Plague surveillance in Brazil: 1983 - 1992

Plague caused by Yersinia pestis, has persisted in Brazil in several natural foci spread throughout rural areas in the States of Ceara, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte, Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. Nationwide surveillance of plague in Brazil based on serological testing started in 1983. We now present an update report of the examinations carried out in our laboratory from 1983 to 1992. The passive hemagglutination test for antibodies against fraction 1A antigen of Y. pestis and the passive hemagglutination inhibition control were employed for testing a total of 220,769 sera. Samples analyzed included 2,856 sera from clinically diagnosed plague cases or suspects, 49,848 sera from rodents of 24 species and 2 species of small wild carnivores (marsupials), 122,890 sera from dogs, and 45,175 sera from cats. Specific antibodies were found in 92 (3.22%) human sera; 143 (0.29%) sera from rodents of 8 species and from the two species of marsupials, 1,105 (0.90%) sera from dogs and 290 (0.64%) sera from cats. The presence of significant levels of specific anti-F1A antibodies among rodents and wild or domestic carnivores (dogs and cats) indicates that all the Brazilian plague foci remain active in spite of the absence of human cases in some of them.

Heterologous antigen extract in ELISA for the detection of human IgE anti-Strongyloides stercoralis

Strongyloides ratti larval extract was used for the standardization of ELISA to detect genus-specific IgE in human strongyloidiasis. Forty serum samples from monoinfected patients shedding S. stercoralis larvae (Group I), 40 from patients with other intestinal parasites (Group II), and 40 from copronegative healthy subjects (Group III) were analyzed. Genus-specific IgE levels (ELISA Index: EI) were significantly higher in the group I (EI = 1.43) than groups II (EI = 0.70) and III (EI = 0.71), showing positivity rates of 55%, 2.5% and 0%, respectively. Similarly, sera from copropositive patients had significantly higher levels of total IgE (866 IU/mL) as compared to those from group II (302 IU/mL) and III (143 IU/mL). A significant positive correlation was found between levels of Strongyloides specific-IgE and total IgE in sera from patients with strongyloidiasis. In conclusion, S. ratti heterologous extract showed to be a useful tool for detecting genus-specific IgE by ELISA, contributing for a better characterization of the immune response profile in human strongyloidiasis.

Giardia lamblia and other intestinal parasitic infections and their relationships with nutritional status in children in Brazilian Amazon

The objective of this survey was to assess the relationships between intestinal parasitism, nutritional status and hemoglobin level in children with Indian ascendancy living in an urban area in Brazilian Amazon. We carried out a cross-sectional survey obtaining anthropometric, parasitological and socioeconomic data, and hemoglobin measurements of children aged six to 84 months. Anthropometric data were expressed as z-scores for weight for age (WAZ), height for age (HAZ), weight for height (WHZ) and mid upper circumference for age (MUACZ) parameters. Parasitological examinations were performed through Ritchie (n = 307), Kato-Katz (n = 278), Baermann-Moraes (n = 238) and Safranin-methylene blue methods (n = 307). Hemoglobin measurements were obtained with a Hemocue® photometer (n = 282). Socioeconomic data were used in order to classify children in three family income strata (n = 242). Multiple linear regression analysis showed independent interactions between Giardia lamblia and WAZ (beta = -0.195, SE = 0.138, p = 0.003), WHZ (beta = -0.161, SE = 0.133, p = 0.018) and MUACZ (beta = -0.197, SE = 0.143, p = 0.011), controlling for age, sex, family income, Ascaris lumbricoides, and hookworm infection. Also, the multivariate model showed that the only variable associated with hemoglobin levels was age. Intestinal parasitism control should increase children's possibilities of full development in the studied area.

HISTOPLASMIN SURVEY IN HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS: RESULTS FROM AN ENDEMIC AREA IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

SUMMARY Background. Disseminated histoplasmosis is common in AIDS patients with advanced immunosuppression in Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of Histoplasma infection in patients with HIV/AIDS living in Fortaleza, the capital of Ceará. Methods. Intradermal tests with histoplasmin (mycelial phase) were performed in 161 HIV patients with CD4 ≥ 350 cells/mm 3 . Evidence of recent illness was evaluated with immunodiffusion (ID) tests in 76 of these individuals. Results. A total of 11.8% of patients reacted to histoplasmin and 2.63% had ID test positive to Histoplasma. The presence of mango trees (Mangifera indica) in the patient neighborhood (OR = 2.870; 95% CI = 1.081-7.617; p = 0.040) and past activity involving soil (OR = 2.834; 95% CI = 1.045-7.687; p = 0.045) or visits to a farm (OR = 3.869; 95% CI = 1.189-12.591; p = 0.033) were significantly associated with Histoplasma infection. Conclusions. Patients with HIV living in Fortaleza have an expressive prevalence of infection with Histoplasma.

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PUTATIVE ASSOCIATION OF IL10 -3575 T/A GENETIC POLYMORPHISM WITH MALARIA SYMPTOMS

Only a small percentage of individuals living in endemic areas develop severe malaria suggesting that host genetic factors may play a key role. This study has determined the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in some pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene sequences: IL6 (-174; rs1800795), IL12p40 (+1188; rs3212227), IL4 (+33; rs2070874), IL10 (-3575; rs1800890) and TGFb1 (+869; rs1800470), by means of PCR-RFLP. Blood samples were collected from 104 symptomatic and 37 asymptomatic subjects. Laboratory diagnosis was assessed by the thick blood smear test and nested-PCR. No association was found between IL6 (-174), IL12p40 (+1188), IL4 (+33), IL10 (- 3575), TGFb1 (+869) SNPs and malaria symptoms. However, regarding the IL10 -3575 T/A SNP, there were significantly more AA and AT subjects, carrying the polymorphic allele A, in the symptomatic group (c2 = 4.54, p = 0.01, OR = 0.40 [95% CI - 0.17- 0.94]). When the analysis was performed by allele, the frequency of the polymorphic allele A was also significantly higher in the symptomatic group (c2 = 4.50, p = 0.01, OR = 0.45 [95% CI - 0.21-0.95]). In conclusion, this study has suggested the possibility that the IL10 - 3575 T/A SNP might be associated with the presence and maintenance of malaria symptoms in individuals living in endemic areas. Taking into account that this polymorphism is related to decreased IL10 production, a possible role of this SNP in the pathophysiology of malaria is also suggested, but replication studies with a higher number of patients and evaluation of IL10 levels are needed for confirmation.

Análise comparativa entre as sensibilidades da reação indireta de anticorpos fluorescentes e da reação de Sabin-Feldman na pesquisa de anticorpos séricos para toxoplasmose

284 sôros provenientes de doadores de sangue no Rio de Janeiro, foram submetidos à reação de Sabin Feldman (R.S.F.) e à reação indireta de anticorpos fluorescentes (R.I.A.F.) para toxoplasmose. Foram observados 37 resultados concordantes negativos, 216 resultados concordantes positivos e 31 resultados não concordantes quanto a positividade e negatividade, sendo que entre êstes últimos houve um maior número de resultados positivos na R.S.F. do que na R.I.A.F. A percentagem de resultados concordantes quanto a positividade ou negatividade foi de 89%. Entre os 216 sôros que reagiram em ambas as reações 143 apresentaram títulos idênticos, o que representa uma proporção de 66,2%. Se forem consideradas como concordantes ou títulos positivos diferentes em apenas uma dilução ao quádruplo, a proporção de resultados positivos concordantes atinge a cêrca de 99%. Os presentes resultados confirmaram o estreito paralelismo entre as duas reações, podendo a R.I.A.F. ser utilizada rotineiramente para o diagnóstico sorológico da toxoplasmose.

The avirulence of the cultivated PF strain of Trypanosoma cruzi: V - the evaluation of parasitologic tests after vaccination of different animal species

After vaccination with the live PF strain of Trypanosoma cruzi, 194 blood cultures were performed in 143 mice, 9 dogs, 5 Cebus monkeys and 7 human subjects. Some of these blood cultures were simultaneously done with xenodiagnosis, subinoculation in baby mice and/or culture of viscerae. The trypanosomes isolated from the few positive cases (6,1%) were incapable of infecting baby mice were considered as cases of immunotolerance. All the other tests were negative.

Prevalência de micoses superficiais em comunidade fechada do Estado da Guanabara

Os autores relatam a freqüência das micoses superficiais entre 143 internos de um orfanato da zona rural do Estado da Guanabara. Foram observados 21 pacientes com tinea pedis e 5 pacientes com pitiriase versicolor. O exame direto foi positivo em todos os casos; as culturas realizadas nas dermatofitoses mostraram 4 (19%) resultados positivos, sendo imolados o Trichopbyton mentagrophytes e o Trichophyton rubrum. O teste intradérmico com a tricofitina nos casos de tinea pedis mostrou 16 resultados positivos, ausência de reação em 2 casos e reação fraca em 3. O trabalho ressalta a importância das micoses superficiais em saúde pública e compara os resultados obtidos com dados oriundos de serviços de dermatologia.

Serological survey for Chagas' disease in school children in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

A serological survey for Chagas' disease was carried out in school children in the Rio de Janeiro State, a zone considered as non-endemic for the infection. A total of 168 schools in 20 municipalities have been visited and 13,254 blood samples were obtained. The blood eluates were screened by the indirect fluorescence test (IFT), and all positive samples were checked and confirmed in sera by the complement fixation test (CFT). AH serologically positive children were subject to a clinical scrutiny, and the houses where the children lived have been searched for triatomine bugs. Only in two municipalities, Magé and Araruama, there was a significant number of children found positive. The total number of reactive samples by IFT and CFT from 13,004 blood samples screened was 143 (1.00 per cent). No serious clinicai symptoms suggestive of Chagas' disease have been found in any of the positive children, and no triatomine bugs were discovered in the dwellings where the children lived. The overall small percentage of children with positive serology postulates that the infection is not a serious health problem in the area investigated. It is recommended, however, to carry out a more detailed study in Magé and Araruama to find the reason for the relatively high percentage of serologically positive children encountered in these two municipalities.

Polimorfismo de tallas en las cercarias de una cepa venezolana de Schistosoma mansoni

Mediante la impregnación con nitrato de plata, de un lote de 47 cercarias de la cepa C5 de Schistosoma mansoni (Venezuela), se evidenció un polimorfismo de tallas. El morfo estaría conformado por las cercarias mas grandes (entre 152,9 y 218µm), este grupo siempre presente en la población de cercarias en menor porcentaje (29,8%). El grupo constituido por las cercarias de talla normal, menores de 152,8µm es dominante en la población de cercarias (70,2%). La comparación entre el largo de ambos lotes de cercarias resultó con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (t = 5,5; P < 0,001). Para el total de las cercarias estudiadas, el largo promedio del cuerpo cercariano resultó de 143,9µm y el ancho de 68,6µm. Se detectó una correlación positiva y significativa entre el ancho y el largo de las cercarias de l a cepa objeto de estudio (r = 0,83; P < 0,001).

Formas graves de leptospirose: aspectos clínicos, demográficos e ambientais

São descritas as características de 1.016 pacientes internados com leptospirose no Hospital Couto Maia, Salvador, BA, entre 1993 e 1997. Aumento na precipitação pluviométrica mostrou relação com aumento do número de internamentos no mês subsequente. Sexo masculino correspondeu a 81,1% (824/1.016); a média da idade foi 35,7±15,4 anos. Quase 94% (778/829) dos 829 com informação sobre raça eram negros ou mulatos. Para idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, quase 93% não cursaram o segundo grau. A média do período de incubação foi estimado em 6,3±3,9 dias. A duração dos sintomas foi em média 6,1±2,4 dias. Episódios hemorrágicos corresponderam a 14,3% (145/1.016). A letalidade entre 1.009 pacientes não transferidos foi de 14,2% (143/1.009). Insuficiência renal foi a causa atribuída de morte em 76,2% (109/143). Os dados indicam que leptospirose é estreitamente relacionada com baixos níveis socioeconômicos e que aumento da precipitação pluviométrica precede surtos epidêmicos.

Impacto ambiental de modificações ecológicas realizadas em uma área subtropical

No período de 1994 a 2000, durante a construção e enchimento da represa Yacyretá, foram estudadas em Ituzaingó e Posadas variáveis infecciosas (diarréias e infecções respiratórias), clínico-cirúrgicas (doenças cardiovasculares e politraumatismos) e ambientais (pluviais, temperatura e umidade). As diarréias, em Ituzaingó, tiveram um aumento 6,5%, 78,3% e 13%, respectivamente em 1995, 1996 e 1997 e nos anos seguintes os valores foram similares aos de 1994 e em Posadas mostraram uma tendência ascendente. As infecções respiratórias, em Ituzaingó em 1995, aumentaram 143% e nos períodos subseqüentes voltaram aos limites de 1994 e, em Posadas tiveram valores ascendentes. No Hospital de Ituzaingó, em 1995, as doenças incrementaram 97,6%, mostraram decréscimo em 1996 e atingiram 127% em 2000; os politraumatismos aumentaram 107% em 1995, declinaram 38% em 1996 nos anos seguintes apresentaram tendência ascendente atingindo 33% em 2000. O impacto das variáveis ambientais foi maior em Ituzaingó do que em Posadas. O aumento das doenças relacionou-se com a temperatura máxima, mas não com a umidade.

Retrospective study of the occurrence of Cyclospora cayetanensis at Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo Medical School, SP

Cyclospora cayetanensis causes watery diarrhea in tropical countries, among travelers and after ingestion of contaminated water and food. Very little is known about its epidemiology, pathogenic aspects and reservoirs. In Brazil, its prevalence is unknown and to date there have been reports of three outbreaks. We report here a retrospective study of 5,015 stool samples from 4,869 patients attended at Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo Medical School, SP, Brazil between April 1996 and January 2002, with 14 cases of Cyclospora cayetanensis being detected there was a prevalence of 0.3%. Of the 14 infected patients, the mean age was 38 years and 71.4% were female. Ten patients presented symptoms; six presented levels of immunological markers and five patients were immunodeficient.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from patients attending a public referral center for sexually transmitted diseases in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Introduction The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates obtained from patients attending a public referral center for sexually transmitted diseases and specialized care services (STD/SCS) in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Methods Between March 2011 and February 2012, 201 specimens of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were consecutively obtained from men with symptoms of urethritis and women with symptons of cervicitis or were obtained during their initial consultation. The strains were tested using the disk diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of azithromycin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, penicillin, tetracycline and spectinomycin were determined using the E-test. Results The specimens were 100% sensitive to cefixime, ceftriaxone and spectinomycin and exhibited resistances of 4.5% (9/201), 21.4% (43/201), 11.9% (24/201), 22.4% (45/201) and 32.3% (65/201) to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, penicillin and tetracycline, respectively. Intermediate sensitivities of 17.9% (36/201), 4% (8/201), 16.9% (34/201), 71.1% (143/201) and 22.9% (46/201) were observed for azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, penicillin and tetracycline, respectively. The specimens had plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin PPNG 14.5% (29/201) and tetracycline TRNG 11.5% (23/201). Conclusions The high percentage of detected resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin indicates that these antibiotics are not appropriate for gonorrhea treatment at the Health Clinic and possibly in Belo Horizonte. The resistance and intermediate sensitivity of these isolates indicates that caution is recommended in the use of azithromycin and emphasizes the need to establish mechanisms for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance for the effective control of gonorrhea.

Dengue infection in children and adolescents: Clinical profile in a reference hospital in northeast Brazil

Introduction This study aimed to describe the clinical spectrum of dengue in children and adolescents from a hyperendemic region who were admitted for hospitalization. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on patients diagnosed with dengue infection upon admission to a reference center in Fortaleza, Brazil. Results Of the 84 patients included, 42 underwent confirmatory testing. The main symptoms were fever, abdominal pain and vomiting. The median level of serum aspartate aminotransferase was 143.5±128mg/dL. Conclusions A peculiar clinical profile was evident among children and adolescents with dengue infection in a reference center in northeast Brazil, including gastrointestinal symptoms and liver involvement.