Estresse oxidativo, lesões no genoma e processos de sinalização no controle do ciclo celular

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be both beneficial to cells, performing functions in intracellular signaling and detrimental, modifying cellular biomolecules. ROS can cause DNA damage, such as base damage and strand breaks. Organisms respond to chromosome insults by activation of a complex and hierarchical DNA-damage response pathway. The extent of DNA damages determines cell fate: cell cycle arrest and DNA repair or cell death. The ATM is a central protein in the response to DNA double-strand breaks by acting as a transducer protein. Collected evidences suggest that ATM is also involved in the response to oxidative DNA damage.

Avaliação da estabilidade do marcador plasmático do estresse oxidativo: malondialdeído

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one of the lipid peroxidation products widely used as indicator of cellular injury. However, the short-term and the long-term stability of this biomarker remain unclear. The objective of this work was to evaluate the stability of plasmatic MDA at -20 ºC, utilizing thiobarbituric acid (TBA) as derivative in spectrophotometric and chromatographic analysis. The results showed that MDA was stable for 24 h after blood collection, was not stable when stored after alkaline hydrolysis, remained stable for 30 days after TBA derivatization and was stable for 3 days when stored after n-butanol extraction, all at -20 ºC.

Estratégias de pré-concentração em eletroforese capilar (CE): parte 1. Manipulação da velocidade eletroforética do analito

Capillary electrophoresis has become a well-established and routine-based separation technique. It is based on the differences between charged analyte mobility in aqueous or organic electrolytes. Its major limitation is the sensitivity due to small sample injection volumes and the narrow diameter of the capillaries, especially when UV detection is used. There are a number of ways to increase the concentration sensitivity. This report shows some on-line preconcentration strategies to perform it in free solution capillary electrophoresis that are based on manipulation of the analyte electrophoretic velocity during the sample introduction (stacking, field amplification and transient isotachophoresis).

Nanoestruturas em fotocatálise: uma revisão sobre estratégias de síntese de fotocatalisadores em escala nanométrica

Advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) are based on chemical processes that can generate free radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals (.OH) which are strong, non-selective oxidant species that react with the vast majority of organic compounds. Nanostructured semiconductors, especially titanium dioxide (TiO2) in the anatase phase, are well-established photocatalysts for this process, which have proved to be useful in the degradation of dyes, pesticides and other contaminants. Research in different strategies for the synthesis of nanostructured semiconductors, with particular characteristic is currently a topic of interest in many studies. Thus, this paper presents a review about various synthesis strategies of nanostructured photocatalysts.

Estratégias de pré-concentração em eletroforese capilar: parte 2. Manipulação da velocidade da fase dispersa/secundária

This work describes CE preconcentration strategies based on the effect of manipulation of the disperse/secondary velocity. Introduced by Terabe et al. in 1984, micellar electrokinetic chromatography is a powerful separation approach that increases the usage of electrokinetic phenomena for the separation of nonionic compounds. The main disadvantage of MEKC is the low concentration sensitivity associated with the limited optical path length for on-capillary photometric detection and the limited volume of sample solution that can be injected. This paper compiles on-line concentration strategies for neutral analytes by sample stacking and sweeping in micellar electrokinetic chromatography.

Estratégias para a síntese de γ-alquilidenobutenolídeos

α,β-unsaturated lactones possessing an alkylidene appendage group at the γ-position, are frequently termed γ-alkylidenebutenolides. Over the past decades, an increasing number of these compounds have been isolated from various natural sources. Members of this class of substances vary greatly in structural complexity and functionality. Besides that, many of them have been shown to display a wide range of biological activities. The γ-alkylidenebutenolides has attracted the attention of the organic synthetic chemists resulting in the development of a variety of process to synthesize them. This article review is concerned with the different approaches that can be utilized to prepare γ-alkylidenebutenolides.

Relações patofisiológicas entre estresse oxidativo e arteriosclerose

Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant species, with predominance of oxidative species with harmful action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) on cells. Changes in the levels of nitric oxide (NO•) can be the cause and/ or a result of various pathophysiological processes. The main objective of this review is to address the relationship between oxidative stress and atherosclerosis in order to better understand the main features of this disease.

Catalisadores metalocênicos suportados para a produção de poliolefinas: revisão das estratégias de imobilização

The inadequacy of strategies used for the heterogeneization of metallocene catalysts is pointed out as one of the main causes of the lack of industrial employability of such polymerization catalysts. The main problems are the necessity of large quantity of MAO (cocatalyst) and the inability to control molecular mass distribution of the polymers. Based on this background, the main strategies for the heterogeneization of metallocenes are here reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are presented and discussed on theoretical and practical perspective. Considering the results reported on the different researches, outcomes of heterogeneization strategies are pointed out.

Roadmap tecnológico em matérias-primas renováveis: uma base para a construção de políticas e estratégias no Brasil

This paper presents a technology roadmap applied to renewable raw materials as a basis for public policy and strategies in Brazil. The roadmap, developed by Braskem professionals and academic experts, intends to be a basis of discussion and common language creation regarding the possible utilization of renewable raw materials for biofuel and chemical production in Brazil. Following this perspective, the roadmap is presented to public debate and contribution from the stakeholders. The paper describes the roadmap construction and presents the main implications for policy and strategy goals. An analysis of the innovation dynamics in renewable raw materials is developed as an outcome of the roadmap.

Diferentes estratégias para a reticulação de quitosana

One of the most important aspects of chitosan' derivatization depends on the crosslinking of their polymeric chains. This chemical strategy may confer new properties to those derivatives, which can be used to enhance their biotechnological applications. So far, this work aims to discuss some strategies related to the crosslinking of chitosan focusing on reagents, reaction mechanisms and properties/applications of the crosslinked derivatives in several fields of science.

Estratégias para estudo das correlações de energia livre em acoplamento aril-aril de Suzuki: elucidando ciclos catalíticos através da equação de Hammett

The present work deals with the study of the correlation of free-energy developed in a catalytic system for Suzuki coupling, by way of the Hammett equation. The system presents NCP pincer palladacycle 1 as a catalyst precursor, which proved to be very efficient in the coupling of various aryl boronic acids with aryl halides in previous studies. Thus, the article presented here intends to serve as a support for further investigations and clarifications relating to cross-coupling catalytic cycles.

Polímeros impressos com íons: fundamentos, estratégias de preparo e aplicações em química analítica

Chemical imprinting technology has been widely used as a valuable tool in selective recognition of a given target analyte (molecule or metal ion), yielding a notable advance in the development of new analytical protocols. Since their discovery, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been extensively studied with excellent reviews published. However, studies involving ion imprinted polymers (IIPs), in which metal ions are recognized in the presence of closely related inorganic ions, remain scarce. Thus, this review involved a survey of different synthetic approaches for preparing ion imprinted adsorbents and their application for the development of solid phase extraction methods, metal ion sensors (electrodes and optodes) and selective membranes.

Da escassez ao estresse do planeta: um século de mudanças no ciclo do nitrogênio

Heavy metals and pesticides are usually associated with the main problems humankind has created in the natural environment. However, compounds with characteristics of essential macronutrients are causing serious environmental changes that could intensify, compromising the diversity of life on the planet. This is the case of nitrogen compounds, produced by industrial processes for use in intensive agriculture in addition to those unwittingly produced from human activities, available in excess in the environment. These compounds warrant greater attention from researchers in various fields of knowledge and public agencies for environmental control, toward minimizing their availability in the environment, thereby returning conditions closer to the natural environmental balance of the planet.

Etiologia e estratégias de controle de viroses do mamoeiro no brasil

As viroses constituem o principal grupo de doenças do mamoeiro (Carica papaya), ocasionando grandes perdas na produção, podendo chegar à destruição total das plantações afetadas. Embora mais de dez vírus tenham sido constatados infetando naturalmente o mamoeiro, em todo o mundo, no Brasil, até o presente, foram assinaladas apenas as ocorrências do vírus da mancha anelar do mamoeiro (Papaya ringspot virus, PRSV), do vírus do amarelo letal do mamoeiro (Papaya lethal yellowing virus, PLYV) e do vírus da meleira que se encontra em fase de caracterização. A mancha anelar causada pelo PRSV é, inquestionavelmente, o mais importante problema sanitário do mamoeiro. O controle do PRSV mostra-se imprescindível, apesar de bastante difícil, em razão da sua forma de disseminação rápida e eficiente por diversas espécies de afídeos e ausência de resistência genética em C. papaya. Na tentativa de controlar o PRSV, várias medidas já foram testadas, não existindo, até o momento, nenhuma estratégia eficiente e duradoura para seu controle no Brasil. O desenvolvimento de plantas transgênicas de mamoeiro expressando o gene da capa protéica (cp) do PRSV, imunes ao mesmo, abriu nova possibilidade para solução do problema.

Estudo de estabilidade do fosfato dissódico de prednisolona em condições de estresse oxidativo e térmico, em formulação oral

Este trabalho consistiu em investigar o processo de degradação do fármaco Fosfato Sódico de Prednisolona (FSP) na forma farmacêutica de solução oral por meio de ensaios de degradação, avaliando-se os parâmetros de acordo com a Resolução nº. 899/2003 da ANVISA e o processo de degradação do fármaco. O método por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), desenvolvido para o doseamento do fármaco, foi validado a fim de comprovar sua aplicabilidade como indicativo de estabilidade, assegurando a confiabilidade do mesmo. Após o método ser validado no estudo da degradação do fármaco, comprovou-se que em condições drásticas de estresse oxidativo (H2O2 30%) e temperatura a 60°C, a degradação do fármaco é dependente de sua concentração (cinética de primeira ordem). Os resultados apresentaram-se satisfatórios, demonstrando que este método é adequado para investigação da formação de produtos de degradação na forma farmacêutica solução oral.