High molecular mass fraction in clinical isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

INTRODUCTION: Different serum levels of the IgG/IgE for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis high mass molecular (hMM) fraction (~366kDa) in the acute and chronic forms of the disease have been reported. Considering the nonexistence of hMM fraction investigation involving clinical isolates of P. brasiliensis, the present study aimed to investigate the presence of the hMM fraction (~366kDa) in cell free antigens (CFA) from P. brasiliensis clinical isolates. METHODS: CFA from 10 clinical isolates and a reference strain (Pb18) were submitted to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by gel image capturing and densitometer analysis. Additionally, CFA from 20 isolates and Pb18 were analyzed by capture ELISA (cELISA) using polyclonal (polAb) or monoclonal (mAb) antibodies to the hMM fraction. RESULTS: The presence of the hMM component was observed in CFA of all samples analyzed by SDS-PAGE/densitometry and by cELISA. In addition, Pearson's correlation test demonstrated stronger coefficients between hMM fraction levels using pAb and mAb (R = 0.853) in cELISA. CONCLUSIONS: The soluble hMM fraction was present in all the P. brasiliensis clinical isolates analyzed and the reference strain Pb18, which could be used as a source of this antigen. The work also introduces for first time, the cELISA method for P. brasiliensis hMM fraction detection. Analysis also suggests that detection is viable using polAb or mAb and this methodology may be useful for future investigation of the soluble hMM fraction (~366kDa) in sera from PCM patients.

PROPAGAÇÃO ASSEXUADA DO CAMU-CAMU (Myrciaria dúbia) ATRAVÉS DE ENXERTIAS DO TIPO GARFAGEM

O camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh), espécie nativa da Amazônia, cujos frutos apresentam elevado teor de vitamina C, normalmente é propagado através da semente o que não garante a reprodução de bons caracteres. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a multiplicação do camu-camu por meio de diferentes métodos de enxertias do tipo garfagem, visando a produção de material selecionado na região de Manaus, AM. As enxertias foram realizadas quando as mudas alcançaram um ano de idade com, em média, diâmetro do colo de 6 mm e altura de 80 cm, em viveiro coberto com tela de sombrite de 50 % de luminosidade. A enxertia do tipo garfagem com fenda lateral (65 %), seguida da garfagem lateral simples (52 %), foi o método que apresentou o melhor resultado na propagação assexuada do camu-camu. As garfagens de topo com fenda cheia (34 %) e fenda a cavalo (9 %) foram os métodos que registraram os mais baixos índices de pegamentos, embora a primeira não tenha diferido significativamente dos métodos que apresentaram os melhores resultados.

AS ESPÉCIES DE ELMOHARDYIA RAFAEL (DIPTERA, PIPUNCULIDAE, EUDORYLINI) DA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA

Vinte e duas espécies de Elmohardyia Rafael são assinaladas para a Amazônia brasileira, incluindo um registro novo c onze espécies novas: E. amazona (Hardy); Ε. aquinoi sp.n; Ε. argyrogaster (Rafael); Ε. carrerai (Hardy); E. concava sp.n.; E. conckulata (Menezes & Rafael); E. echinata sp.n.; E. hispida sp.n.; E. immaculate sp.n.; E. lanei lanei (Hardy); Ε. manaos (Menezes & Rafael); Ε. oriximinaensis sp.n.; E. papaveroi (Rafael); E. parva sp.n.: £. praecipua (Rafael & Rosa); E. replicata (Hardy); E. roraimensis (Rafael & Rosa); E. rosalyae sp.n; E. subtilis sp.n.; E. tricuspis sp.n.; E. trinidadensis (Hardy) e E. valida sp.n. Uma chave para identificação das espécies da Amazônia brasileira é apresentada e novos dados sobre registros geográficos são fornecidos.

BANIWA YAVITENSIS LICHY, 1981 (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE) NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA

O trabalho documenta o primeiro registro de uma fêmea de Baniwa yavitensis Lichy, 1981, para os Estados do Amazonas e do Pará, Brasil. A genitália da fêmea é descrita e a do macho redescrita.

Influenciado número de repetições nas estimativas de parâmetros genéticos em Progênies de meios-irmãos de taxi-branco (Sclerolobium Paniculatum)

Visando determinar o número adequado de repetições para seleção e estimar parâmetros genéticos com economicidade e precisão adequada, 21 progênies de meios-irmãos de Taxi-branco (Selerolobium paniculatum Vogel), com quatro anos de idade, foram analisadas em um experimento de blocos casualisados implantado no Campo Experimental do Cerrado, pertencente ao Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal do Amapá - Embrapa Amapá, no Estado do Amapá, Brasil. Foram obtidas estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos para os caracteres de crescimento em altura, diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) e biomassa, considerando os números de repetições variando de duas até dez. Foi estimada a eficiência da seleção com diferentes números de repetições relativamente ao experimento com dez repetições. Constatou-se não haver vantagem em empregar número de repetições superiores a três, visto que a precisão experimental praticamente não se alterou nos demais tratamentos, o mesmo ocorrendo com as estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos e seus desvios padrões associados. A eficiência de seleção foi alta, evidenciando uma concordância quase plena entre as progênies selecionadas com menor número de repetições comparativamente ao experimento com dez repetições, sugerindo que o emprego de menor número de repetições (três) e avaliação de maior número de progênies é uma estratégia promissora para aumentar as chances de sucesso no processo seletivo de Sclerolobium paniculatum

A floresta Amazônica do ponto de vista dos alunos da 5A série da rede pública estadual de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil1

Este estudo teve como objetivo averiguar o conhecimento dos alunos da 5a série das escolas públicas estaduais de Manaus sobre a floresta amazônica e seus recursos. As entrevistas foram realizadas em 14 escolas, com o auxílio de um questionário padrão contendo perguntas abertas. De cada escola foram entrevistados 10 alunos, perfazendo um total de 140 no final da pesquisa. Os resultados mostraram a necessidade de enfatizar nos currículos escolares, assuntos sobre a região amazônica.

Germinação de sementes e inoculação de mudas de Macacaúba (Platymiscium Trinitatis Benth. - Leguminosae Papilionoideae) com rizóbios em latossolo amarelo

Foram obtidas informações silviculturais sobre a macacaúba - Platymiscium trinitatis Benth (Leguminosae Papilionoideae), abordando aspectos da germinação das sementes e do efeito da inoculação com rizóbios na formação de mudas. A semeadura foi efetuada em areia, acompanhada por 45 dias, e as plântulas repicadas para sacos com latossolo amarelo coletado após a queima da vegetação, no horizonte A (0-20 cm), distribuído em recipientes plásticos com capacidade para 2,0 kg de solo. As mudas foram submetidas a tratamentos de adubação com Ν mineral (50 kg/ha) ou a inoculação com estirpes de rizóbios da coleção do INPA/CPCA. O desenvolvimento das mudas foi acompanhado com avaliação mensal do comprimento do caule e diâmetro do colo das plantas. Aos 126 dias estas foram colhidas e avaliadas. As sementes apresentaram elevada viabilidade com 86% de germinação, iniciada aos 4 dias e distribuindo-se por 37 dias. O índice de Velocidade de Emergência foi de 21,9 (n = 200). A repicagem das plantas para sacos pode ser feita em 40 dias. Os rizóbios utilizados como inoculante formaram colônias brancas, com até 4 mm de diâmetro após a incubação, com características morfológicas e culturais bastante variadas. No viveiro as mudas apresentaram crescimento lento e não apresentaram resposta à inoculação, o que foi relacionado aos níveis elevados de matéria orgânica presentes, o que, entretanto, não favoreceu o seu desenvolvimento. O incremento mensal de comprimento do caule e diâmetro do colo das plantas foi de 2,49 cm e 0,45 mm, respectivamente.

Variação espaço-temporal na atividade forrageira da Saúva (Atta laevigata)

Na Amazônia, a regeneração natural da floresta em pastos e cultivos abandonados pode ser afetada pelas saúvas, pois estas são importantes predadoras das plântulas e das sementes das espécies arbóreas que eventualmente ali se estabelecem. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre como as chances de uma dada planta ser atacada ou de uma semente ser removida pelas saúvas varia no tempo e no espaço. Com este intuito, estabeleci uma parcela de 80 χ 120 m, subdividida em quadrantes de 10 χ 10m, em um campo abandonado próximo a Manaus. Na periferia desta parcela haviam 3 ninhos da saúva Atta laevigata. Ao longo de 1 ano, determinei quais plantas (das espécies arbóreas somente) foram atacadas pelas formigas. Determinei também como variou a atividade de coleta de sementes por A. laevigata. Para isto utilizei grãos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris). Iscas, com cerca de 20 feijões cada, foram distribuídas pela parcela ao longo do ano. Finalmente, determinei se plantas (mudas de Bellucia imperialis) estabelecidas em solo desnudo tinham uma maior chance de serem atacadas do que aquelas estabelecidas em solo com cobertura de gramíneas. Os resultados mostram que a atividade de coleta de sementes foi espacialmente agregada. A maior atividade foi observada nas regiões sudeste e noroeste da parcela, em geral, próximo aos ninhos. Forte variação temporal na coleta de sementes também foi observada. O pico máximo de atividade ocorreu em meados de julho e o de menor atividade em meados de janeiro. A atividade de corte seguiu um padrão similar. Houve uma clara diminuição no número de plantas atacadas entre novembro e janeiro. A proporção de plantas atacadas por parcela variou entre 6 e 89%. A incidência de ataques por saúvas sobre mudas de B. imperialis não variou em função da cobertura vegetal (com ou sem gramíneas). Isto possivelmente em função da forte heterogeneidade espacial na atividade de A. laevigata, que encobriu qualquer efeito devido a cobertura vegetal.

Mildly symptomatic chronic mitral regurgitation. Analysis of left ventricular systolic function and mitral regurgitant fraction under pharmacological influence: echocardiographic study

OBJECTIVE: To study echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular systolic function and valvar regurgitation under pharmacological influence in mildly symptomatic patients with chronic mitral regurgitation (MR). METHODS: We carried out a double-blind placebo controlled study in 12 patients with MR, mean aged 12.5 years old, who were randomized in 4 phases: A) digoxin; B) enalapril; C) digoxin + enalapril; D) placebo. The medication was administered for 30 days in each phase, and the following variables were analyzed: shortening and ejection fractions, wall stress index of left ventricle, left ventricular meridional end-systolic wall stress, Doppler-derived mean rate of left ventricular pressure rise (mean dP/dt), stroke volume and MR jet area. The clinical variables analysed were heart rate and systemic arterial pressure. RESULTS: No significant variation was observed in the clinical variables analysed. The shortening and ejection fraction, the mean dP/dt and stroke volume significantly increased and the wall stress index of left ventricle, the meridional left ventricular end systolic wall stress and the mitral regurgitation jet area decreased in the phases with medication as compared with that in the placebo phase. CONCLUSION: The parameters of left ventricular systolic function improved significantly and the degree of MR decreased with the isolated administration of digoxin or enalapril in mildly symptomatic patients with chronic MR. The combination of the drugs, however, did not show better results.

Assessing Strategies for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction at the Outpatient Clinic

Background: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is the most common form of heart failure (HF), its diagnosis being a challenge to the outpatient clinic practice. Objective: To describe and compare two strategies derived from algorithms of the European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines for the diagnosis of HFPEF. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 166 consecutive ambulatory patients (67.9±11.7 years; 72% of women). The strategies to confirm HFPEF were established according to the European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines criteria. In strategy 1 (S1), tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) and electrocardiography (ECG) were used; in strategy 2 (S2), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurement was included. Results: In S1, patients were divided into groups based on the E/E'ratio as follows: GI, E/E'> 15 (n = 16; 9%); GII, E/E'8 to 15 (n = 79; 48%); and GIII, E/E'< 8 (n = 71; 43%). HFPEF was confirmed in GI and excluded in GIII. In GII, TDE [left atrial volume index (LAVI) ≥ 40 mL/m2; left ventricular mass index LVMI) > 122 for women and > 149 g/m2 for men] and ECG (atrial fibrillation) parameters were assessed, confirming HFPEF in 33 more patients, adding up to 49 (29%). In S2, patients were divided into three groups based on BNP levels. GI (BNP > 200 pg/mL) consisted of 12 patients, HFPEF being confirmed in all of them. GII (BNP ranging from 100 to 200 pg/mL) consisted of 20 patients with LAVI > 29 mL/m2, or LVMI ≥ 96 g/m2 for women or ≥ 116 g/m2 for men, or E/E'≥ 8 or atrial fibrillation on ECG, and the diagnosis of HFPEF was confirmed in 15. GIII (BNP < 100 pg/mL) consisted of 134 patients, 26 of whom had the diagnosis of HFPEF confirmed when GII parameters were used. Measuring BNP levels in S2 identified 4 more patients (8%) with HFPEF as compared with those identified in S1. Conclusion: The association of BNP measurement and TDE data is better than the isolated use of those parameters. BNP can be useful in identifying patients whose diagnosis of HF had been previously excluded based only on TDE findings.

Heart Failure with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

AbstractBackground:The prevalence and clinical outcomes of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction have not been well elucidated.Objective:To analyze the prevalence of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in acute myocardial infarction and its association with mortality.Methods:Patients with acute myocardial infarction (n = 1,474) were prospectively included. Patients without heart failure (Killip score = 1), with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (Killip score > 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction ≥ 50%), and with systolic dysfunction (Killip score > 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction < 50%) on admission were compared. The association between systolic dysfunction with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and in-hospital mortality was tested in adjusted models.Results:Among the patients included, 1,256 (85.2%) were admitted without heart failure (72% men, 67 ± 15 years), 78 (5.3%) with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (59% men, 76 ± 14 years), and 140 (9.5%) with systolic dysfunction (69% men, 76 ± 14 years), with mortality rates of 4.3%, 17.9%, and 27.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). Logistic regression (adjusted for sex, age, troponin, diabetes, and body mass index) demonstrated that heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.35–6.27; p = 0.006) and systolic dysfunction (OR 5.38; 95% CI 3.10 to 9.32; p < 0.001) were associated with in-hospital mortality.Conclusion:One-third of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted with heart failure had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Although this subgroup exhibited more favorable outcomes than those with systolic dysfunction, this condition presented a three-fold higher risk of death than the group without heart failure. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction encounter elevated short-term risk and require special attention and monitoring during hospitalization.

Ergospirometry and Echocardiography in Early Stage of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and in Healthy Individuals

AbstractBackground:Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is a syndrome characterized by changes in diastolic function; it is more prevalent among the elderly, women, and individuals with systemic hypertension (SH) and diabetes mellitus. However, in its early stages, there are no signs of congestion and it is identified in tests by adverse remodeling, decreased exercise capacity and diastolic dysfunction.Objective:To compare doppler, echocardiographic (Echo), and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) variables - ergospirometry variables - between two population samples: one of individuals in the early stage of this syndrome, and the other of healthy individuals.Methods:Twenty eight outpatients diagnosed with heart failure according to Framingham’s criteria, ejection fraction > 50% and diastolic dysfunction according to the european society of cardiology (ESC), and 24 healthy individuals underwent Echo and CPET.Results:The group of patients showed indexed atrial volume and left ventricular mass as well as E/E’ and ILAV/A´ ratios significantly higher, in addition to a significant reduction in peak oxygen consumption and increased VE/VCO2 slope, even having similar left ventricular sizes in comparison to those of the sample of healthy individuals.Conclusion:There are significant differences between the structural and functional variables analyzed by Echo and CPET when comparing two population samples: one of patients in the early stage of heart failure with ejection fraction greater than or equal to 50% and another of healthy individuals.

Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction Score in Brazil: Comparison with InsCor and the EuroSCORE

AbstractBackground:Risk scores for cardiac surgery cannot continue to be neglected.Objective:To assess the performance of “Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction Score” (ACEF Score) to predict mortality in patients submitted to elective coronary artery bypass graft and/or heart valve surgery, and to compare it to other scores.Methods:A prospective cohort study was carried out with the database of a Brazilian tertiary care center. A total of 2,565 patients submitted to elective surgeries between May 2007 and July 2009 were assessed. For a more detailed analysis, the ACEF Score performance was compared to the InsCor’s and EuroSCORE’s performance through correlation, calibration and discrimination tests.Results:Patients were stratified into mild, moderate and severe for all models. Calibration was inadequate for ACEF Score (p = 0.046) and adequate for InsCor (p = 0.460) and EuroSCORE (p = 0.750). As for discrimination, the area under the ROC curve was questionable for the ACEF Score (0.625) and adequate for InsCor (0.744) and EuroSCORE (0.763).Conclusion:Although simple to use and practical, the ACEF Score, unlike InsCor and EuroSCORE, was not accurate for predicting mortality in patients submitted to elective coronary artery bypass graft and/or heart valve surgery in a Brazilian tertiary care center. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Effect of Nebivolol on MIBG Parameters and Exercise in Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction

Abstract Background: More than 50% of the patients with heart failure have normal ejection fraction (HFNEF). Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) are prognostic markers in HFNEF. Nebivolol is a beta-blocker with vasodilating properties. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of nebivolol therapy on CPET and123I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters in patients with HFNEF. Methods: Twenty-five patients underwent 123I-MIBG scintigraphy to determine the washout rate and early and late heart-to-mediastinum ratios. During the CPET, we analyzed the systolic blood pressure (SBP) response, heart rate (HR) during effort and recovery (HRR), and oxygen uptake (VO2). After the initial evaluation, we divided our cohort into control and intervention groups. We then started nebivolol and repeated the tests after 3 months. Results: After treatment, the intervention group showed improvement in rest SBP (149 mmHg [143.5-171 mmHg] versus 135 mmHg [125-151 mmHg, p = 0.016]), rest HR (78 bpm [65.5-84 bpm] versus 64.5 bpm [57.5-75.5 bpm, p = 0.028]), peak SBP (235 mmHg [216.5-249 mmHg] versus 198 mmHg [191-220.5 mmHg], p = 0.001), peak HR (124.5 bpm [115-142 bpm] versus 115 bpm [103.7-124 bpm], p= 0.043), HRR on the 1st minute (6.5 bpm [4.75-12.75 bpm] versus 14.5 bpm [6.7-22 bpm], p = 0.025) and HRR on the 2nd minute (15.5 bpm [13-21.75 bpm] versus 23.5 bpm [16-31.7 bpm], p = 0.005), but no change in peak VO2 and 123I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters. Conclusion: Despite a better control in SBP, HR during rest and exercise, and improvement in HRR, nebivolol failed to show a positive effect on peak VO2 and 123I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters. The lack of effect on adrenergic activity may be the cause of the lack of effect on functional capacity.