IgG AVIDITY WESTERN BLOT USING Toxoplasma gondii rGRA-7 CLONED FROM NUCLEOTIDES 39-711 FOR SERODIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE TOXOPLASMOSIS

Toxoplasmosis is an important cause of congenital infection. The present study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of recombinant (r) GRA-7 cloned from nucleotides (n) 39-711 in discriminating between acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. First, commercial IgM, IgG and IgG avidity ELISAs were used to determine the serological profile of the sera. Serum samples were from 20 symptomatic patients with acute infection (low IgG avidity, IgM positive), 10 with chronic infection (high IgG avidity, IgM negative) and 10 with indeterminate IgG avidity (IgM positive) which were tested for IgG avidity status with an in-house developed IgG avidity Western blot using the rGRA-7 recombinant antigen. All 20 sera from cases of probable acute infection showed bands which either faded out completely or reduced significantly in intensity after treatment with 8 M urea, whereas the band intensities of the 10 serum samples from chronic cases remained the same. Of the 10 sera with indeterminate IgG avidity status, after treatment with 8 M urea the band intensities with six sera remained the same, two sera had completely faded bands and another two sera had significantly reduced band intensities. Discrimination between acute and chronic toxoplasmosis was successfully performed by the in-house IgG avidity Western blot.

HAND-FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STATUS AND RELATIONSHIP WITH METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES IN GUANGZHOU, SOUTHERN CHINA, 2008-2012

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is becoming one of the extremely common airborne and contact transmission diseases in Guangzhou, southern China, leading public health authorities to be concerned about its increased incidence. In this study, it was used an ecological study plus the negative binomial regression to identify the epidemic status of HFMD and its relationship with meteorological variables. During 2008-2012, a total of 173,524 HFMD confirmed cases were reported, 12 cases of death, yielding a fatality rate of 0.69 per 10,000. The annual incidence rates from 2008 to 2012 were 60.56, 132.44, 311.40, 402.76, and 468.59 (per 100,000), respectively, showing a rapid increasing trend. Each 1 °C rise in temperature corresponded to an increase of 9.47% (95% CI 9.36% to 9.58%) in the weekly number of HFMD cases, while a one hPa rise in atmospheric pressure corresponded to a decrease in the number of cases by 7.53% (95% CI -7.60% to -7.45%). Similarly, each one percent rise in relative humidity corresponded to an increase of 1.48% or 3.3%, and a one meter per hour rise in wind speed corresponded to an increase of 2.18% or 4.57%, in the weekly number of HFMD cases, depending on the variables considered in the model. These findings revealed that epidemic status of HFMD in Guangzhou is characterized by high morbidity but low fatality. Weather factors had a significant influence on the incidence of HFMD.

LIVER BIOPSY: IMPORTANCE OF SPECIMEN SIZE IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING OF CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS

Liver biopsy is the gold standard method for the grading and staging of chronic viral hepatitis, but optimal biopsy specimen size remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of liver specimen (number of portal tracts) and to evaluate the impact of the number of portal tracts in the staging of chronic hepatitis. Material and Methods: 468 liver biopsies from consecutive patients with hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection from 2009 to 2010 were evaluated. Results: The length of fragment was less than 10 mm in 43 cases (9.3%), between 10 and 14 mm in 114 (24.3%), and ≥ 15 mm in 311 (64.4%); of these, in 39 (8.3%) cases were ≥ 20 mm. The mean representation of portal tracts was 17.6 ± 2.1 (5-40); in specimens ≥ 15 mm the mean portal tract was 13.5 ± 4.7 and in cases ≤ 15 mm was 11.4 ± 5.0 (p = 0.002). Cases with less than 11 portal tracts were associated with F3, and cases with 11 or more portal tracts with F2 (p = 0.001). Conclusion: this study demonstrated the good quality of liver biopsy and a relationship between the macroscopic size of the fragment and the number of portal tracts.

Prevalência de helmintos em escolares de 7-14 anos na cidade de Salvador

O autor apresenta os resultados obtidos na pesquisa de ovos de helmintos, em uma única amostra de fezes coletadas de 1537 escolares, na faixa etária de 7-14 anos, de Escolas Públicas Municipais localizadas em toda a zona urbana de Salvador, utilizando o método de Kato. De um modo geral, os índices encontrados foram bastante elevados, sobretudo em relação ao Trichocephalus trichiurus, alcançando 100% de positivos em deis sub-distritos (Mares e Pilar) e Ascaris lumbricoides, com um percentual máximo de 89,3%. de positivos em São Caetano. Relativamente ao sexo oi percentuais obtidos para Trichocephalus trichiurus, Ascaris lumbricoides e Enterobius vermicularis foram mais altos no sexo feminino, diferindo dos índices de Ancilostomídeos e principalmente, Schistosoma mansoni, os quais foram superiores nos escolares do sexo masculino.

Uso prévio do Ro 7-1051 na doença de Chagas experimental em camondongos

No presente estudo camondongos "Swiss" foram submetidos a tratamento com a droga Ro 7-1051 (N-Benzil-2-Nitro-imidazolacetamida) antes de sua inoculação com a cepa Colombiana do T. cruzi e comparados com animais inocuiados com a mesma cepa e tratados em fase inicial de infecção. Com avaliação feita por parasitemia periférica, xenodiagnõstico, sub-inoculação em camondongos recém-nascidos e exame histopatológico foram obtidos melhores resultados com os animais submetidos a tratamento prévio, tendo-se verificado que 55,5% dos animais permaneceram negativados durante o curso da experiência, enquanto os tratados precocemente tiveram um índice de cura de 28,5%.

Toxoplasmose do sistema nervoso central. Correlação clinicopatológica em 7 casos de autópsia

O trabalho mostra o estudo anatomopatológico de 7 casos de Toxoplasmose do sistema nervoso central, com diagnósticos feitos exclusivamente em autópsias. O trabalho chama atenção para a dificuldade de diagnóstico clínico desta entidade e mostra dois casos de apresentação mais rara com manifestações clínicas e anatomopatológicas que simulam abscessos cerebrais. O comprometimento do plexo coróide, freqüente neste material, fortalece a idéia de que esta estrutura desempenha papel importante na disseminação da doença no sistema nervoso central.

Estudo evolutivo da leishmaniose mucosa (7 a 17 anos de seguimento) causada por Leishmania (Viannia ) braziliensis em Três Braços, Bahia

No período de agosto a dezembro de 1993 realizou-se um levantamento de 77 pacientes da casuística de leishmaniose mucosa do programa de Três Braços, registrada no período de 1976 a 1986. Encontrou-se 65 pacientes vivos e 12 falecidos. Os primeiros foram submetidos a exame clínico geral e otorrinolaringológico e à pesquisa de anticorpos por imunofluorescência indireta. Os pacientes com lesões ativas foram submetidos à biópsia da mucosa nasal para isolar o parasita em meio de cultura NNN a partir da inoculação direta do material ou das lesões desenvolvidas no hamster e para estudo histopatológico. Todos os isolados foram caracterizados como Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis utilizando anticoipos monoclonais. Cinqüenta e seis (86%) pacientes estavam curados e nove (13%) encontravam-se com lesões ativas. Entre os pacientes falecidos, cinco (41%) estavam curados no momento do óbito. O programa teve 79% de pacientes curados ao longo de 17 anos. O tempo médio de seguimento clínico foi de 10 anos (7-17 anos). A doença como causa-mortis foi sugerida em 3 casos.

Detection of human herpesvirus-7 by qualitative nested-PCR: comparison between healthy individuals and liver transplant recipients

Diagnosis of human herpesvirus-7 active infection in transplant patients has proved difficult, because this virus is ubiquitous and can cause persistent infections in the host. The significance of viral DNA detected in leukocytes by PCR is unclear and cross-reaction in serological tests may occur. This study aimed to evaluate nested-PCR to detect human herpesvirus-7 active infection in liver transplant recipients compared to healthy individuals. human herpesvirus-7 nested-PCR was performed on leukocytes and sera of 53 healthy volunteers and sera of 29 liver transplant recipients. In healthy volunteers, human herpesvirus-7 was detected in 28.3% of leukocytes and 0% of serum. human herpesvirus-7 was detected in sera of 48.2% of the liver transplant recipients. Nested-PCR on DNA extracted from leukocytes detected latent infection and the study suggests that nested-PCR performed on serum could be useful to detect human herpesvirus-7 active infection in liver transplant recipients.

Induction of experimental mammary carcinogenesis in rats with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene

PURPOSE: To test an experimental model of chemical mammary carcinogenesis induction in rats. METHODS: Twenty young virgin Sprague-Dawley female rats, aged 47 days, received 20 mg of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) intragastrically by gavage. Afterwards, at 8 and 13 weeks, their mammary glands were examined. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, and the mammary tumors were measured and weighed. Tumor fragments were analyzed using light microscopy. RESULTS: Eight weeks after DMBA injection, 16 rats presented at least 1 breast tumor (80%). After 13 weeks, all of them (100%) developed breast carcinomas that were confirmed by histopathological analysis. CONCLUSION: This experimental animal model of chemical mammary induced carcinogenesis is feasible and can be used in further experiments on the role of tumorigenic biomodulator substances.

Urethral catheter removal 7 or 14 days after radical retropubic prostatectomy: clinical implications and complications in a randomized study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hypothesis that a 7-day period of indwelling catheter after radical retropubic prostatectomy is effective and safe without the need of performing cystography. METHODS: In the period from January of 2000 to July of 2002, 73 patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy, and these patients were prospectively randomized in 2 groups: Group 1-37 patients who had the urethral catheter removed 7 days after the procedure, and Group 2-36 patients who had the catheter removed 14 days after the surgery. The 2 groups were similar, the surgeons and the technique were the same, and no cystography was performed to evaluate the presence of leaks. RESULTS: Two patients in Group 1 had bleeding and clot retention after having the catheter taken out in the seventh postoperative day and were managed by putting the catheter back in for 7 more days. Two patients in Group 2 developed bladder neck stricture and were treated by bladder neck incision with success. The continence rate was the same, with 2 cases of incontinence in each group. About 2 pads a day were used by the patients with incontinence. The average follow-up was 17.5 months (12-36 months). No urinary fistula, urinoma, or pelvic abscesses developed after catheter removal. Two patients were excluded from the analysis of this series: 1 died with a pulmonary embolus in the third postoperative day, and 1 developed a urinary suprapubic fistula before catheter withdrawal, which was maintained for 16 days. CONCLUSION: Withdrawal of the urethral catheter 7 days after radical retropubic prostatectomy, without performing cystography, has a low rate of short-term complications that are equivalent to withdrawal 14 days after the surgery.

Contribuição ao Estudo Anatômico do Lenho de 7 Espécies de Dimorphandra (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae)

Os autores apresentam neste trabalho o estudo dos caracteres anatômicos das madeiras de 7 espécies do gênero Dimorphandra(leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) e para cada uma delas são apresentadas ainda informações sobre: a) daárvore.:descrição botânica, distribuição geográfica e nomes vulgares; b) da madeira:características gerais, descrição macro e microscópica, 7 macro e 14 microfotografias estruturais do lenho. As espécies estudadas foram: Dimon.phandAa conjugata(Splitgerber) Sandw., D.gardnerianaTut., V. giganteaDucke, D. mollísBenth., D.multifloraDucke, D. palleiAmsh. e D, unijagaTul. Um quadro sinótico com as principais características anatômicas diferenciais das, espécies é também apresentado.

Estudo etnofarmacognóstico da saracuramirá (Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke), uma planta medicinal usada por comunidades quilombolas do Município de Oriximiná-PA, Brasil

Um levantamento etnobotânico realizado em comunidades quilombolas de Oriximiná, Pará, destacou a saracuramirá (SAR), Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke, com vasto uso popular no tratamento da malária, como tônica e depurativa. Por este motivo, o presente trabalho objetivou realizar um estudo etnofarmacognóstico da SAR nas respectivas comunidades. Por meio de uma análise etnobotânica quantitativa, foi verificado que SAR apresentou-se dentre as 10 espécies mais versáteis pela elevada importância relativa (1,3), dentre as cinco espécies com maior importância cultural pelo elevado índice de saliência (0,311) e a espécie com maior concordância de uso principal para malária (85,7%). Uma análise do índice de espuma e do índice de hemólise para SAR demonstra a presença de saponinas com elevado índice de espuma (833) e uma baixa atividade hemolítica (CH50 2,6 mg mL-1). Para realizar uma análise das agliconas das saponinas de SAR, a bebida preparada pelo método tradicional quilombola (BMT) foi hidrolisada e, após reação com diazometano, foi analisada por cromatografia gasosa. Dois sinais majoritários foram caracterizados por espectrometria de massas, um referente a um triterpeno de esqueleto damarânico, característico das saponinas da SAR, e outro referente ao éster metílico do ácido betulínico. Partindo das informações de uso popular da SAR, foi avaliada in vitro a atividade inibidora da acetilcolinesterase. Apesar de BMT não ter mostrado atividade neste ensaio, é possível supor que as indicações de uso desta planta pelos quilombolas como fortificante e contra malária podem estar relacionadas a uma possível atividade adaptógena e imunoestimulante, dada à presença das saponinas e do ácido betulínico em BMT.