Ascariasis in the subdistrict of Cavacos, municipality of Alterosa (MG), Brazil: effect of mass treatment with albendazole on the intensity of infection

The clinical and epidemiologic aspects of infection with Ascaris lumbricoides were studied in a random stratified sample of the population of the subdistrict of Cavacos, municipality of Alterosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil). The effect of mass treatment with a single dose of albendazole on the prevalence and intensity of infection was also studied six months later in the same population. During the first phase of the study, a questionnaire was applied to 248 individuals to obtain information about the socioeconomic, sanitary and clinical conditions of the population surveyed. A total of 230 fecal samples were also examined by the Kato-Katz technique in order to determine the intensity of A. lumbricoides infection. Two hundred and two individuals were simultaneously submitted to blood counts and 70 children aged 12 years or less were evaluated for nutritional status. The presence of A. lumbricoides and other helminth eggs was also determined in 22 soil samples collected in the urban zone of Cavacos. Infection with enteroparasitic helminths was detected in 29.1% of the sample, with a predominance of A. lumbricoides (23.9%). Parasitism and/or intensity of A. lumbricoides infection were significantly correlated with age range (15 years or less), social class, sanitary and living conditions (water, sewage and domiciliary area per person), and presence of abdominal pain. However, these parameters were not correlated with nutritional status or hematocrit levels. During the second phase of the study, a slight but not statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of A. lumbricoides infection was detected after treatment with albendazole. However, an important and significant reduction in the amount of A. lumbricoides eggs eliminated through the feces was detected, indicating that the intensity of A. lumbricoides infection was lower in all the age ranges of the Cavacos population, especially among younger individuals, even six months after administration of the anthelminthic agent.

NEW PRIMERS FOR DETECTION OF Leishmania infantum USING POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

SUMMARY Leishmania infantum causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World. The diagnosis of VL is confirmed by parasitological and serological tests, which are not always sensitive or specific. Our aim was to design new primers to perform a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for detecting L. infantum. Sequences of the minicircle kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) were obtained from GenBank, and the FLC2/RLC2 primers were designed. Samples of DNA from L. infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania guyanensis, Leishmania naiffi, Leishmania lainsoni, Leishmania panamensis, Leishmania major and Trypanosoma cruzi were used to standardize the PCR. PCR with FLC2/RLC2 primers amplified a fragment of 230 bp and the detection limit was 0.2 fg of L. infantum DNA. Of the parasite species assayed, only L. infantum DNA was amplified. After sequencing, the fragment was aligned to GenBank sequences, and showed (99%) homology with L. infantum. In the analysis of blood samples and lesion biopsy from a dog clinically suspected to have VL, the PCR detected DNA from L. infantum. In biopsy lesions from humans and dogs with cutaneous leishmaniasis, the PCR was negative. The PCR with FLC2/RLC2 primers showed high sensitivity and specificity, and constitutes a promising technique for the diagnosis of VL.

Epidemiologic studies of chagas' disease in the urban zone of Teresina. State of Piauí, northeastern Brazil

The triatomine species Rhodnius nasutus and Triatoma pseudomaculata were captured on palm trees Orbignya martiana "babaçu ", in the urban zone of Teresina. This kind of palm tree is largely distributed in Piauí State. The predominant species was R. nasutus; the young in stars predominated. The infestation index of palm trees and the infection index of triatomines by flagellates were 96.0 ana 29.1%, respectively. Marsupiais, bats and a rodent were captured in palm trees. The flagellates found in both triatomines ana marsupiais were morphologically and biologically indistinguishable from Trypanosoma cruzi. Forty seven percent (481/1,025) of triatomines were found concentrated in six palm trees where marsupiais circulated. Of the total of 1,025 triatomines 230 (22%) were infected by flagellates and 53.0% (123/230) of these infected triatomines were present in the same six palm trees. No evidence of triatomine domiciliation or human transmission was observed in the houses in the vicinity of palm trees. The results suggest that marsupiais play an important role in the life-cycle of T. cruzi in this region. The natural focus of Chagas' disease, demonstrated in the present study could represent a potential epidemiological threat.

O xenodiagnóstico na doença de Chagas: influência do sexo dos triatomíneos

Foi avaliado, comparativamente, o desempenho de fêmeas e machos de Triatoma infestans, em 5º estádio de desenvolvimento, em xenodiagnósticospara a tripanossomiase americana. Estes exames foram realizados em 40 pacientes, em fase crônica da doença de Chagas. Em cada exame utilizou-se 20 ninfas fêmeas e 20 ninfas machos, que foram pesadas imediatamente antes e após o repasto. O exame individual do conteúdo intestinal dos triatomíneos foi efetuado aos 20, 30, 60 e 90 dias após a aplicação dos xenodiagnósticos. As ninfas fêmeas e machos, ingeriram, em média, 230 e210 mg de sangue, respectivamente. Os resultados revelaram 15 (37,5%) xenodiagnósticos positivos; todavia, em nenhum destes exames foi verificada positivação, para T. cruzi, de todas as ninfas utilizadas. As ninfas fêmeas ingeriram significativamente mais sangue que as ninfas machos, isto vem de encontro com as observações de maior positividade, para T. cruzi entre as fêmeas, sugerindo, serem estas ninfas capazes de possibilitar maior incremento à sensibilidade do xenodiagnóstico na fase crônica da doença de Chagas, sendo necessários novos estudos para confirmação desta hipótese.

Nosocomial Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission among healthcare students in a high incidence region, in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo

This open comparative study for evaluating hypersensitivity to tuberculin among medical students (n=441), nursing students (n=178) and economics students (n=230) in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, had the aim of assessing whether the prevalence of positive tuberculin tests among healthcare students could be used as a sentinel event for nosocomial transmission in localities with high endemicity. There was a significant change in the frequency of purified protein derivative reactivity in the nursing students (20. 3%) and medical students (18. 4%), in comparison with the economics students (6%) (p <0. 001). As expected, the medical and nursing students had more knowledge about tuberculosis than did the economics students (p <0. 001). Our data suggest that the incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among nursing and medical students in our region, which has high endemicity of tuberculosis, does not differ from what is found in low-incidence countries. These data reinforce the need for implementing biosafety programs for this target population.

Pesquisa de infecção natural de flebotomíneos por Leishmania, no Estado do Paraná

A leishmaniose tegumentar americana tem sido notificada em todos os estados do Brasil e no Paraná essa doença é endêmica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar a infecção natural de flebotomíneos para verificar a competência vetorial destes insetos e a identificação da espécie parasitária. Os flebotomíneos foram coletados com armadilhas de Falcão e Shannon, nos municípios de Doutor Camargo, Fênix e Mandaguari, de novembro de 2005 a agosto de 2006. Coletaram-se 12.930 flebotomíneos, dos quais 2.487 fêmeas foram dissecadas e destes 1.230 fêmeas foram submetidas à reação em cadeia da polimerase. Pelo método da dissecação, foi detectada uma fêmea de Nyssomyia whitmani com infecção natural por flagelados e pela reação em cadeia da polimerase não se detectou a presença de DNA de Leishmania em nenhuma das fêmeas. Apesar de não ter sido detectada a infecção natural de Nyssomyia neivai nas localidades em apreço e ainda que os requisitos de incriminação vetorial não tenham sido atendidos, não se deve negligenciar o potencial vetorial desta espécie.

Human adenovirus detection among immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients presenting acute respiratory infection

INTRODUCTION: Human adenoviruses (HAdV) play an important role in the etiology of severe acute lower respiratory infection, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The aim of the present study was detect the HAdV through different methods: direct fluorescence assay (DFA) and nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR-nested) from patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) up to 7 days of symptoms onset.METHODS:Samples (n=643) were collected from different risk groups during from 2001 to 2010: 139 adults attended in an Emergency Room Patients (ERP); 205 health care workers (HCW); 69 from Renal Transplant Outpatients (RTO); 230 patients in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) program.RESULTS:Among all patients (n=643) adenovirus was detected on 13.2% by DFA and/or PCR: 6/139 (4.3%) adults from ERP, 7/205 (3.4%) from HCW samples, 4/69 (5.8%) from RTO and 68/230 (29.5%) from HSCT patients. Nested PCR showed higher detection (10%) compared to DFA test (3.8%) (p < 0.001). HSCT patients presented significantly higher prevalence of HAdV infection.CONCLUSIONS:Adenovirus detection through nested-PCR assay was higher. However the inclusion of molecular method in laboratorial routine diagnostic should be evaluated considering the reality of each specific health service.

Composition, abundance and aspects of temporal variation in the distribution of Anopheles species in an area of Eastern Amazonia

Introduction The diverse and complex environmental conditions of the Amazon Basin favor the breeding and development of Anopheles species. This study aimed to describe the composition, abundance and temporal frequency of Anopheles species and to correlate these factors with precipitation, temperature and relative humidity. Methods The study was conducted in the District of Coração, State of Amapá, Brazil. Samples were collected monthly during three consecutive nights, from 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM, from December 2010 to November 2011. In addition, four 12-hour collections (i.e., 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM) were performed during this period. Results A total of 1,230 Anopheles specimens were collected. In the monthly collections, Anopheles darlingi was the predominant species, followed by An. braziliensis and An. albitarsis s.l., whereas An. darlingi, An. peryassui and An. braziliensis were the most frequent species collected in the 12-hour collections. The greatest number of anophelines was collected in September (the dry season). The highest frequency of anophelines was observed for An. darlingi during September, when there were the least rainfalls of the year, along with lower relative humidity and higher temperatures. There was little variation in the abundance of this species in other months, with the exception of slight increases in February, July and August. Conclusions The major malaria vectors, An. darlingi and An. albitarsis s.l. (likely An. marajoara), were the most abundant species collected in the study area. Consequently, prevention and control measures should be taken to prevent malaria outbreaks in the District of Coração.

Causes of hospital admission of AIDS patients in southern Brazil, 2007 to 2012

IntroductionThe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is a worldwide phenomenon that has been modified with the implementation of effective antiretroviral therapy. The objective of this study was to determine the leading causes of hospitalization among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals.MethodsA cross-sectional study with patients admitted to a general hospital in southern Brazil, between January 2007 and May 2012.ResultsMedical records of 550 hospital admissions (230 patients) were reviewed, with an average of 2.4 hospitalizations per patient. Infectious diseases were the most prevalent causes of hospitalization. Overall, 44.8% patients died and their deaths were associated with longer hospital stays.ConclusionsOpportunistic infections remained the leading causes of hospitalization.

Seasonal changes of leaf Nitrogen content in trees of Amazonian floodplains

In Amazonian floodplains the trees are exposed to extreme flooding of up to 230 days a year. Waterlogging of the roots and stems affects growth and metabolic activity of the trees. An increased leaf fall in the aquatic period and annual increment rings in the wood indicate periodical growth reductions. The present study aims at documenting seasonal changes of metabolism and vitality of adult trees in the annual cycle as expressed by changes of leaf nitrogen content. Leaves of six tree species common in floodplains in Central Amazonia and typical representants of different growth strategies were collected every month between May 1994 and June 1995 in the vicinity of Manaus, Brazil. Mean leaf nitrogen content varied between 1.3% and 3.2% in the non-flooded trees. Three species showed significantly lower Ν content in the flooded period (p=0.05, 0.001, 0.001), the difference ranging 20-25% lower than in the non-flooded period. Two species showed no significant difference while Nectandra amazonum showed 32% more Ν in the flooded season (p=0.001). Leaf nitrogen content was generally high when new leaves were flushed (in the flooded period) and decreased continuously thereafter in all species. Three species showed an additional peak of nitrogen during the first month of the terrestrial phase, in leaves which had flushed earlier, indicating that flooding may disturb nitrogen uptake.

Características de adsorção de fósforo em alguns solos da Amazônia Central

Com o objetivo de determinar as características de adsorção de fósforo utilizando-se a isoterma de Langmuir, e suas relações com algumas propriedades físicas e químicas de solos, foi desenvolvido um estudo no Laboratório de Solos do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), com amostras da camada superficial (0 - 20 cm) de oito solos do Estado do Amazonas. Grande variação na capacidade máxima de adsorção (CMAP), energia de adsorção e fator capacidade de P máximo (FCPmáx) foi observado. O Plintossolo Argilúvico alumínico (FTa) foi o solo que apresentou os maiores valores de CMAP e FCPmáx e o Latossolo Amarelo1 (LAx -1) apresentou o maior valor de energia de adsorção. A CMAP variou de 0,297 a 0,888 mg P g-1 de solo, a energia de adsorção ficou na faixa de 0,230 a 0,730 L mg-1, e o FCPmáx variou de 137 a 593 mL g-1. O parâmetro FCPmáx obedeceu à seguinte ordem decrescente: Plintossolo Argilúvico alumínico > Latossolo Amarelo 1 > Latossolo Amarelo 3 > Latossolo Amarelo 6 > Latossolo Amarelo 2 > Latossolo Amarelo 4 > Argissolo Amarelo distrófico > Latossolo Amarelo 5. A CMAP e o FCPmáx correlacionaram-se positivamente com o conteúdo de argila (r = 0,948** e r = 0,962** ) e alumínio trocável (r = 0,688* e r = 0,666* ), e negativamente com a saturação de bases (r = - 0,667* e r = - 0,761*), respectivamente. A energia de adsorção apresentou correlação positiva com o conteúdo de argila (r = 0,783*) e negativa com a saturação de bases (r = - 0,775*).

Comparação entre homens e mulheres hipercolesterolêmicos de alto risco de desenvolvimento de aterosclerose. Estudo dos fatores de risco e da resposta ao tratamento com pravastatina

OBJETIVO: Comparar, entre homens e mulheres hipercolesterolêmicos, a prevalência dos fatores de risco e a resposta ao tratamento com pravastatina. MÉTODOS: Avaliados 486 homens e 368 mulheres, sendo 230 homens e 187 mulheres, que receberam 10mg de pravastatina por 3 meses. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença respectivamente entre mulheres e homens em relação a: hipertensão arterial (45,5% vs 40,8%; p=0,0012), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (33,0% vs 22,0%; p=0,0041), sedentarismo (94,8% vs 87,8%; p=0,0005), tabagismo (43,0% vs 61,8%; p<0,0001), escores de Framingham (20,0±7,1 vs 16,0±7,6 p<0,001), HDL-C (43,0±11,0 vs 38,0±9,0mg/dL; p<0,001), triglicérides-TG (216,0±115,0 vs 271,0± 172,0mg/dL; p<0,001) e índices de Castelli (IC) I e II (7,7±2,6 vs 8,6±3,2; p=0,002 e 5,0±1,5 vs 5,5±2,0; p=0,015). Sob ação da pravastatina, houve maior redução nos TG (32,0 vs 21,0% p<0,05) e IC I (-41,0% vs -37,0%; p<0,05) e II (-40,0 vs -38,0%; p<0,05) nos homens. CONCLUSÃO: Homens e mulheres diferiram nos fatores de risco e resposta ao tratamento com a pravastatina.

Lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide inactivation in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of endogenous estrogens on the bioavailability of nitric oxide (·NO) and in the formation of lipid peroxidation products in pre- and postmenopausal women. METHODS: NOx and S-nitrosothiols were determined by gaseous phase chemiluminescence, nitrotyrosine was determined by ELISA, COx (cholesterol oxides) by gas chromatography, and cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxides (CE18:2-OOH), trilinolein (TG18:2-OOH), and phospholipids (PC-OOH) by HPLC in samples of plasma. RESULTS: The concentrations of NOx, nitrotyrosine, COx, CE18:2-OOH, and PC-OOH were higher in the postmenopausal period (33.8±22.3 mM; 230±130 nM; 55±19 ng/mL; 17±8.7 nM; 2775±460 nM, respectively) as compared with those in the premenopausal period (21.1±7.3 mM; 114±41 nM; 31±13 ng/mL; 6±1.4 nM; 1635±373 nM). In contrast, the concentration of S-nitrosothiols was lower in the postmenopausal period (91±55 nM) as compared with that in the premenopausal p in the premenopausal period (237±197 nM). CONCLUSION: In the postmenopausal period, an increase in nitrotyrosine and a reduction of S-nitrosothiol formation, as well as an increase of COx, CE18:2-OOH and PC-OOH formation occurs. Therefore, •NO inactivation and the increase in lipid peroxidation may contribute to endothelial dysfunction and to the greater risk for atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women.

A change in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms

OBJECTIVE: One of the most exciting potential applications of percutaneous therapy is the treatment of abdominal aneurysms. METHODS: Of 230 patients treated with a self-expanding polyester-lined stent-graft for different aortic pathologies at our institution, we selected 80 abdominal aneurysm cases undergoing treatment (from May 1997 to December 2002). The stent was introduced through the femoral artery, in the hemodynamic laboratory, with the patient under general anesthesia, with systemic heparinization, and induced hypotension. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in 70 (92.9%) cases; 10 patients with exclusion of abdominal aortic aneurysms were documented immediately within the hemodynamic room and 5 patients persisted with a residual leak. Two surgical conversions were necessary. Additional stent-grafts had to be inserted in 3 (3.7%) cases. In the follow-up, 91.4% of patients were alive at a mean follow-up of 15.8 months. CONCLUSION: We believe that stent-grafts are an important tool in improving the treatment of abdominal aneurysms, and this new policy may change the conventional medical management of these patients.

O suco de berinjela (Solanum melongena) não modifica os níveis séricos de lípides

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do suco de berinjela sobre os lípides plasmáticos em comparação à lovastatina. MÉTODOS: Estudados 21 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com colesterol total (CT) > 200 mg/dl, sem diabetes, ou contra-indicação para o uso de estatinas ou em uso de drogas hipocolesterolêmicas, divididos em 3 grupos: o grupo berinjela (B), um copo de suco de berinjela com laranja pela manhã, em jejum; grupo estatina (E), 20 mg de lovastatina pela manhã; grupo controle (C) nenhum tratamento. Foram feitas três dosagens de CT, frações (HDL, LDL) e triglicérides, com intervalos de três semanas. RESULTADOS: Os três grupos possuíam níveis lipídicos basais semelhantes. Após 6 semanas ocorreu uma diminuição significativa do CT (245,29 ± 41,69 para 205,71 ± 46,45, p=0,02) e do LDL-colesterol (170,83 ± 41,76 para 121,29 ± 44,90, p=0,008) no grupo E. No grupo B, o colesterol total (230,60 ± 19,30 para 240,20 ± 16,22, p=0,27) e o LDL-colesterol (139,60 ± 21,49 para 154,40 ± 9,66, p=0,06) não apresentaram variação significativa, como ocorrido no grupo C. Não houve variação significativa, em nenhum dos três grupos, nos valores de HDL-colesterol e triglicérides ao longo do estudo. CONCLUSÃO: O suco de berinjela com laranja não pode ser considerado uma alternativa às estatinas na redução dos níveis séricos de colesterol.