Estudo da competência vetorial de Lutzomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) para Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Vianna, 1911

Estudou-se a competência vetorial de Lutzomyia intermedia (Diptera: Psychodidae) do Vale do Ribeira (SP) para estirpes de Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), mediante pesquisa de infectividade natural; exposições de fêmeas silvestres e colonizadas (F1) às lesões de hamsters experimentalmente infectados e testes de transmissão via picada. A infectividade natural e os testes de transmissão revelaram-se negativos e, nas exposições, foram obtidas positividades de 74% (123+/166 dissecados) e 70% (115+/164 dissecados) para fêmeas silvestres e colonizadas respectivamente, e o desenvolvimento das formas evolutivas compatíveis com o modelo Peripilaria. A suscetibilidade às estirpes testadas associada aos indicadores epidemiológicos concorrem para a suspeita do papel vetorial de Lutzomyia intermedia na região estudada.

Investigation of measles IgM-seropositive cases of febrile rash illnesses in the absence of documented measles virus transmission, State of São Paulo, Brazil, 2000-2004

INTRODUCTION: To review measles IgM-positive cases of febrile rash illnesses in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, over the five-year period following interruption of measles virus transmission. METHODS: We reviewed 463 measles IgM-positive cases of febrile rash illness in the State of São Paulo, from 2000 to 2004. Individuals vaccinated against measles < 56 days prior to specimen collection were considered to be exposed to the vaccine. Serum from the acute and convalescent phases was tested for evidence of measles, rubella, parvovirus B19 and human herpes virus-6 infection. In the absence of seroconversion to measles immunoglobulin-G, measles IgM-positive cases were considered false positives in individuals with evidence of other viral infections. RESULTS: Among the 463 individuals with febrile rash illness who tested positive for measles IgM antibodies during the period, 297 (64%) were classified as exposed to the vaccine. Among the 166 cases that were not exposed to the vaccine, 109 (66%) were considered false positives based on the absence of seroconversion, among which 21 (13%) had evidence of rubella virus infection, 49 (30%) parvovirus B19 and 28 (17%) human herpes virus-6 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Following the interruption of measles virus transmission, thorough investigation of measles IgM-positive cases is required, especially among cases not exposed to the vaccine. Laboratory testing for etiologies of febrile rash illness aids interpretation of these cases.

Clinical and laboratory findings in patients with dengue associated with hepatopathy

INTRODUCTION: Hepatic disorders caused by dengue infection may progress to severe manifestations, including mortality and morbidity. Cytokines are involved in it, such as the migration inhibitory factor of macrophages (MIF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), natural killer cells (NK), B lymphocytes, and macrophages. METHODS: This study was carried out from January to April 2007 at a public hospital from the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil. Sixty-eight patients were studied concerning hepatic alterations, with 56 reported having classic dengue, 6 with hemorrhagic dengue grade I, and 6 with hemorrhagic dengue grade II. RESULTS: Among the 56 with classic dengue, 83.3% had aspartate aminotransferase (AST) alterations, and 69.6% had altered alanine aminotransferase (ALT). For those with hemorrhagic dengue grade I, 100% had AST alterations, and 83.3% had altered ALT. All the patients with hemorrhagic dengue grade II had AST and ALT alterations. AST variations reached 22.0 and 907.0, with an average value of 164.6. For ALT, we found variations between 25.0 and 867.0, with an average value of 166.07. There had been statistical significance between dengue clinical shapes and hepatic function markers. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the infection was predominant in adults, females, and in those with low income and education. The liver enzymes were of larger amount in hemorrhagic dengue, but there was weak statistical evidence of the clinical manifestations and transaminases. Major signs and clinical symptoms were fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, weakness, severe pain behind the eyes, and rashes.

Epidemiological factors associated with seropositivity for toxoplasmosis in pregnant women from Gurupi, State of Tocantins, Brazil

Introduction Knowledge of the prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii dissemination among pregnant women is relevant because the parasite can be spread from mother to infant. The objective of this study was to assess the epidemiology and risk factors of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women from Gurupi, State of Tocantins, Brazil, from February 2012 to June 2013. Methods The study population included 487 pregnant women. Sociodemographic, dietary and cultural data were collected using a standardized and validated form. Peripheral blood was collected for serologic testing using the ELISA test (IgM/IgG antibodies). The data were analyzed by comparing seropositivity with risk factors using crude and adjusted odds ratios. Results The prevalence rate for IgG and IgM antibodies was 68.7% and 5.7%, respectively. Sociodemographic characteristics associated with toxoplasmosis risk included the following: education level ≤ 8 years (OR: 6.612; CI: 1.450-30.144), age ≥ 30 years (OR: 5.273; CI: 1.166-23.844), working outside the home (OR: 1.604; CI: 1.015-2.536), and family income of two minimum wages or lower (OR: 2.700; CI: 1.891-8.182). Regarding dietary habits, there was a significant association of seropositivity with meat intake (OR: 1.78; CI: 1.149-4.080), cutting vegetables without washing the cutting board beforehand (OR: 2.051; CI: 1.165-3.614), frequent intake of vegetables (OR: 2.051; CI: 1.368-3.006) and in natura milk intake (OR: 2.422; CI: 1.014-5.785). Conclusions The high prevalence rates of toxoplasmosis in Gurupi are related to age, raw meat and in natura milk intake, as well as education level, working outside the home, and poor hygienic habits during meal preparation.

Avaliação de genótipos dos cafeeiros Arabica e Robusta na Amazônia Ocidental

Avaliou-se o comportamento de 16 genótipos de cafeeiros das espécies C. arabica e C. canephora nas condições edafoclimáticas do estado do Acre. Os genótipos utilizados foram provenientes do extinto Instituto Brasileiro do Café (Natividade, RJ). O experimento foi conduzido no campo experimental da Embrapa Acre, Rio Branco, AC, no período de 1989 a 1996, num delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com 5 repetições. As características estudadas foram: produção de café em cereja e côco, vigor, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule e aspectos fitossanitários. Os genótipos Icatu PR182039-1 e Conilon ES foram os que apresentaram as maiores produções médias de café côco, 4.345 e 4.147 kg/ha, respectivamente, e em seguida vieram o Catuaí SH1 EP57C-260, Mundo Novo e Catuaí SH1 EP57C-166, todos com produção acima de 2.800 kg/ha. Quanto a incidência de ferrugem (Hemileia vastratrix), os genótipos Mundo Novo e Catuaí Amarelo apresentaram maior incidência, e os mais susceptíveis a queima do fio (Pellicularia koleroga) foram Catuaí EP 57-C-260 e Catuaí EP57 C-166. Os genótipos Icatu PR 182039-1, Conilon ES e Catuaí SH1 EP57C-260 foram superiores aos demais genótipos quanto a capacidade produtiva, bom aspecto dos frutos e grãos, mostrando-se promissores para o cultivo no Estado do Acre.

Genetic breeding on the bee Melipona scutellaris (Apidae, Meliponinae)

A selection of queens of Melipona scutellaris through the most productive colonies were carried out during eight months in an orange honeyflow. Each of the colonies was evaluated by its production, that is, the gross weight production ( pollen, brood, geopropolis and wax of each hive). With this data a coefficient of repeatability was estimated by the intraclass correlation method, obtained r = 0.835 ± 0.071. The repeatibility is very high showing that the analysed data (production) is repeatable. Selection was then carried out using the regression coefficient of each colony and the respective production gain. Using these data the colonies were divided into three groups according to the method Vencovsky and Kerr (1982): a with the colonies of highest productivity, b of least productivity, and c of intermediary productivity. Colonies with the highest production (Group a) gave their queens to those of the lowest production (Group b) after their queens were taken out and killed; while those of intermediate (Group c) stayed with the same queens during the entire experiment both before and after the selection. The modifications in weight, that is, the genetic response was (R)= 7.98 gr per day which indicated a selection gain. The estimate of the realized herdability is twice the rate of the response to selection (R) by the selection differential (S2). That is then h²R=2(R/S2) then h²R= 0.166

Distribuição de mercúrio total em sedimentos da plataforma continental Amazônica: Brasil

Este estudo foi desenvolvido na Plataforma Continental do Amazonas (PCA) com o objetivo de determinar os níveis de Hg total no sedimento de fundo, e assim contribuir como matriz ambiental indicadora para o plano geral de gerenciamento costeiro na região norte do Brasil. Foram amostrados 20 pontos entre maio e junho dos anos de 1999 a 2002, 2005 e 2007. Os resultados indicam não haver evidências de atividades antrópicas relacionadas à contaminação de mercúrio na região. Os teores encontrados variaram entre 0,047 e 0,166 mg kg-1 com média 0,085±0,026 mg kg-1, estando dentro do intervalo de "background" referido para os rios amazônicos não contaminados, que é de 0,05 a 0,28 mg kg-1. As concentrações de Hg no sedimento, especialmente no sedimento lamoso, mostraram uma estreita dependência com os teores de argila (material fino) e matéria orgânica, corroborando mecanismos geoquímicos importantes na dinâmica do metal. A maior adsorção do mercúrio pode estar associada ao aumento dos teores de compostos (óxidos e hidróxidos) de ferro, alumínio, manganês e os minerais primários e secundários formadores das rochas da bacia de drenagem amazônica.

Use of anatomical root markers for species identification in Catasetum (Orchidaceae) at the Portal da Amazônia region, MT, Brazil

Orchidaceae is one of the largest botanical families, with approximately 780 genera. Among the genera of this family, Catasetum currently comprises 166 species. The aim of this study was to characterize the root anatomy of eight Catasetum species, verifying adaptations related to epiphytic habit and looking for features that could contribute to the vegetative identification of such species. The species studied were collected at the Portal da Amazônia region, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The roots were fixed in FAA 50, cut freehand, and stained with astra blue/fuchsin. Illustrations were obtained with a digital camera mounted on a photomicroscope. The roots of examined species shared most of the anatomical characteristics observed in other species of the Catasetum genus, and many of them have adaptations to the epiphytic habit, such as presence of secondary thickening in the velamen cell walls, exodermis, cortex, and medulla. Some specific features were recognized as having taxonomic application, such as composition of the thickening of velamen cell walls, ornamentation of absorbent root-hair walls, presence of tilosomes, composition and thickening of the cortical cell walls, presence of mycorrhizae, endodermal cell wall thickening, the number of protoxylem poles, and composition and thickening of the central area of the vascular cylinder. These traits are important anatomical markers to separate the species within the genus and to generate a dichotomous identification key for Catasetum. Thus, providing a useful tool for taxonomists of this group

Fatores de risco para infarto do miocárdio no Brasil: estudo FRICAS

OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo conduzido entre janeiro/94 e março/95, em 20 centros médicos no Brasil, constituído de casos, 299 pacientes com IAM e, controles, 292 indivíduos, identificados no mesmo centro que os casos, e admitidos com largo espectro de doenças agudas, não relacionadas a fatores de risco conhecidos ou suspeitos para IAM. Os dados foram colhidos por meio de um questionário estruturado, preenchido pelo próprio paciente. Os efeitos das variáveis pesquisadas sobre a ocorrência de IAM foram estudadas em abordagens univariadas, considerando-se significativo p<=0,05. RESULTADOS: Os fatores relacionados ao risco de IAM foram, para os casos e controles, respectivamente: hipercolesterolemia: 210,93±46,74mg/dl e 185,71±45,45mg/dl (p= 0,000); tabagismo: 41,69% e 27,20% (p= 0,000); hipertensão arterial: 52,35% e 20,88% (p= 0,000); diabetes mellitus: 19,70% e 9,93% (p= 0,001); história familiar: positiva no pai dos indivíduos em 42,14 e 33,22% (p= 0,025) e na mãe em 42,14% e 30,82% (p= 0,007); situação socioeconômica: 88,99% e 60,20% proprietários de casa própria (p= 0,002) e 44,45% e 33,21% de automóvel (p= 0,010); atividade física: 56,83% e 48,28% haviam mantido o hábito de caminhar no ano que antecedeu à entrada no estudo (p= 0,029); hábitos alimentares: 38,79 e 28,42% consumiam habitualmente embutidos (p= 0,013). A média do peso corporal foi de 72,50±26,89kg e 69±12,26kg (p= 0,0271) e a altura média de 166,56±7,81cm e 166,66±8,47cm. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo confirmou a importância da hipercolesterolemia, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes, sobrepeso e história familiar positiva, como fatores de risco para ocorrência de IAM. Houve relação direta e significativa entre a ocorrência de IAM e a condição socioeconômica.

Protective effect of left ventricular hypertrophy in right coronary artery occlusions

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) reduces the electrocardiographic and functional effects of right coronary artery occlusion. METHODS: We analysed 215 patients (166 males and 49 women,age of 58.9±10.6 years), with occlusion of the right coronary artery without other associated lesions. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in age and gender distribution between the 78 patients with LVH (left ventricular mass >100g/m²) (Group A) when compared with the 137 patients without LVH (left ventricular mass <100g/m²) (Group B). RESULTS: The electrocardiographic finding of transmural necrosis was more often found in group B patients than in group A patients (56.9% and 30.8%, respectively; p<0.05). The left ventricular function parameters of group A were better than those of group B: the ratio end-diastolic pressure/systolic pressure (EDP/SP) (A: 0.108±0.036; B: 0.121±0.050; p<0.05); the end-diastolic volume index (A: 75.9±31.3ml/m²; B: 88.0±31.0ml/m²; p<0.01); the end-systolic volume index (A: 16.0±10.0ml/m²; B: 27.0 ±20.0ml/m²; p<0.001); the ejection fraction (A 78.6±10.8%; B 67.7±17.9%; p<0.001); the anteroinferior shortening (A: 43.9±10.3%; B: 35.1±12.8%; p<0.001). A higher degree of coronary tortuosity was observed in group A than in group B (78.2% and 24.1%; p<0.001) and also a more frequent absent or minimal diaphragmatic hypokinetic area (A: 80.8%; B: 54.0%; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: LVH reduces the effects of myocardial sequela and protects LV function when right coronary occlusion develops.

Clinical Meaning of Ascites in Patients with Endomyocardial Fibrosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical meaning of ascites and the main features of patients with ascites and endomyocardial fibrosis. METHODS: We studied 166 patients with endomyocardial fibrosis (mean age 37 years, 114 women) treated over the last 20 years. Ventriculography findings, surgery or necropsy confirmed the diagnosis in all patients. Most patients belonged to New York Heart Association Functional Class III/IV (134, 83.7%). Eighty-one (50.6%) had biventricular, 28 (17.5%) had right ventricular, and 51 (31.8%) had left ventricular involvement. During follow-up, 56 patients died. RESULTS: Ascites was present in 67 (41.8%) patients, and right ventricular involvement was present in 59 (88%). In the comparison between patients with or without ascites, those with ascites had higher mortality (49.2% and 24.7%, respectively). Patients with ascites had a higher incidence of edema (95% vs. 43%), hepatomegaly (5.8cm vs. 4.1cm), mean right atrium pressure (19.3 vs. 12mmHg), and final right ventricle diastolic pressure (18.7 vs. 12.9mmHg). Also, patients with ascites had a longer history of illness (5.1 and 3.9 years, respectively) and had atrial fibrillation more frequently (44.7% vs. 30.1%). CONCLUSION: Ascites was observed in less than 50% of cases of endomyocardial fibrosis and was associated with greater involvement of the right ventricle and with a longer duration of the disease, thus being a characteristic of a worse prognosis.

Value of the radiological study of the thorax for diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction in Chagas' disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of the radiological study of the thorax for diagnosing left ventricular dilation and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with Chagas' disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 166 consecutive patients with Chagas' disease and no other associated diseases. The patients underwent cardiac assessment with chest radiography and Doppler echocardiography. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of chest radiography were calculated to detect left ventricular dysfunction and the accuracy of the cardiothoracic ratio in the diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction with the area below the ROC curve. The cardiothoracic ratio was correlated with the left ventricular ejection fraction and the left ventricular diastolic diameter. RESULTS: The abnormal chest radiogram had a sensitivity of 50%, specificity of 80.5%, and positive and negative predictive values of 51.2% and 79.8%, respectively, in the diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction. The cardiothoracic ratio showed a weak correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (r=-0.23) and left ventricular diastolic diameter (r=0.30). The area calculated under the ROC curve was 0.734. CONCLUSION: The radiological study of the thorax is not an accurate indicator of left ventricular dysfunction; its use as a screening method to initially approach the patient with Chagas' disease should be reevaluated.

Secular trends in a population with ischemic heart disease admitted to the Instituto do Coração in São Paulo

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical and demographic characteristics of a population with ischemic heart disease admitted in the final decades of the 20th century. METHODS: This study retrospectively assessed patients hospitalized with ischemic heart disease divided into the following 2 groups: acute group - 11.181 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted from 1/1/82 to 12/31/94; and chronic group - 4.166 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery from 1/1/84 to 12/31/94. RESULTS: In the acute group, an increase in the percentage of females (from 22.7% to 27.7%, P<0.001) and diabetic individuals (from 12.4% to 17.5%, P<0.001) was observed, as was an increase in age (from 57.4±11.5 to 59.9±12.1 years, P<0.05). In-hospital mortality was greater among females (27.8% and 15.7%, P=0.001), among diabetic individuals (24.2% and 17.8%, P=0.001), and among the elderly (60.9±15.2 and 57.7±11.8 years, P=0.0001). In the chronic group, an increase in the percentage of females (from 17.5% to 27.2%, P=0.001) was observed, as was an increase in age (from 56.3±8.6 to 60.5±9.6 years, P=0.0001). In-hospital mortality was greater among females (8.3% and 5.8%, P<0.05) and among the elderly (58.1±9.1 and 62.1±7.9 years, P=0.0001). CONCLUSION: The characteristics of the population studied with ischemic heart disease point towards a worse prognosis, due to the greater percentages of females, older patients, and diabetic patients, groups known to have greater in-hospital mortality.

Análise do atendimento intra-hospitalar de eventos simulados de fibrilação ventricular/taquicardia ventricular

OBJETIVO: Analisar os intervalos de tempo entre o início da Fibrilação Ventricular/Taquicardia Ventricular (FV/TV) e os principais procedimentos realizados. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas e filmadas 20 simulações de FV/TV em ambiente hospitalar, utilizando-se manequim estático, ocorridas em dia e hora aleatórios. Todas as equipes tinham o mesmo nível de habilidades. Foram analisados os tempos (em s) relativos ao suporte básico de vida (SBV) - chegada da equipe (TC) confirmação da parada (TCP) início da RCP (TI) e os tempos relativos ao suporte avançado de vida (SAV) - 1º desfibrilação (TD) 1º dose de adrenalina (TA) e intubação orotraqueal (TIOT). As variáveis foram analisadas e comparadas em dois grupos: unidade de cuidados intensivos (UCI) e enfermarias com telemetria (ETL). RESULTADOS: ETL x UCI respectivamente - TC (70,2+38,7 x 38,6+49,2); TCP (89,4+57,1 x 71+63,9); TI (166,8+81,1 x 142+66,2); TD (282,5+142,8 x 108,4+52,5); TA (401,4+161,7 x 263,3+122,8) e TIOT (470,3+150,6 x 278,8+98,8). Apresenta a comparação das médias de tempos entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: As diferenças observadas em relação a TD, TA e TIOT favoráveis à UCI estão associadas às facilidades de realização das manobras de SAV nesse ambiente. Os tempos relacionados ao SBV foram semelhantes nos dois grupos, reforçando a necessidade do uso de desfibriladores semi-automáticos mesmo em ambiente hospitalar.

Efeitos do exercício agudo na lipemia pós-prandial em homens sedentários

OBJETIVO: Examinar os efeitos de uma sessão isolada de exercício físico isométrico na trigliceridemia pós-prandial em homens sedentários com valores de triglicérides em jejum < 150 mg/dl (NTG) ou > 150 mg/dl (TG ALT). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 27 indivíduos (10 NTG e 17 TG ALT), com idade entre trinta e 55 anos. Os triglicérides foram determinados no início, e após duas, quatro e seis horas da ingestão oral de uma solução com 50g/m² de gordura em duas oportunidades, em repouso e após exercício isométrico em esteira. RESULTADOS: O exercício agudo não modificou os níveis pós-prandiais de triglicérides, ou a área sob a curva (AUC) de triglicérides. Entretanto, o padrão anormal da curva de lipemia pós-prandial associou-se a maior trigliceridemia basal com exercício (TG basais: 147 ± 90 versus 238 ± 89 mg/dl, p = 0,02) e sem exercício (TG basais: 168 ± 93 versus 265 ± 140 mg/dl, p = 0,04). A análise das curvas ROC (receive operating characteristics) mostrou valores de corte de triglicérides basais com atividade física de 166,5 mg/dl (sensibilidade: 0,78; especificidade: 0,72) e AUC de 0,772 [IC 95%: 0,588-0,955], e sem atividade física de 172 mg/dl (sensibilidade: 0,78; especificidade: 0,61) e AUC de 0,722 [IC 95%: 0,530-0,914]. CONCLUSÃO: A trigliceridemia pós-prandial em homens sedentários não foi modificada pelo exercício agudo, sendo os valores basais de triglicérides preditores de uma resposta anormal dos triglicérides pós-prandiais.