HTLV- I infection is not associated with a higher risk of death in peruvian HIV-infected patients

Limited and contradictory information exists regarding the prognosis of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection. Our goal was to estimate the effect of HTLV-I infection on mortality in HIV-infected patients at a HIV reference center in Peru. We studied a retrospective cohort of HIV-infected patients, who were exposed or unexposed to HTLV-I. Exposed patients were Western Blot (WB) positive for both retroviruses. Unexposed patients were WB positive for HIV, and had least one negative EIA for HTLV-I. These were selected among patients who entered our Program immediately before and after each exposed patient, between January 1990 and June 2004. Survival time was considered between the diagnosis of exposure to HTLV-I and death or censoring. Confounding variables were age, gender, baseline HIV clinical stage, baseline CD4+ T cell count, and antiretroviral therapy. We studied 50 exposed, and 100 unexposed patients. Exposed patients had a shorter survival compared to unexposed patients [median survival: 47 months (95% CI: 17-77) vs. 85 months (95% CI: 70-100), unadjusted p = 0.06]. Exposed patients had a higher rate of mortality compared to unexposed patients (HIV/HTLV-I (24/50 [48%]) vs. HIV only (37/100 [37%]), univariable p = 0.2]. HTLV-I exposure was not associated to a higher risk of death in the adjusted analysis: HR: 1.2 (0.4-3.5). AIDS clinical stage and lack of antiretroviral therapy were associated to a higher risk of dying. In conclusions, HTLV-I infection was not associated with a higher risk of death in Peruvian HIV-infected patients. Advanced HIV infection and lack of antiretroviral therapy may explain the excess of mortality in this population.

HIGH PREVALENCE OF Blastocystis spp. INFECTION IN CHILDREN AND STAFF MEMBERS ATTENDING PUBLIC URBAN SCHOOLS IN SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL

After a gastroenteritis outbreak of unknown etiology in the municipality ofSebastião da Grama, SãoPaulo, Brazil, we conducted a parasitological survey to establish the epidemiological profile of enteroparasitosis in children and staff members attending the public urban schools in operation in town. The cross-sectional study evaluated 172 children aged 11 months to 6 years old and 33 staff members aged 19 to 58 years old. Overall, 96 (55.81%) children and 20 (60.61%) staff members were mono-parasitized, while 58 (33.72%) children and 4 (12.12%) workers were poly-parasitized. Protozoa (88.37%; 72.73%) was more prevalent than helminthes (3.48%; 0%) in children and staff members respectively.Blastocystis spp. was the most prevalent parasite in children (86.63%) and staff members (66.67%). The age of 1 year old or less was found to be associated with increased prevalence of giardiasis [OR = 13.04; 95%CI 2.89-58.91; p = 0.00] and public garbage collection was identified as a protective factor against intestinal helminth infections [OR = 0.06; 95%CI 0.00-0.79; p = 0.03]. Although most of the children tested positive for Blastocystis spp. and also presented clinical signs/symptoms (62.2%), this association was not statistically significant [OR = 1.35; 95%CI 0.53-3.44; p = 0.51]. Intestinal parasites still represent a public health concern and this study underscores the importance of further investigations to better understand the pathogenic role ofBlastocystis spp.

ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF CHLOROPHYLLIN AGAINST DIFFERENT LARVAL STAGES OF Fasciola gigantica

Fasciolosis is a food borne zoonosis, caused by the digenetic trematode Fasciola. Freshwater lymnaeid snails are the intermediate host of the trematodes. Chlorophyllin, a semi-synthetic derivative of chlorophyll and its formulations obtained from freeze dried cow urine (FCU) had their toxicity tested against redia and cercaria larvae of F. gigantica. The larvicidal activity of chlorophyllin and its formulations were found to depend on both, time and concentration used against the larvae. Toxicity of chlorophyllin + FCU (1:1 ratio) in sunlight against redia larva (8 h LC50: 0.03 mg/mL) was more pronounced than using just chlorophyllin (8 h LC50: 0.06 mg/mL). Toxicity of chlorophyllin + FCU in sunlight against redia (8 h LC50: 0.03 mg/mL) was higher than against cercaria (8 h LC50: 0.06 mg/mL). The larvicidal activity of chlorophyllin in sunlight (redia/cercaria larvae: 8 h LC50: 0.06 mg/mL) was more pronounced than under laboratory conditions (redia: 8 h LC50: 22.21 mg/mL/, cercaria 8 h LC50: 96.21 mg/mL). Toxicity of FCU against both larvae was lower than that of chlorophyllin and chlorophyllin + FCU. Chlorophyllin and its formulations + FCU were 357.4 to 1603.5 times more effective against redia/cercaria larvae in sunlight than under laboratory conditions. The present study has shown that chlorophyllin formulations may be used as potent larvicides against fasciolosis.

Echocardiographic parameters associated with pulmonary congestion in outpatients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy and non-chagasic cardiomyopathy

INTRODUCTION: Despite significant left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion does not seem to be a major finding in Chagas' cardiomyopathy (CC). This study sought to identify echocardiographic parameters associated with pulmonary congestion in CC and in dilated cardiomyopathy of other etiologies, such as non-CC (NCC), and to compare pulmonary venous hypertension between the two entities. METHODS: A total of 130 consecutive patients with CC and NCC, with similar echocardiographic characteristics, were assessed using Doppler echocardiography and chest radiography. Pulmonary venous vessel abnormalities were graded using a previously described pulmonary congestion score, and this score was compared with Doppler echocardiographic parameters. RESULTS: NCC patients were older than CC patients (62.4 ± 13.5 × 47.8 ± 11.2, p = 0.00), and there were more male subjects in the CC group (66.2% × 58.5%, p = 0.4). Pulmonary venous hypertension was present in 41 patients in the CC group (63.1%) and in 63 (96.9%) in the NCC group (p = 0.0), the mean lung congestion score being 3.2 ± 2.3 and 5.9 ± 2.6 (p = 0.0), respectively. On linear regression multivariate analysis, the E/e' ratio (β = 0.13; p = 0.0), LV diastolic diameter (β = 0.06; p = 0.06), left atrial diameter (β = 0.51; p = 0.08), and right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic diameter (β = 0.02; p = 0.48) were the variables that correlated with pulmonary congestion in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary congestion was less significant in patients with CC. The degree of LV of systolic and diastolic dysfunction and the RV diameter correlated with pulmonary congestion in both groups. The E/e' ratio was the hallmark of pulmonary congestion in both groups.

Rifampicin fails to eradicate mature biofilm formed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial activity on biofilms depends on their molecular size, positive charges, permeability coefficient, and bactericidal activity. Vancomycin is the primary choice for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection treatment; rifampicin has interesting antibiofilm properties, but its effectivity remains poorly defined. METHODS: Rifampicin activity alone and in combination with vancomycin against biofilm-forming MRSA was investigated, using a twofold serial broth microtiter method, biofilm challenge, and bacterial count recovery. RESULTS: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration for vancomycin and rifampicin ranged from 0.5 to 1mg/l and 0.008 to 4mg/l, and from 1 to 4mg/l and 0.06 to 32mg/l, respectively. Mature biofilms were submitted to rifampicin and vancomycin exposure, and minimum biofilm eradication concentration ranged from 64 to 32,000 folds and from 32 to 512 folds higher than those for planktonic cells, respectively. Vancomycin (15mg/l) in combination with rifampicin at 6 dilutions higher each isolate MIC did not reach in vitro biofilm eradication but showed biofilm inhibitory capacity (1.43 and 0.56log10 CFU/ml reduction for weak and strong biofilm producers, respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In our setting, rifampicin alone failed to effectively kill biofilm-forming MRSA, demonstrating stronger inability to eradicate mature biofilm compared with vancomycin.

Enterobius vermicularis infection is well controlled among preschool children in nurseries of Taipei City, Taiwan

INTRODUCTION: Whether Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) infections among preschool children in Taipei City had truly declined was investigated. METHODS: A total of 6,661 preschool children from 28 nurseries were randomly selected from 4 major geographic districts in Taipei City to examine the status of pinworm infection by using adhesive thin cellophane tape swab method. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of pinworm infection was 0.5% (30/6,661). Boys (0.6%; 21/3,524) had higher prevalence than girls (0.3%; 9/3,137) (p=0.06). Southern district (0.6%; 10/1,789) showed insignificantly higher prevalence than Western district (0.2%; 1/606) (p=0.22). CONCLUSIONS: Pinworm screening program remains necessary for some parts of Taipei City.

Changes in the prevalence, incidence and residual risk for HIV and hepatitis C virus in Southern Brazilian blood donors since the implementation of NAT screening

Introduction Previous studies have shown high residual risk of transfusing a blood donation contaminated by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Brazil and motivated the development of a Brazilian platform for simultaneous detection of both viruses by nucleic acid amplification test (NAT) denominated HIV/HCV Bio-Manguinhos/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ). The objective of this study was to verify seroprevalence, incidence and residual risk for both viruses before and after the implementation of NAT. Methods Over 700,000 blood samples from all blood banks in the southern Brazilian State of Santa Catarina were analyzed during the period between January 2007 and July 2013. Results Compared with the period preceding the NAT screening, HIV prevalence increased from 1.38 to 1.58 per 1,000 donors, HIV incidence rate increased from 1.22 to 1.35 per 1,000 donor-years, and HIV residual risk dropped almost 2.5 times during the NAT period. For HCV, seroprevalence increased from 1.22 to 1.35 per 1,000 donors, incidence dropped from 0.12 to 0.06 per 1,000 donor-years, and residual risk decreased more than 3 times after the NAT implementation. Conclusions NAT reduced the duration of the immunologic window for HIV and HCV, thus corresponding to approximately 2.5- and 3-fold respective residual risk reductions.

Different doses of exogenous surfactant for treatment of meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn rabbits

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of 2 different doses of exogenous surfactant on pulmonary mechanics and on the regularity of pulmonary parenchyma inflation in newborn rabbits. METHOD: Newborn rabbits were submitted to tracheostomy and randomized into 4 study groups: the Control group did not receive any material inside the trachea; the MEC group was instilled with meconium, without surfactant treatment; the S100 and S200 groups were instilled with meconium and were treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg of exogenous surfactant (produced by Instituto Butantan) respectively. Animals from the 4 groups were mechanically ventilated during a 25-minute period. Dynamic compliance, ventilatory pressure, tidal volume, and maximum lung volume (P-V curve) were evaluated. Histological analysis was conducted using the mean linear intercept (Lm), and the lung tissue distortion index (SDI) was derived from the standard deviation of the means of the Lm. One-way analysis of variance was used with a = 0.05. RESULTS: After 25 minutes of ventilation, dynamic compliance (mL/cm H2O · kg) was 0.87 ± 0.07 (Control); 0.49 ± 0.04 (MEC*); 0.67 ± 0.06 (S100); and 0.67 ± 0.08 (S200), and ventilatory pressure (cm H2O) was 9.0 ± 0.9 (Control); 16.5 ± 1.7 (MEC*); 12.4 ± 1.1 (S100); and 12.1 ± 1.5 (S200). Both treated groups had lower Lm values and more homogeneity in the lung parenchyma compared to the MEC group: SDI = 7.5 ± 1.9 (Control); 11.3 ± 2.5 (MEC*), 5.8 ± 1.9 (S100); and 6.7 ± 1.7 (S200) (*P < 0.05 versus all the other groups). CONCLUSIONS: Animals treated with surfactant showed significant improvement in pulmonary mechanics and more regularity of the lung parenchyma in comparison to untreated animals. There was no difference in results after treatment with either of the doses used.

The larval development of palaemonid shrimps from the amazon region reared in the laboratory. V. The abbreviated development of Pseudopalaemon chryseus Kensley & Walker, 1982 (CRUSTACEA : DECAPODA: PALAEMONIDAE)

Larval development of the freshwater palaemonid shrip Pseudopalaemon chryseus Kensley & Walker, 1982 was studied in the laboratory from the offspring oof females collected in a lake of the lower Negro River system. Females carry few (14 to 43), large (1.86 + 0.13 x 1.29 + 0.06 mm), yolk-rich eggs. The species goes throught three larval stages without feeding and the main feature of its larval development is the presence of functional walking legs on hatching. Descriptions and illustrations of the three larval and first juvenile stages are presented.

BIOLOGIA DE Nystalea nyseus (CRAMER, 1775) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE) EM FOLHAS de Eucalyptus urophylla

Essa pesquisa foi conduzida no laboratório de Entomologia Florestal da Universidade Federai de Viçosa à 25 ± 2" C, 60 ± 10% UR e fotoperiodo de 12L:12E. O objetivo foi estudar a biologia de Nystalea nyseus(Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) em folhas de Eucalyptus urophylla. Ν. nyseusapresentou cinco estádios, com duração, média, de 3,99 ± 0,11; 3,80 ±0,10; 4,95 ± 0,30; 5,96 ±0,21 e 6,85 ±0,14 dias, respectivamente. A duração total da fase larval foi de 25,5 dias. A fase de pré-pupa teve duração de 3,05 ± 0,05; 3,08 ± 0,06 dias e a de pupa 14,75 ± 0,45 c 13,82 ± 0,29 dias para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. A viabilidade, dos ovos, foi de 74,72% e o período embrionário de 3,40 ± 0,16 dias. A longevidade de adultos, acasalados, foi de 6,71 ± 0,74 dias para machos e 9,14 ± 0,96 dias para fêmeas e razão sexual de 0,55, ou seja uma fêmea para 0,81 macho.

BIOLOGIA DE Conotrachelus humeropictus, FIEDLER, 1940 (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), PRAGA DO CACAUEIRO E DO CUPUAÇUZEIRO NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA.

Foram determinados diversos parâmetros da biologia de Conotrachelus hutneropictus Fiedler, importante praga do cacaueiro, Theobroma cacao L. e do cupuaçuzeiro, T. grandiflorum (Will, ex Spreng.) Schum na Amazônia brasileira. A pesquisa foi realizada em laboratório, com fotofase natural de 12 horas, sob condições controladas de temperatura (27 ± 2eC) e umidade relativa (80 ± 10%). C. hutneropictus alimentado com folhas novas e frutos novos de cacueiros, apresentou em média, um ciclo de ovo a emergência do adulto do solo de 79 a 151 dias e em média, 108,80 ± 9,44 dias (Χ ±Εχ95) para machos e 156,87 ±16,19 dias para fêmeas. O período de pré-oviposição foi de 16,20 ± 0,49 dias. O periodo de oviposição foi de 80,50 ± 5,58 dias, colocando cada fêmea, de 55 a 153 ovos, em média 108,45 ± 6,21 ovos, sendo as posturas diárias e constituídas em média por 1,29 ± 0,03 ovos. No interior dos frutos de cacau, o inseto necessitou de 4,73 ± 0,06 dias e 26,64 ±0,17 dias, para o desenvolvimento embrionário e larval, respectivamente. Após esse período, um total de 20,25 ± 1,50 dias se passaram no solo, para o desenvolvimento das fases de pré-pupa (6,07 ± 0,06 dias), pupa (9,62 ±0,10 dias) e completa formação fisiológica do adulto (4,56 ±0,11 dias). Neste interim, C. humeropictus torna-se mais vulnerável ao ataque de seus inimigos naturais, principalmente fungos, dentre os quais Metarhiziutn anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. e Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., únicos inimigos constatados para a espécie no decorrer da pesquisa.

COMPORTAMENTO DE LEVEDURAS DO GÊNERO CANDIDA"IN VITRO" A ANTIFÚNGICOS

Estudou-se o comportamento de leveduras do gênero Candida a antifungicos, pela determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e da Concentração Fungicida Mínima (CFM) "in vitro"de 30 cepas de Candida frente aos antifungicos: miconazol, cetoconazol e anfotericina B. Empregou-se o método de diluição em meio líquido e os antifungicos foram diluídos visando proporcionar concentrações a partir de 0,06 a 128 μg/mL. O inóculo foi padronizado ajustando-se a suspensão para conter 1X 106 ufc/mL. A concentração para a qual houve maior convergência de cepas foi de 1 μg/mL (26,5%) para anfotericina B. Para miconazol foi de 16 μg/mL (26,0%) e para cetoconazol 32 μg/mL (23,0%). Os valores de CFM foram de 2 μg/mL (23,5%) para anfotericina B, de 16 e 64 μg/mL (26,5%) para miconazol e 32 e 64 μg/mL (30,0%) para cetoconazol. Este imidazólico mostrou os valores de CIM e CFM mais elevados atingindo até 128 μg/mL em algumas espécies. As espécies de Candida mostraram-se mais sensíveis à Anfotericina B, quando comparadas em relação aos antifungicos testados. Sobre o desempenho das espécies de Candida, melhor padrão de comportamento foi verificado para C. albicans com níveis mais baixos de sensibilidade.

Incêndios na Amazônia Brasileira: estimativa da emissão de gases do efeito estufa pela queima de diferentes ecossistemas de Roraima na passagem do evento “El Nino” (1997/98)

Foi estimada a área queimada, a biomassa vegetal total acima e abaixo do solo, a formação de carvão, a eficiência de queimada e a concentração de carbono de diferentes paisagens naturais e agroecossistemas que foram atingidos pelos incêndios ocorridos durante a passagem do “El Niño” em 1997/98 no Estado de Roraima, extremo norte da Amazônia Brasileira. O objetivo foi o de calcular a emissão bruta de gases do efeito estufa liberados por combustão das diversas classes de biomassa que compõem cada tipo fitofisionômico atingido. A área total efetivamente queimada foi estimada entre 38.144-40.678 km2, sendo 11.394-13.928 km2 de florestas primárias (intactas, em pé) e, o restante, de savanas (22.583 km2), campinas / campinaranas (1.388 km2) e ambientes florestais já transformados como pastagens, área agrícolas e florestas secundárias (2.780 km2). O total de carbono afetado pelos incêndios foi de 42,558 milhões de toneladas, sendo que 19,73 milhões foram liberados por combustão, 22,33 milhões seguiram para a classe de decomposição e 0,52 milhões foram depositados nos sistemas na forma de carvão (estoque de longo prazo). A emissão bruta de gases do efeito estufa, em milhões de toneladas do gás, considerando apenas o emitido por combustão foi de 17,3 de CO2, 0,21-0,35 de CH4, 1,99-3,68 de CO, 0,001-0,003 de N,O, 0,06-0,09 de NOx e 0,25 de hidrocarbonetos não-metânicos (HCNM). O total de carbono equivalente a CO2 emitido por combustão, quando considerado o potencial de aquecimento global de cada gás em um horizonte de tempo de 100 anos utilizado pelo IPCC, foi de 6,1-7,0 milhões de toneladas.

Seasonality, parity rates and transmission indices of Mansonella ozzardi (Manson) (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) by Cerqueirellum argentiscutum (Shelley & Luna Dias) (Diptera: Simulidae) in a lower Solimões River community, Amazonas, Brazil

Mansonella ozzardi is transmitted by two dipterian families, Ceratopogonidae (midges) and Simuliidae (black flies). In Brazil, black flies are vectors for this filariasis until now. In this paper, we determined the seasonality, parity capacity and parasitic infection rate of Cerqueirellum argentiscutum. The work was carried out in the Porto Japão community, Lower Solimões River, Amazonas, Brazil. Results show that the black flies were more abundant during the rainy season (from December to May). The number of parous flies was higher in every sampling during the course of year. Monthly Biting Rate (MBR1 123742.00, MBR2 86701.50) was high, although Parasitic Infection Rate (PIR1 0.06, PIR2 0.08) and Annual Transmission Potential (ATP 7.25) were low in numbers.

Densidade básica da madeira de um ecossistema de "campina" em Roraima, Amazônia brasileira

Densidade básica (g.cm-3: peso seco / volume úmido) da madeira foi determinada para 13 das principais espécies arbóreo-arbustivas de um ecossistema de "campina" (caatinga amazônica) situado em Roraima, extremo norte da Amazônia brasileira. As amostras de madeira para o cálculo da densidade básica de cada espécie foram compostas por "discos amostrais" (casca, alburno e cerne) de diferentes classes diamétricas. No total, foram amostrados 98 indivíduos, perfazendo 150 peças de madeira (52 com diâmetro < 1,6cm; 63 entre 1,6-3,2cm, 27 entre 3,2-4,8cm e 8 > 4,8cm). A espécie de maior densidade média foi Matayba arborescens (Aubl.) Radlk. (0,68 g.cm-3), seguida de Humiria balsamifera (Aubl.) St. Hill. (0,67 g.cm-3) e Pera schomburgkiana Müel. Arg. (0,64 g.cm-3). As classes de menor diâmetro foram também as de menor valor absoluto: 0,59 ± 0,06 (DP) g.cm-3 (< 1,6cm), 0,64 ± 0,08 g.cm-3 (1,6-3,2cm), 0,67 ± 0,06 g.cm-3 (3,2-4,8cm) e 0,69 ± 0,10 g.cm-3 (> 4,8cm). A média ponderada pela biomassa do ecossistema foi de 0,64 ± 0,08 g.cm-3. Este resultado é 15,2% inferior ao comumente utilizado para transformação de volume de madeira em biomassa para ecossistemas de "campina" na Amazônia, influenciando diretamente nos cálculos de emissão de gases do efeito estufa.