the State of Paraná, South Brazil. out of 895 places surveyed, 678, or 75.7%, were infected by Triatoma infestans klug 1834 and in 234 out of those 678, or 34.5%, this vector was infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. The general natural infection of the insects examined reached 18.86%. The serological survey (Machado-Guerreiro test) was positive in 10.7% of the persons examined in jacarezinho and in 28.3% of those living in Bôa Vista. These data suggested the author to actualise the subject. During his control of severe outbreack of malaria in the North part of Paraná, from march to June 1917 he worked in 8 counties. March 1917 he photographed in Boa Vista four girls, severe cases of chronic malaria, two of which showed bi-palpebral oedema, later on considered by Dr. Pinho Simões (1943) as Romanã syndrome (created in 1935) and Prof. Salvador Mazza (1946) classified as typical cases of Chagas' Disease. now, being elapsed 36 years, the National Service of Malaria confirmed the discovery. The region surveyed was populated, in the beginning of this century, by immigrants from the State of Minas Gerais, from where the author believes that were imported the disease and its vectors. In April 1917 the A. discovered that the old town Jatahy was a big focus of Triatoma megista (now Panstrongylus megistus0. All its 43 houses were strongly infested by such hematophagus and amongst the 200 inhabitants seen many were suspicious cases of chronic cases of Chagas's Disease. In the Indians town (three tribes) of S. Pedro D' Alcantara, situated in front of Jatahy, in the left side of the river Tibagy, there were no Triatomas nor suspicious cases of trypanosomiasis. In 1919 the author started the control of the endemics by destroying the foci of Triatomas and reforming the housing. In 1946 he returned to jatahy and found the sanitary conditions of the town and its inhabitants much better. Climate of the region is favorable to spreading of all tropical diseases, being very suitable one for an extensive sanitary survey. In 1943 Dr. Pinho Simões examined 85 triatomas ( T. infestans) from six counties of the North region and found 40, or 46% infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. The highest incidences were; Joaquim Tavora 74.2% and Carlópolis 26.9%. These counties seem to be infested by Itaporanga county of São Paulo State. in 1953 Serviço nacional da Malária proved that 19 out of 23 counties surveyed were infested by Triatoma infestans. They examined 7,701 of this insect and found 1,453 positive for Trypanosoma cruzi, or 18.9%. in two counties, Jacarezinho and Sengés, were examined 2,588 human bloods, not selected, and 323, or 12.6% of such samples were positive for Chagas' Disease. This year the Malaria Service is doing insects survey in 25 other counties and DDTising infested domiciles of another eight. Such activity is very promising and should be extended to other places.

Aspects of peridomiciliary ecotopes in rural areas of Northeastern Brazil associated to triatomine (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) infestation, vectors of Chagas disease

Artificial ecotopes of 121 peridomiciliary environments in four rural localities in the state of Ceará, Brazil, were studied and the type of material of the ecotopes was identified as triatomine infestation. Two thousand two hundred and four Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 340 Triatoma pseudomaculata Corrêa and Espínola, 121 Rhodnius nasutus Stall, and 5 Panstrongylus lutzi (Neiva and Pinto) were captured. Out of the 323 ecotopes found (X =2.0 ± 1.8 per dwelling) such as pigpens, henhouses, corrals, perches, dovecotes, piles of roofing tiles, bricks, wood, and straw 30.3% were infested by triatomines in all different developmental stages, including eggs. A substantial number of triatomines were found in perches, however the largest infestation took place in roofing materials used in the construction of goat/sheep corrals, henhouses, and pigpens, where 98% of them were captured: 1372 triatomines were located in the roofing tile covers, 285 in the straw, 187 in the perches, 77 in the coverings of roofing tiles and straw, and 13 in the straw and wood. Among all the different pile of materials, roofing tiles were the most infested (50%) followed by bricks (38.9%) and woods (36.1%). T. brasiliensis colonized mainly brick piles (chi2=16.539; p < 0.05) and roofing tiles (chi2=5,090.58; p < 0.05); T. pseudomaculata preferred wood perches (chi2= 472.39; p < 0.05) and woodpiles (chi2=126.0 p < 0.05), and R. nasutus was principally found in roofing straw (chi2=384.43; p < 0.05). These findings suggest that triatomines tend to colonize peridomiciliary ecotopes similar to their original habitats.

Portraying innovation in the public service of Brazil: Frameworks, systematization and characterization

ABSTRACT Innovation is essential for improving organizational performance in both the private and public sectors. This article describes and analyzes the 323 innovation experiences of the Brazilian federal public service that received prizes during the 16 annual competitions (from 1995 to 2012) of the Award for Innovation in Federal Public Management held by the Brazilian National School of Public Administration (ENAP). It is a qualitative and quantitative study in which were employed as categories for analysis the four types of innovation defined in the Copenhagen Manual: product, process, organizational and communication. The survey results allow us to affirm that there is innovation in the public sector, in spite of the skepticism of some researchers and the incipient state of theoretical research on the subject. It was possible to observe that organizational innovation was the one with the highest number of award- -winning experience, followed respectively by process, communication and product innovation, with citizen services and improvement of work processes being the main highlights. The results showed that, although the high incidence of innovation occurs at the national level, a significant number of innovations also occur at the local level, probably because many organizations of the federal government have their actions spread only at this level of government. Concerning the innovative area, health and education predominate, with almost 33% of initiatives, which can be explained by capillarity of these areas and the fact that both maintain a strong interaction with the user. The contributions of this work include the use of theoretical model of innovation analysis in the public sector in Brazil still upcoming, and the systematization of knowledge in empirical basis for this innovation. In this sense, it also contributes to the development of the theory with the presentation of evidence that the characteristics, determinants and consequences of innovation in the public sector differ not only from innovation in the industry, but also from innovation in services in the private sector.

Predictors of red blood cell transfusion after cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study

Abstract OBJECTIVE To identify predictors of red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) after cardiac surgery. METHOD A prospective cohort study performed with 323 adults after cardiac surgery, from April to December of 2013. A data collection instrument was constructed by the researchers containing factors associated with excessive bleeding after cardiac surgery, as found in the literature, for investigation in the immediate postoperative period. The relationship between risk factors and the outcome was assessed by univariate analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS The factors associated with RBCT in the immediate postoperative period included lower height and weight, decreased platelet count, lower hemoglobin level, higher prevalence of platelet count <150x10 3/mm3, lower volume of protamine, longer duration of anesthesia, higher prevalence of intraoperative RBCT, lower body temperature, higher heart rate and higher positive end-expiratory pressure. The independent predictor was weight <66.5Kg. CONCLUSION Factors associated with RBCT in the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery were found. The independent predictor was weight.

Aplicação de resíduo de reciclagem de papel em Cambissolo Háplico e seu efeito no solo e no cultivo de plantas

O processo de reciclagem de papel gera grande quantidade de resíduo e a sua aplicação no solo pode ser uma das estratégias de disposição desse produto, sendo necessário estudar os seus efeitos no solo e nas culturas agrícolas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de resíduo de reciclagem de papel sobre atributos químicos de um Cambissolo Háplico muito ácido e na produtividade de grãos de soja e feijão. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha, sem calcário ou resíduo; resíduo da reciclagem de papel nas doses de 50, 100, 150, 250, 400 e 600 Mg ha-1, em base úmida; e calcário dolomítico para elevar o pH do solo em água para 6,0. O resíduo corrigiu a acidez do solo, bem como aumentou os teores de cálcio e fósforo. As doses de resíduo não interferiram nos teores de metais pesados no solo e nos grãos. As máximas produtividades de soja e feijão são obtidas nas doses de 323 e 372 Mg ha-1 de resíduo úmido, respectivamente.

Sheep Excreta as Source of Nitrous Oxide in Ryegrass Pasture in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Livestock urine and dung are important components of the N cycle in pastures, but little information on its effect on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions is available. We conducted a short-term (39-day) trial to quantify the direct N2O-N emissions from sheep excreta on an experimental area of ryegrass pasture growing on a Typic Paleudult in southern Brazil. Four rates of urine-N (161, 242, 323, and 403 kg ha-1 N) and one of dung-N (13 kg ha-1 N) were applied, as well as a control plot receiving no excreta. The N2O-N emission factor (EF = % of added N released as N2O-N) for urine and dung was calculated, taking into account the N2O fluxes in the field, over a period of 39 days. The EF value of the urine and dung was used to estimate the emissions of N2O-N over a 90-day period of pasture in the winter under two grazing intensities (2.5 or 5.0 times the herbage intake potential of grazing lambs). The soil N2O-N fluxes ranged from 4 to 353 µg m-2h-1. The highest N2O-N fluxes occurred 16 days after application of urine and dung, when the highest soil nitrate content was also recorded and the water-filled pore space exceeded 60 %. The mean EF for urine was 0.25 % of applied N, much higher than that for dung (0.06 %). We found that N2O-N emissions for the 90-day winter pasture period were 0.54 kg ha-1 for low grazing intensity and 0.62 kg ha-1 for moderate grazing intensity. Comparison of the two forms of excreta show that urine was the main contributor to N2O-N emissions (mean of 36 %), whereas dung was responsible for less than 0.1 % of total soil N2O-N emissions.

Efeito de grupo genético e heterose sobre a idade e peso à puberdade e sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de novilhas de corte

Foram avaliados os efeitos de grupo genético e heterose sobre a idade e peso à puberdade, bem como sobre o desempenho reprodutivo no primeiro período de reprodução de fêmeas de corte. Foram utilizadas 74 fêmeas nascidas em 1987 e 1988, das raças Charolês (C) e Nelore (N) e suas cruzas recíprocas ½ CN e ½ NC. As fêmeas foram mantidas em pastagem cultivada durante o primeiro e segundo inverno e em campo nativo no resto do tempo. A heterose no peso vivo dos 7 aos 28 meses oscilou entre 12,8 e 14,6%. Fêmeas cruzadas, ½ CN e ½ NC, foram em média 89 dias mais precoces na idade à puberdade, resultando uma heterose de -12,9%. A idade média à puberdade foi de 623, 754, 568 e 634 dias, respectivamente, para C, N, ½ CN e ½ NC, sendo os pesos médios correspondentes 352, 299, 323 e 368 kg. A heterose no peso à puberdade foi de 6,1%, enquanto na percentagem de fêmeas que manifestaram cio até os 18, 24 e 28 meses de idade foi, respectivamente, de 76,9, 67,6 e 17,6%. A percentagem de prenhez no final do período reprodutivo, dos 25 aos 28 meses, foi de 94,4, 53,4, 99,4 e 97,5%, respectivamente para C, N, ½ CN e ½ NC. Fêmeas mais pesadas ao desmame e aos 12 meses foram mais precoces na manifestação da puberdade, sendo os coeficientes de correlação iguais a -0,39 e -0,56, respectivamente.

Incidência de danos pós-colheita em goiabas no mercado atacadista de São Paulo e sua relação com a prática de ensacamento dos frutos

A incidência de danos pós-colheita em goiabas foi quantificada no período de abril de 2005 a agosto de 2006 em quatro permissionários do Entreposto Terminal de São Paulo da Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo (CEAGESP). As amostragens foram feitas de forma estratificada, utilizando calibre, procedência, cor da polpa e ensacamento do fruto como critérios de estratificação. Injúrias mecânicas e doenças pós-colheita foram quantificadas por meio de análise visual de todos os frutos de 323 caixas de goiaba. Foram avaliados 5.081 frutos, dos quais 51,1 % foram provenientes de pomares onde a prática do ensacamento dos frutos era utilizada. Injúrias mecânicas pós-colheita foram observadas em 63 % dos frutos, mas apenas 5,5 % dos frutos mostraram sintomas de doenças. A incidência de doenças pós-colheita foi correlacionada à incidência de injúrias mecânicas apenas nos frutos ensacados (R=0,20, p< 0,05). Essas variáveis não foram correlacionadas nos frutos não- ensacados (R=0,09). Pinta-preta (Guignardia psidii) foi observada em 3,5 % dos frutos e antracnose (Colletotrichum spp.), em 1,1 % deles. Podridões pós-colheita ocasionadas pelos fungos dos gêneros Fusicoccum, Rhizopus e Pestalotia ocorreram em menos de 1% dos frutos. A incidência de doenças provocadas por patógenos quiescentes foi significativamente maior em frutos ensacados (7,7 % dos frutos) que em frutos não-ensacados (2,1 % dos frutos). O oposto foi observado para patógenos que penetram o fruto exclusivamente por ferimentos, cujas médias foram de 0,3 % e 0,8 % de incidência de frutos sintomáticos, respectivamente para frutos ensacados e não-ensacados. Não houve diferença estatística significativa na incidência de doenças quiescentes nos frutos ensacados das variedades de polpa branca (7,8 %) e nas variedades de polpa vermelha (7,3 %).

NANOPARTICLES OF TUNGSTEN AS LOW-COST MONOMETALLIC CATALYST FOR SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION OF 3-HEXYNE

Low-cost tungsten monometallic catalysts containing variable amounts of metal (4.5, 7.1 and 8.5%W) were prepared by impregnating alumina with ammonium metatungstate as an inexpensive precursor. The catalysts were characterized using ICP, XPS, XRD, TPR and hydrogen chemisorption. These techniques revealed mainly WO3-Al2O3 (W6+) species on the surface. The effects of the content of W nanoparticles and reaction temperature on activity and selectivity for the partial hydrogenation of 3-hexyne, a non-terminal alkyne, were assessed under moderate conditions of temperature and pressure. The monometallic catalysts prepared were found to be active and stereoselective for the production of (Z )-3-hexene, had the following order: 7.1WN/A > 8.5 WN/A ≥ 4.5 WN/A. Additionally, the performance of the synthesized xWN/A catalysts exhibited high sensitivity to temperature variation. In all cases, the maximum 3-hexyne total conversion and selectivity was achieved at 323 K. The performance of the catalysts was considered to be a consequence of two phenomena: a) the electronic effects, related to the high charge of W (+6), causing an intensive dipole moment in the hydrogen molecule (van der Waals forces) and leading to heterolytic bond rupture; the H+ and H- species generated approach a 3-hexyne adsorbate molecule and cause heterolytic rupture of the C≡C bond into C- = C+; and b) steric effects related to the high concentration of WO3 on 8.5WN/A that block the Al2O3 support. Catalyst deactivation was detected, starting at about 50 min of reaction time. Electrodeficient W6+ species are responsible for the formation of green oil at the surface level, blocking pores and active sites of the catalyst, particularly at low reaction temperatures (293 and 303 K). The resulting best catalyst, 7.1WN/A, has low fabrication cost and high selectivity for (Z )-3-hexene (94%) at 323 K. This selectivity is comparable to that of the classical and more expensive industrial Lindlar catalyst (5 wt% Pd). The alumina supported tungsten catalysts are low-cost potential replacements for the Lindlar industrial catalyst. These catalysts could also be used for preparing bimetallic W-Pd catalysts for selective hydrogenation of terminal and non-terminal alkynes.

Synthesis and magnetic properties of heteronuclear 3d-4f compound

A novel heteronuclear 3d-4f compound having formula NdCu3L3·13H2O (where H3L = Schiff base derived from 5-bromosalicylaldehyde and glycylglycine and L³ = C11H8 N2O4Br) was obtained. It was characterized by elemental and thermal analyses and magnetic measurements. The Cu(II)-Nd(III) compound is stable up to 323 K. During dehydration process the water molecules are lost in two stages. The magnetic susceptibility data for this complex change with temperature according to the Curie-Weiss law with theta = -35 K. The magnetic moment values decrease from 5.00µB at 303 K to 4.38µB at 76 K.

Emergência de plântulas de Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick em casa de vegetação

Butia odorata é uma palmeira nativa do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, cujos frutos são utilizados na alimentação humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a emergência de plântulas de B. odorata em casa de vegetação a partir de sementes e diásporos submetidos a diferentes procedimentos de superação de dormência. A escarificação através da abertura da cavidade embrionária das sementes permitiu emergência de 72%, com tempo médio de 56 dias. A imersão dos diásporos em água por 18 h antes da semeadura favoreceu a emergência, porém o tempo médio atrasou para 323 dias. Sementes isoladas do endocarpo, porém não escarificadas, apresentaram 38% de emergência, com tempo médio de 319 dias. A emergência a partir de diásporos submetidos a 40 ºC por três semanas antes da semeadura não diferiu da emergência de sementes isoladas do endocarpo; no entanto, o tempo médio foi reduzido de 319 para 206 dias. A abertura da cavidade embrionária possibilitou o maior percentual de emergência de plântulas e menor tempo médio de emergência.

Crop coefficient and water consumption of eggplant in no-tillage system and conventional soil preparation

Under organic management in Seropédica-RJ, Brazil, using a weighing lysimeter, the crop coefficients (kc), the maximum evapotranspiration and the productivity of eggplant cultivation under two cropping systems (no tillage with straw plus soil with conventional preparation) were determined. A whole randomized layout with two treatments (no tillage and conventional) and five replicates during 134 days of cultivation were adopted. There were no significant differences in the eggplant cultivation in the two cropping systems, with a maximum commercial productivity obtained from 47.42 Mg ha-1 for the no-tillage system, and 47.91 Mg ha-1 for the conventional tillage. The accumulated ETc was 285.15 and 323.44 mm for the no-tillage and conventional, respectively. The crop coefficients value for the phases: 1 - transplanting, flowering, 2 - flowering-fruiting, 3 - fruit- first harvesting, 4- first harvesting of the final crop cycle was 0.83, 0.77, 0.90 and 0.97 in no-tillage system for the respective phases and for the conventional one 0.81, 1.14, 1.17 and 1.05 for the same steps described above.

Mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero: características sociodemográficas das mulheres residentes na cidade de Recife, Pernambuco

OBJETIVO: descrever as características sociodemográficas dos óbitos por câncer do colo uterino em residentes de Recife, Pernambuco, ocorridos entre 2000 e 2004. MÉTODOS: realizou-se um estudo transversal, populacional, com a inclusão de 323 óbitos por câncer do colo uterino, dos quais 261 encontravam-se registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e 62 foram identificados após investigação das mortes por câncer em porção não especificada do útero. Obteve-se a mortalidade proporcional para todas as variáveis e foram calculadas medidas estatísticas de tendência central e dispersão para a idade. Quanto ao local de residência e faixa etária, realizou-se o teste do χ2 e obteve-se o coeficiente de mortalidade. RESULTADOS: houve predomínio de óbitos em mulheres com idade inferior a 60 anos (54,7%), negras (60,5%), sem companheiro (67,7%), donas de casa (71,2%) e residentes em bairros com baixa condição de vida (53,3%). A maioria das mortes foi hospitalar (85,1%), das quais 90,2% ocorreram na rede do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O coeficiente de mortalidade variou de 0,3 (na faixa etária inferior a 30 anos) a 54,9/100.00 (em maiores de 80 anos). Comparando-se os óbitos por faixa etária e distrito sanitário com as características da população feminina residente na cidade, evidenciaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: em Recife, os óbitos por câncer do colo uterino são mais freqüentes em mulheres na idade adulta, negras, sem companheiro, donas de casa, residentes em bairros com baixa condição de vida e atendidas na rede hospitalar do SUS, existindo diferenças no risco de morte entre as faixas etárias e o local de residência.

Can organic and transgenic soy be used as a substitute for animal protein by rats?

We evaluated the protein quality of organic and transgenic soy fed to rats throughout life. Thirty female Wistar rats were divided into three groups (N = 10): organic soy group (OSG) receiving organic soy-based diet, genetically modified soy group (GMSG) receiving transgenic soy-based diet, and a control group (CG) receiving casein-based diet. All animals received water and isocaloric diet (10% protein), ad libitum for 291 days. After this, the weight of GMSG animals (290.9 ± 9.1 g) was significantly lower (P <= 0.04) than CG (323.2 ± 7.9 g). The weight of OSG (302.2 ± 8.7 g) was between that of the GMSG and the CG. Protein intake was similar for OSG (308.4 ± 6.8 g) and GMSG (301.5 ± 2.5 g), and significantly lower (P <= 0.0005) than the CG (358.4 ± 8.1 g). Growth rate was similar for all groups: OSG (0.80 ± 0.02 g), GMSG (0.81 ± 0.03 g) and CG (0.75 ± 0.02 g). In addition to providing a good protein intake and inducing less weight gain, both types of soy were utilized in a manner similar to that of casein, suggesting that the protein quality of soy is similar to that of the standard protein casein. The groups fed soy-based diet gained less weight, which may be considered to be beneficial for health. We conclude that organic and transgenic soy can be fed throughout life to rats in place of animal protein, because contain high quality protein and do not cause a marked increase in body weight.