Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Rio de Janeiro

The study was conducted to characterize pheno-genotypically the virulence factors and resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk samples of cows with subclinical mastitis. All hemolytic isolates presented beta-hemolysin, and 38% of the non-hemolytic isolates were able to express hemolysins in the presence of a beta-hemolytic strain. The amplification of the coa-gene displayed four different size polymorphisms with about 400 bp, 600 bp, 700 bp and 900 bp. The spaA gene that encodes the IgG-binding region of protein A revealed sizes of 700 bp and 900 bp. The amplification of region X from spaA yielded a single amplicon for each isolate with the prevalent amplicon size being of 180 bp. Amplification of sae gene yielded an amplicon size of 920 bp in 71% of the isolates. Antibiotic resistance pattern revealed that 42% S. aureus were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Seven different antibiotic patterns were observed. Our results indicated that 47% and 25% of S. aureus strains exhibited resistance to penicillin and oxacillin respectively. All oxacillin-resistant isolates were mecA-positive.

Causes of death of thoroughbred racehorses at Octavio Dupont Veterinary Hospital, Brazilian Jockey Club, Rio de Janeiro

There are few studies that approach the epidemiology of deaths in racehorses in a broad manner. The majority focus on a specific affection or procedure. Brazil does not have a program instituted for the monitoring of deaths of horses. By means of a descriptive study in association with a multivariate analysis method, an epidemiologic profile was determined for deaths related to musculoskeletal (MS), gastrointestinal (GI), respiratory (RES) systems, neurologic origin (NEU) and sudden death (SD) for the years of 2002 to 2008, at the Octavio Dupont Veterinary Hospital-Rio de Janeiro (ODVH). Males comprised the majority of deaths and that deaths were related to, decreasing order, MS>GI>SD>NEU>RES, with respect to general mortality rate per large group of determined causes (TSPMr). The majority of deaths registered included horses aged four to five years (ID4-ID5). We observed the following correspondence relations: (3-year period = SM - ID>5 - SD; ID>5 - GI; ID4-5 - MS; SF - ID<4 - RES/ NEU); (4-year period = SM - ID>5 - GI; SF - ID<4 - NEU; ID4-5 - MS; GI - ID>5). The present study points out the importance and necessity of epidemiologic studies of lesions in horses, based on diagnosis for the recognition of predisposing factors and prevention.

Leaf anatomy of two Anemia Sw. species (Schizaeaceae-Pteridophyte) from a rocky outcrop in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The ferns Anemia tomentosa (Sav.) Sw. var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) Mickel and Anemia villosa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. are widely associated with vegetation islands on rocky outcrops in Rio de Janeiro. Both species are desiccation tolerant. The leaf anatomy of these species was examined aiming to identify morphological characteristics that would allow the establishment of these species in water-scarce environments. The plants were harvested on "Pedra de Itacoatiara" and prepared according to the usual procedures. The petiole has a uniseriate epidermis with lignified cell walls, conical stegmata, and uniseriate multicelular and glandular trichomes. In A. villosa, the stomata protrude in a respiratory line. Under the epidermis the cells have thick, lignified walls. The parenchyma has phenolic compounds and starch grains. The petiole vascular bundles are surrounded by endodermis with Casparian strips and the xylem is V-shaped (A. villosa) or arc-shaped (A. tomentosa var. anthriscifolia). The leaf blades have a uniseriate epidermis with sinuous anticlinal and convex periclinal walls, conical stegmata and chloroplasts on both surfaces. The leaf margins of A. villosa have lignified cells. The guard cells of the stomata on the abaxial surface are on the same level or are raised above ordinary epidermal cells. Multicelular uniseriate trichomes and glandular hairs were observed. The dorsiventral mesophyll has loosely packed chlorenchyma with arm-shaped and H-shaped cells. The vascular bundles are surrounded by endodermis with Casparian strips and with parenchymatic extensions towards the epidermis. Anatomical results were analyzed considering the interaction of these plants with abiotic factors.

DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients with and without AIDS in Rio de Janeiro

Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived from patients with AIDS from a single hospital in Rio de Janeiro were typed using a standardized RFLP technique detecting IS6110 polymorphism. Nineteen isolates were obtained from 15 different patients. Eleven distinct IS6110 patterns were found, with 4 banding patterns shared by 2 patients. The clustering value of 53% was much higher in comparison with clustering of M. tuberculosis strains from TB patients without clinical signs for HIV infection from randomly selected health centers. We present these results as preliminary data on M. tuberculosis strain polymorphism in Brazil and on the higher risk for recent transmission amongst patients with AIDS

Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus isolates in Rio de Janeiro: implications for the vaccination of school children

The epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is shifting from high to intermediate endemicity in Brazil, resulting in increased numbers of susceptible individuals and a greater potential for the emergence of outbreaks. Universal vaccination against HAV has been recommended for children, but updated sero-epidemiological data are necessary to analyze the level of natural immunity and to identify candidates for preventive measures. In addition, more molecular studies are necessary to characterize the genotypes involved in HAV infections and outbreaks. Sera from 299 school children (5-15 years old) and 25 school staff members, collected during an outbreak of HAV at a rural public school in June 2000, were tested for IgM and total anti-HAV antibodies (ELISA). Viral RNA was amplified by RT-PCR from anti-HAV IgM-positive sera and from 19 fecal samples. Direct nucleotide sequencing of the VP1/2A region was carried out on 18 PCR-positive samples. Acute HAV infection was detected by anti-HAV IgM in 93/299 children and in 3/25 adult staff members. The prevalence of total anti-HAV antibodies in IgM-negative children under 5 years of age was only 10.5%. HAV-RNA was detected in 46% IgM-positive serum samples and in 16% stool samples. Sequence analysis showed that half the isolates belonged to subgenotype IA and the other half to IB. On the basis of these data, mass vaccination against HAV is recommended without prevaccination screening, especially for children before they enter school, since nearly 90% of the children under 5 years were susceptible. Molecular characterization indicated the endemic circulation of specific HAV strains belonging to subgenotypes IA and IB.

The association of ACE gene D/I polymorphism with cardiovascular risk factors in a population from Rio de Janeiro

Our aim was to determine the frequencies of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene alleles D and I and any associations to cardiovascular risk factors in a population sample from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Eighty-four adults were selected consecutively during a 6-month period from a cohort subgroup of a previous large cross-sectional survey in Rio de Janeiro. Anthropometric data and blood pressure measurements, echocardiogram, albuminuria, glycemia, lipid profile, and ACE genotype and serum enzyme activity were determined. The frequency of the ACE*D and I alleles in the population under study, determined by PCR, was 0.59 and 0.41, respectively, and the frequencies of the DD, DI, and II genotypes were 0.33, 0.51, and 0.16, respectively. No association between hypertension and genotype was detected using the Kruskal-Wallis method. Mean plasma ACE activity (U/mL) in the DD (N = 28), DI (N = 45) and II (N = 13) groups was 43 (in males) and 52 (in females), 37 and 39, and 22 and 27, respectively; mean microalbuminuria (mg/dL) was 1.41 and 1.6, 0.85 and 0.9, and 0.6 and 0.63, respectively; mean HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) was 40 and 43, 37 and 45, and 41 and 49, respectively, and mean glucose (mg/dL) was 93 and 108, 107 and 98, and 85 and 124, respectively. A high level of ACE activity and albuminuria, and a low level of HDL cholesterol and glucose, were found to be associated with the DD genotype. Finally, the II genotype was found to be associated with variables related to glucose intolerance.

Phenotypic and genotypic variant of MDR-Mycobacterium tuberculosis multiple isolates in the same tuberculosis episode, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Assuming that the IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) changes at a constant rate of 3.2 years, this methodology was applied to demonstrate, for the first time, variant patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in multiple isolates obtained at short time intervals from sputum and blood of an HIV+ patient with multiple admissions to the Emergency Room and to the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Reference Center of a secondary-care hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In sputum, the IS6110-RFLP appeared in isolates with two variant patterns with 10 and 13 IS6110 copies. However, blood presented only the pattern corresponding to 10 copies, suggesting compartmentalization. With regard to the exact match of 10 of 13 bands, this may be a subpopulation with the same clonal origin and this may be related to the IS6110 transposition. A susceptibility test demonstrated an MDR profile (INH R, RIF R, SM R, and EMB R), with the sputum isolate also exhibiting EMB S (R = resistant; S = sensitive). A gene mutation confirmed resistance only to streptomycin. There was agreement between the results of the phenotypic test and the clinical response to MDR-TB treatment, suggesting serious implications with regard to treatment administration based exclusively on molecular methods, and calling attention to the fact that more effective control strategies against the emergence of MDR strains must be implemented by the TB control program to prevent transmission of MDR-MTB strains at health facilities in areas highly endemic for TB.

Detection of enterotoxins produced by B. cereus through PCR analysis of ground and roasted coffee samples in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Coffee is one of the most appreciated drinks in the world. Coffee ground is obtained from the fruit of a small plant that belongs to the genus Coffea. Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora robusta are the two most commercially important species. They are more commonly known as arabica and robusta, respectively. Two-thirds of Coffea arabica plants are grown in South and Central America, and Eastern Africa - the place of origin for this coffee species. Contamination by microorganisms has been a major matter affecting coffee quality in Brazil, mainly due to the harvesting method adopted. Brazilian harvests are based on fruits collected from the ground mixed with those that fall on collection cloths. As the Bacillus cereus bacterium frequently uses the soil as its environmental reservoir, it is easily capable of becoming a contaminant. This study aimed to evaluate the contamination and potential of B. cereus enterotoxin genes encoding the HBL and NHE complexes, which were observed in strains of ground and roasted coffee samples sold in Rio de Janeiro. The PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) results revealed high potential of enterotoxin production in the samples. The method described by Speck (1984) was used for the isolation of contaminants. The investigation of the potential production of enterotoxins through isolates of the microorganism was performed using the B. cereus enterotoxin Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination test-kit (BCET-RPLA, Oxoid), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The potential of enterotoxin production was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for hblA, hblD and hblC genes (encoding hemolysin HBL) and for nheA, nheB and nheC genes (encoding non-hemolytic enterotoxin - NHE). Of all the 17 strains, 100% were positive for at least 1 enterotoxin gene; 52.9% (9/17) were positive for the 3 genes encoding the HBL complex; 35.3% (6/17) were positive for the three NHE encoding genes; and 29.4% (5/17) were positive for all enterotoxic genes.

Avaliação do anticoncepcional Norplant no Município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brasil)

Métodos anticoncepcionais para longo tempo de uso têm sido buscados em vários lugares. O método Norplant é um deles, baseado em cápsulas de levonorgestrel introduzidas no braço das mulheres, através da liberação hormonal diária com efeito de dois a cinco anos. Norplant é produzido sob licença do "Population Council" e industrializado por "Leiras Pharmaceuticals", tendo sido usado na Tailândia, Egito, Indonésia, Suécia, Dinamarca e Brasil. Avaliam-se os resultados deste método, no Município do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), onde 175 usuárias de Norplant foram entrevistadas em suas casas, e as respostas comparadas com dois grupos-controle (usuárias de pílulas à base de levonorgestrel e usuárias de métodos não-hormonais). Os resultados mostram aumento dos riscos relativos das usuárias de Norplant para desordens menstruais, hipertensão, graves distúrbios de peso e hipertricose, todos estes estatisticamente significantes. Outros achados não significantes foram angina pectoris, encefalopatia hipertensiva, acne e duodenite. Alguns sintomas graves como cefaléia e alterações de comportamento foram mencionados e desapareceram após a retirada das cápsulas. É discutida a relevância de todos os efeitos colaterais em mulheres que decidiram interromper o uso do Norplant. Nestes casos, as medidas de acompanhamento são necessárias, uma vez que hemorragia, ganho de peso acentuado e dificuldades na gravidez podem se desenvolver.

Caracterização epidemiológica da doença meningocócica na área metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1976 a 1994

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença meningocócica (DM) continua merecendo avaliações quanto a sua multicausalidade endêmica e epidêmica e seu comportamento evolutivo, nos diferentes locais. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Partindo da padronização da investigação epidemiológica da DM no Município do Rio de Janeiro a partir da epidemia da década de 70, foram analisados 4.155 casos notificados de 1976 a 1994, através de estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e analítico, com base nas fichas de investigação epidemiológica da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Os testes utilizados para análise estatística foram: o chi², o de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney e de Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: O estudo resultou na definição de três períodos, classificados como pós-epidêmico (1976/79), endêmico (1980/86) e epidêmico (1987/94), diferenciados pelas taxas de incidência e pelo sorogrupo do meningococo predominante. As taxas de incidência médias por período no município foram, respectivamente, de 3,51; 1,67 e 6,53 casos/100.000 habitantes. Os sorogrupos A e C predominaram no período pós-epidêmico, o B e o A no endêmico e o B no epidêmico. A letalidade média praticamente não se modificou no decorrer do tempo, mas variou segundo o hospital de internação, tendo sido sempre menor no hospital estadual de referência em relação aos demais públicos e privados. CONCLUSÃO: As maiores taxas de incidência e letalidade corresponderam aos menores de um ano e o risco de adoecer foi maior no sexo masculino. Os maiores coeficientes de incidência tenderam a ocorrer nas mesmas áreas do município, nos três períodos epidemiológicos, e a população que reside em favelas teve um risco de adoecimento duas vezes maior.

Controle de crianças e adolescentes comunicantes de tuberculosos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ

OBJETIVO: Detectar doença ou infecção tuberculosa em comunicantes de pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado em centro municipal de saúde da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, com 184 crianças e adolescentes, de 0 a 15 anos de idade, comunicantes de tuberculosos, no período de março de 1995 a março de 1997. Os comunicantes foram submetidos à avaliação clínico-radiológica, teste tuberculínico e baciloscopia de escarro, quando possível. Os doentes foram submetidos à quimioterapia anti-tuberculose e os infectados à quimioprofilaxia. Foi pesquisada a viragem tuberculínica nos comunicantes não reatores ao teste tuberculínico por meio de um segundo teste realizado após oito semanas e, quando presente, a quimioprofilaxia era instituída. RESULTADOS: A casuística foi composta por 98 meninos e 86 meninas, com idades variando entre 0 e 15 anos. Segundo o critério de Gomez, 26,9% das crianças eram desnutridas. Em relação à fonte de infecção, 170 (92,4%) foram intradomiciliares, das quais 66,5% eram os pais. A vacinação BCG foi constatada em 98,4% crianças e 14,7% haviam sido revacinadas. O teste tuberculínico foi reator forte em 110/181 crianças. Consideraram-se infectadas pelo M. tuberculosis 76 (41,3%) crianças e detectaram-se 25 (13,6%) casos de tuberculose pulmonar, dos quais sete (28%) estavam assintomáticos. Houve maior adoecimento quando o comunicante convivia com mais de uma fonte de infecção (p=0,02). CONCLUSÕES: A detecção de doença e de infecção tuberculosa foi elevada na população estudada. O controle de comunicantes deve ser enfatizado, pois permite o diagnóstico de tuberculose em crianças ainda assintomáticas e identifica infectados, os quais podem se beneficiar da quimioprofilaxia.

Efeitos da poluição do ar na função respiratória de escolares, Rio de Janeiro, RJ

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre exposição diária à poluição do ar e função respiratória de escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudo de painel com uma amostra aleatória de 118 escolares (seis a 15 anos de idade) da rede pública do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), residentes até 2 km do local do estudo. Dados sobre características das crianças foram obtidos por questionário, incluindo o International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Exames diários de pico de fluxo foram realizados para medir a função respiratória. Dados diários dos níveis de PM10, SO2, O3, NO2 e CO, temperatura e umidade foram fornecidos por um monitor móvel. As medidas repetidas de função respiratória foram associadas aos níveis dos poluentes por meio de modelo multinível ajustado por tendência temporal, temperatura, umidade do ar, exposição domiciliar ao fumo, ser asmático, altura, sexo, peso e idade das crianças. RESULTADOS: O pico de fluxo expiratório médio foi 243,5 l/m (dp=58,9). A menor média do pico de fluxo expiratório foi 124 l/m e a maior 450 l/m. Para o aumento de 10 µg/m³ de PM10 houve uma diminuição de 0,34 l/min na média do pico de fluxo no terceiro dia. Para o aumento de 10 µg/m³ de NO2 houve uma diminuição entre 0,23 l/min a 0,28 l/min na média do pico de fluxo após a exposição. Os efeitos do CO e do SO2 no pico de fluxo dos escolares não foram estatisticamente significativos. O O3 apresentou um resultado protetor: o aumento de 10 µg/m³ de O3 estaria associado, um dia depois da exposição, a aumento de 0,2 l/min na média da função respiratória. CONCLUSÕES: Mesmo dentro de níveis aceitáveis na maior parte do período, a poluição atmosférica, principalmente o PM10 e o NO2, esteve associada à diminuição da função respiratória de crianças residentes no Rio de Janeiro.

Pregnancy rates and predictors in women with HIV/AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess incidence and predictors of first pregnancy among women with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: Prospective cohort study was conducted in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, between 1996 and 2003. This study comprised 225 women with HIV/AIDS followed up until their first pregnancy or first censored event (hysterectomy, tubal ligation, menopause, 50 years of age, loss to follow-up, death or the end of December 2003). Pregnancy and abortion rates were estimated, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify baseline characteristics associated with pregnancy risk. RESULTS: The women were followed up for 565 person/years with a median follow-up of 3 years per women. The mean age was 32 years (SD: 7), and 54.7% were white. There were 60 pregnancies in 39 women, and 18 were terminated (induced abortions), accounting for a rate of 6.9% and 2.1% women/year, respectively. Repeated pregnancies occurred in 33.3% of the women (13/39). Higher pregnancy risk was seen among younger women (HR=3.42; 95%CI: 1.69;6.95) and those living with their partners (HR=1.89; 95%CI: 1.00;3.57). Lower pregnancy risk was associated with higher education level (HR=0.43; 95%CI: 0.19;0.99) and use of antiretroviral therapy (HR=061; 95%CI: 0.31;1.17). CONCLUSIONS: Lower pregnancy rates were found in our cohort than in the general population. Sociodemographic characteristics should be taken into consideration in the management of reproductive health in HIV-positive childbearing age women. Reproductive and family planning counseling must be incorporated into HIV/AIDS programs for women to help preventing HIV transmission to their partners and offspring.

Readmission of older patients after hospital discharge for hip fracture: a multilevel approach

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify individual and hospital characteristics associated with the risk of readmission in older inpatients for proximal femoral fracture in the period of 90 days after discharge. METHODS Deaths and readmissions were obtained by a linkage of databases of the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System and the System of Information on Mortality of the city of Rio de Janeiro from 2008 to 2011. The population of 3,405 individuals aged 60 or older, with non-elective hospitalization for proximal femoral fracture was followed for 90 days after discharge. Cox multilevel model was used for discharge time until readmission, and the characteristics of the patients were used on the first level and the characteristics of the hospitals on the second level. RESULTS The risk of readmission was higher for men (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.37; 95%CI 1.08–1.73), individuals more than 79 years old (HR = 1.45; 95%CI 1.06–1.98), patients who were hospitalized for more than two weeks (HR = 1.33; 95%CI 1.06-1.67), and for those who underwent arthroplasty when compared with the ones who underwent osteosynthesis (HR = 0.57; 95%CI 0.41–0.79). Besides, patients admitted to state hospitals had lower risk for readmission when compared with inpatients in municipal (HR = 1.71; 95%CI 1.09–2.68) and federal hospitals (HR = 1.81; 95%CI 1.00–3.27). The random effect of the hospitals in the adjusted model remained statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Hospitals have complex structures that reflect in the quality of care. Thus, we propose that future studies may include these complexities and the severity of the patients in the analysis of the data, also considering the correlation between readmission and mortality to reduce biases.

Intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-positive patients with chronic unexplained diarrhea in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: diagnosis, clinical presentation and follow-up

After the diagnosis of two cases of microsporidial intestinal infection in 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, we have started looking for this parasite in HIV-infected patients with chronic unexplained diarrhea. We have studied 13 patients from Hospital Evandro Chagas, IOC-FIOCRUZ. Fecal specimens from these patients were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidia and Microsporidia, in addition to routine examination. Spores of Microsporidia were found in the stools of 6 (46.1%) of the 13 patients studied, with 2 histological jejunal confirmations. The Microsporidia-infected patients presented chronic diarrhea with about 6 loose to watery bowel movements a day. Five infected patients were treated with Metronidazole (1.5 g/day). They initially showed a good clinical response, but they never stopped eliminating spores. After about the 4th week of therapy, their diarrhea returned. Two patients utilized Albendazole (400 mg/day-4 weeks) with a similar initial improvement and recurrence of the diarrhea. Intestinal Microsporidiosis seems to be a marker of advanced stages of AIDS, since 5 of our 6 infected patients were dead after a 6 month period of follow-up. The present study indicates that intestinal microsporidiosis may be a burgeoning problem in HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhea in Brazil, which deserves further investigation.